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In this thesis, aspects of the physics of black holes are reviewed and new results in black hole thermodynamics are presented. First, general black hole solutions of Einstein’s equations of general relativity are mentioned and a proof of conservation law of energy and momentum in general relativity is presented. Aspects of the laws of black hole mechanics and Hawking radiation are then studied. Two proposals which attempt to explain the origin of black hole entropy (the brick wall model and entanglement entropy) are then discussed. Finally, some recent work related to the possible production and detection of black holes in colliders is presented. / viii, 141 leaves ; 29 cm.

Complex Network Topologies (CNTs)–network holes and cuts–often occur in practical WSN deployments. Many researchers have acknowledged that CNTs adversely affect the performance of location-based routing and proposed various CNT- aware location-based routing protocols. However, although they aim to address practical issues caused by CNTs, many proposed protocols are either based on idealistic assumptions, require too much resources, or have poor performance. Additionally, proposed protocols are designed only for a single routing primitive–either unicast, multicast, or convergecast. However, as recent WSN applications require diverse traffic patterns, the need for an unified routing framework has ever increased. In this dissertation, we address these main weaknesses in the research on location- based routing. We first propose efficient algorithms for detecting and abstracting CNTs in the network. Using these algorithms, we present our CNT-aware location- based unicast routing protocol that achieves the guaranteed small path stretch with significantly reduced communication overhead. We then present our location-based multicast routing protocol that finds near optimal routing paths from a source node to multicast member nodes, with efficient mechanisms for controllable packet header size and energy-efficient recovery from packet losses. Our CNT-aware convergecast routing protocol improves the network lifetime by identifying network regions with concentrated network traffic and distributing the traffic by using the novel concept of virtual boundaries. Finally, we present the design and implementation details of our unified routing framework that seamlessly integrates proposed unicast, multicast, and convergecast routing protocols. Specifically, we discuss the issues regarding the implementation of our routing protocols on real hardware, and the design of the framework that significantly reduces the code and memory size to fit in a resource constrained sensor mote. We conclude with a proactive solution designed to cope with CNTs, where mobile nodes are used for “patching” CNTs to restore the network connectivity and to optimize the network performance.

The occurrence of conductive sulphide in an otherwise highly-resistive host rock is the ideal situation for exploring using high-frequency electromagnetic methods. The FARA radio imaging (RIM) system was deployed to explore the rock properties between two boreholes MAC104 and MAC100G, which are about 182 m apart, on the Nickel Rim South property (MacLennan Township) 22 km northeast of Sudbury. Tomographic data were collected and processed at 625 kHz and 1250 kHz. One data set has the transmitter in MAC100G and the receiver in MAC104; the other “reciprocal” data set has the transmitter in MAC104 and the receiver in MAC100G. The amplitude data were reduced, edited, and processed to generate tomograms employing the SIRT algorithm. Separate tomograms were created for the reciprocal data sets in the ImageWin software. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the influence that perturbations in the ImageWin processing parameters have on the resulting tomograms. The sensitivity study of the tomograms along with the information obtained from the value of fit analysis can be used to select appropriate processing parameters. Finally, the two reciprocal sets of conductivity values were averaged and imported into Geosoft to create a final tomogram for the panel. The resistivity values of the studied zone obtained from the FARA modeling package agree fairly well with the conductivity data set generated by the ImageWin modeling package when compared using the Geosoft and GOCAD visualization software. Differences between the two tomograms are attributed to the different solver methods employed by FARA and ImageWin and the statistical analysis used for averaging the attenuation value over ray paths. Furthermore, it is shown that the tomographic results are consistent with the location of conductive zones that were identified using down-hole geophysical logging. The main focus of the project is to understand how the radio imaging (RIM) data is processed with the ImageWin software to construct an attenuation tomogram. This research showed that both tomograms created by ImageWin and FARA illustrate the same pattern with two conductive zones at the same depth; however, the values of conductivity are slightly different. The FARA resistivity values obtained for the upper zone is a factor of two lower than the resistivity calculated by ImageWin. The resistivity values obtained for the lower zone using the FARA processing is a factor of eight lower than the resistivity calculated by ImageWin. Also, there is a slight discrepancy in the orientation of the upper and lower zones on the two tomographic images generated using the two processing packages. In the tomograms generated by FARA software both upper and lower zones are continuous linear zones from one hole to the other with dips from MAC104 towards MAC100G, whereas in the tomograms created by ImageWin the upper and lower zones are less linear and do not have obvious dips.

No description available.

We study the effects of loop quantum gravity motivated corrections in classical systems. Computational methods are used to simulate black hole formation from the gravitational collapse of a massless scalar field in Painleve-Gullstrand coordinates. Singularities present in the classical case are resolved by a radiation-like phase in the quantum collapse. The evaporation is not complete but leaves behind an outward moving shell of mass that disperses to infinity. We reproduce Choptuik scaling showing the usual behaviour for the curvature scaling, while observing previously unseen behaviour in the mass scaling. The quantum corrections are found to impose a lower limit on black hole mass and generate a new universal power law scaