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Materials and Device Engineering for Efficient and Stable Polymer Solar CellsHansson, Rickard January 2017 (has links)
Polymer solar cells form a promising technology for converting sunlight into electricity, and have reached record efficiencies over 10% and lifetimes of several years. The performance of polymer solar cells depends strongly on the distribution of electron donor and acceptor materials in the active layer. To achieve longer lifetimes, degradation processes in the materials have to be understood. In this thesis, a set of complementary spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, among which soft X-ray techniques have been used to determine the morphology of polymer:fullerene based active layers. We have found that the morphology of TQ1:PC70BM films is strongly influenced by the processing solvent and the use of solvent additives. We have also found, by using soft X-ray techniques, that not only the light-absorbing polymer TQ1, but also the fullerene is susceptible to photo-degradation in air. Moreover, the fullerene degradation is accelerated in the presence of the polymer. Additionally, this thesis addresses the role of the interfacial layers for device performance and stability. The commonly used hole transport material PEDOT:PSS has the advantage of being solution processable at room temperature, but this layer is also known to contribute to the device degradation. We have found that low-temperature processed NiOx is a promising alternative to PEDOT:PSS, leading to improved device performance. Even for encapsulated polymer solar cells, some photo-induced degradation of the electrical performance is observed and is found to depend on the nature of the hole transport material. We found a better initial stability for solar cells with MoO3 hole transport layers than with PEDOT:PSS. In the pursuit of understanding the initial decrease in electrical performance of PEDOT:PSS-based devices, simulations were performed, from which a number of degradation sources could be excluded. / With the increasing global demand for energy, solar cells provide a clean method for converting the abundant sunlight to electricity. Polymer solar cells can be made from a large variety of light-harvesting and electrically conducting molecules and are inexpensive to produce. They have additional advantages, like their mechanical flexibility and low weight, which opens opportunities for novel applications. In order for polymer solar cells to be more competitive, however, both the power conversion efficiencies and lifetimes need to further improve. One way to achieve this is to optimize the morphology of the active layer. The active layer of a polymer solar cell consists of electron donating and electron accepting molecules whose distribution in the bulk of the film is a major factor that determines the solar cell performance. This thesis presents the use of complementary spectroscopy and microscopy methods to probe the local composition in the active layer of polymer solar cells. The stability of the active layer is studied and the interplay between the photo-degradation of the donor and acceptor molecules is investigated. Additionally, this thesis addresses how the interfacial layers between the active layer and the electrodes can influence device performance and stability. / <p>I publikationen felaktigt ISBN 978-91-7063-739-1</p>
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Estudo de camadas transportadoras de cargas em diodos emissores de luz poliméricos. / Study of charge transport layers in polymer light emitting diodes.Santos, João Claudio de Brito 20 April 2007 (has links)
No presente trabalho foi realizado o estudo das propriedades ópticas e elétricas de dispositivos eletroluminescentes poliméricos, conhecidos como diodos emissores de luz poliméricos (PLEDs), e o desenvolvimento de camadas transportadoras de carga (HTL), que visam promover um aumento da eficiência elétrica dos dispositivos. Para o estudo das propriedades ópticas e elétricas dos PLEDs, foram fabricados dispositivos com estruturas do tipo Ânodo/HTL/Polímero Eletroluminescente/Cátodo. Foram apresentadas todas as etapas de fabricação dos dispositivos, assim como seus processos de caracterização. Para o ânodo, foi utilizado um óxido transparente condutor, óxido de índio-estanho - ITO, com tratamento superficial em plasma de oxigênio. Foram estudados três materiais diferentes para as HTLs. Filmes de PAni:PVS ou PAni:Ni-TS-Pc foram depositados pela técnica de automontagem (Layer-by-Layer) e os filmes de PEDOT:PSS foram depositados pelo método de spin-coating. O polímero eletroluminescente utilizado neste trabalho foi o MEH-PPV, também depositado pelo método de spin-coating. Para o cátodo foi utilizado o alumínio, evaporado termicamente. O encapsulamento dos dispositivos foi realizado em atmosfera inerte de argônio para diminuir os efeitos de degradação através do oxigênio e da luz. O emprego de camadas transportadoras de buracos (HTLs) resultou numa sensível diminuição no valor da tensão de operação dos dispositivos, quando empregados filmes de PAni:PVS e PAni:Ni-TS-Pc. Os valores das tensões de operação baixaram de 12 V para cerca de 3 V em relação aos dispositivos fabricados sem a utilização de HTLs. Através da microscopia de força atômica, foi possível determinar a espessura das bicamadas e a rugosidade superficial dos filmes de PAni:PVS para correlacionar estes resultados com a resposta elétrica dos dispositivos. Espessuras de 4nm (para 1 bicamada) resultaram em tensões de operação de 3 V. Foi possível verificar também, por espectroscopia no UV-VIS, que este tipo de filme absorve luz em freqüência diferente daquela emitida pelo MEH-PPV. Medidas elétricas em regime de corrente contínua, curvas de Corrente vs. Tensão e, em regime de corrente alternada, espectroscopia de impedância, foram realizadas em dispositivos para determinar o valor da tensão de operação e estudar os efeitos de interface nas diferentes camadas que compõe um dispositivo. Através das curvas obtidas pela espectroscopia de impedância, foi possível determinar os valores dos componentes dos circuitos equivalentes (capacitores e resistores). Com isso, é possível simular o comportamento destes dispositivos através de circuitos elétricos antes mesmo de serem fabricados. Pelos resultados obtidos, todas as HTLs estudadas contribuíram para uma sensível diminuição no valor da tensão de operação dos dispositivos, apontando-os como excelentes materiais a serem utilizados com o objetivo de alcançar uma maior eficiência e um melhor desempenho destes dispositivos. / In the present work, the study of the optical and electrical properties of polymeric electroluminescent devices known as Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes (PLEDs) and the development of Hole Transport Layers (HTLs) to promote an increase of the electrical efficiency of the devices was performed. PLEDs were constructed with structures like Anode/HTL/Electroluminescent Polymer/Cathode in order to study the optical and electrical properties of these devices. All the stages of the devices production were presented, as well as its characterization processes. For the anode a conductive transparent oxide (Indium Tin Oxide - ITO) with a superficial oxygen plasma treatment was used. Three different materials for the HTLs were used. Films of PAni:PVS or PAni:Ni-TS-Pc were deposited by the self-assembly technique (Layer-by-Layer) and the films of PEDOT:PSS were deposited by the spin-coating method. The electroluminescent polymer used in this work was MEH-PPV, also deposited by the spin-coating method. Aluminum was deposited by thermal evaporation for the cathode. The devices encapsulation was performed in Argon inert atmosphere to reduce the degradation effects through oxygen and light. The use of Hole Transport Layers (HTLs) resulted in a sensitive decrease in the devices operating voltage value when films of PAni:PVS and PAni:Ni-TS-Pc were used. The operating voltage values have decreased from 12 V to 3 V in relation to the devices assembled without the usage of HTLs. By the use of Atomic Force Microscopy measurements the thickness of the bilayers and the surface roughness of the PAni:PVS films was obtained to correlate these results with the devices electric characteristics. Thicknesses of 3 to 4 nm (for one bilayer) resulted in operating voltage of 3 V. It was possible to verify also, by UVVIS Spectroscopy, that this type of PAni:PVS films absorbs light in a different frequency than that emitted by MEH-PPV. Electric measurements in the direct current, Current vs. Voltage curves and, in alternating current, Impedance Spectroscopy, were performed in devices to determine the operating voltage value and to study the interface effects in the different layers used in the devices. Analyzing the curves obtained by the impedance spectroscopy, it was possible to determine the values of the equivalent circuit components (capacitors and resistors) and, with that, to simulate the behavior of these devices through electric circuits even before they were manufactured. By the experimental results, all the HTLs studied have contributed to a sensitive decrease in the devices operating voltage, indicating them as excellent materials to be used to reach a higher efficiency and a better performance of these devices.
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Estudo de camadas transportadoras de cargas em diodos emissores de luz poliméricos. / Study of charge transport layers in polymer light emitting diodes.João Claudio de Brito Santos 20 April 2007 (has links)
No presente trabalho foi realizado o estudo das propriedades ópticas e elétricas de dispositivos eletroluminescentes poliméricos, conhecidos como diodos emissores de luz poliméricos (PLEDs), e o desenvolvimento de camadas transportadoras de carga (HTL), que visam promover um aumento da eficiência elétrica dos dispositivos. Para o estudo das propriedades ópticas e elétricas dos PLEDs, foram fabricados dispositivos com estruturas do tipo Ânodo/HTL/Polímero Eletroluminescente/Cátodo. Foram apresentadas todas as etapas de fabricação dos dispositivos, assim como seus processos de caracterização. Para o ânodo, foi utilizado um óxido transparente condutor, óxido de índio-estanho - ITO, com tratamento superficial em plasma de oxigênio. Foram estudados três materiais diferentes para as HTLs. Filmes de PAni:PVS ou PAni:Ni-TS-Pc foram depositados pela técnica de automontagem (Layer-by-Layer) e os filmes de PEDOT:PSS foram depositados pelo método de spin-coating. O polímero eletroluminescente utilizado neste trabalho foi o MEH-PPV, também depositado pelo método de spin-coating. Para o cátodo foi utilizado o alumínio, evaporado termicamente. O encapsulamento dos dispositivos foi realizado em atmosfera inerte de argônio para diminuir os efeitos de degradação através do oxigênio e da luz. O emprego de camadas transportadoras de buracos (HTLs) resultou numa sensível diminuição no valor da tensão de operação dos dispositivos, quando empregados filmes de PAni:PVS e PAni:Ni-TS-Pc. Os valores das tensões de operação baixaram de 12 V para cerca de 3 V em relação aos dispositivos fabricados sem a utilização de HTLs. Através da microscopia de força atômica, foi possível determinar a espessura das bicamadas e a rugosidade superficial dos filmes de PAni:PVS para correlacionar estes resultados com a resposta elétrica dos dispositivos. Espessuras de 4nm (para 1 bicamada) resultaram em tensões de operação de 3 V. Foi possível verificar também, por espectroscopia no UV-VIS, que este tipo de filme absorve luz em freqüência diferente daquela emitida pelo MEH-PPV. Medidas elétricas em regime de corrente contínua, curvas de Corrente vs. Tensão e, em regime de corrente alternada, espectroscopia de impedância, foram realizadas em dispositivos para determinar o valor da tensão de operação e estudar os efeitos de interface nas diferentes camadas que compõe um dispositivo. Através das curvas obtidas pela espectroscopia de impedância, foi possível determinar os valores dos componentes dos circuitos equivalentes (capacitores e resistores). Com isso, é possível simular o comportamento destes dispositivos através de circuitos elétricos antes mesmo de serem fabricados. Pelos resultados obtidos, todas as HTLs estudadas contribuíram para uma sensível diminuição no valor da tensão de operação dos dispositivos, apontando-os como excelentes materiais a serem utilizados com o objetivo de alcançar uma maior eficiência e um melhor desempenho destes dispositivos. / In the present work, the study of the optical and electrical properties of polymeric electroluminescent devices known as Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes (PLEDs) and the development of Hole Transport Layers (HTLs) to promote an increase of the electrical efficiency of the devices was performed. PLEDs were constructed with structures like Anode/HTL/Electroluminescent Polymer/Cathode in order to study the optical and electrical properties of these devices. All the stages of the devices production were presented, as well as its characterization processes. For the anode a conductive transparent oxide (Indium Tin Oxide - ITO) with a superficial oxygen plasma treatment was used. Three different materials for the HTLs were used. Films of PAni:PVS or PAni:Ni-TS-Pc were deposited by the self-assembly technique (Layer-by-Layer) and the films of PEDOT:PSS were deposited by the spin-coating method. The electroluminescent polymer used in this work was MEH-PPV, also deposited by the spin-coating method. Aluminum was deposited by thermal evaporation for the cathode. The devices encapsulation was performed in Argon inert atmosphere to reduce the degradation effects through oxygen and light. The use of Hole Transport Layers (HTLs) resulted in a sensitive decrease in the devices operating voltage value when films of PAni:PVS and PAni:Ni-TS-Pc were used. The operating voltage values have decreased from 12 V to 3 V in relation to the devices assembled without the usage of HTLs. By the use of Atomic Force Microscopy measurements the thickness of the bilayers and the surface roughness of the PAni:PVS films was obtained to correlate these results with the devices electric characteristics. Thicknesses of 3 to 4 nm (for one bilayer) resulted in operating voltage of 3 V. It was possible to verify also, by UVVIS Spectroscopy, that this type of PAni:PVS films absorbs light in a different frequency than that emitted by MEH-PPV. Electric measurements in the direct current, Current vs. Voltage curves and, in alternating current, Impedance Spectroscopy, were performed in devices to determine the operating voltage value and to study the interface effects in the different layers used in the devices. Analyzing the curves obtained by the impedance spectroscopy, it was possible to determine the values of the equivalent circuit components (capacitors and resistors) and, with that, to simulate the behavior of these devices through electric circuits even before they were manufactured. By the experimental results, all the HTLs studied have contributed to a sensitive decrease in the devices operating voltage, indicating them as excellent materials to be used to reach a higher efficiency and a better performance of these devices.
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Thienoacene dimers based on the thieno[3,2-b] thiophene moiety: synthesis, characterization and electronic propertiesNiebel, Claude, Kim, Yeongin, Ruzié, Christian, Karpinska, Jolanta, Chattopadhyay, Basab, Schweicher, Guillaume, Richard, Audrey, Lemaur, Vincent, Olivier, Yoann, Cornil, Jérôme, Kennedy, Alan R., Diao, Ying, Lee, Wen-Ya, Mannsfeld, Stefan, Bao, Zhenan, Geerts, Yves H. 09 January 2020 (has links)
Two thienoacene dimers based on the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene moiety were efficiently synthesized, characterized and evaluated as active hole-transporting layers in organic thin-film field-effect transistors. Both compounds behaved as active p-channel organic semi-conductors showing averaged hole mobility of up to 1.33 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹.
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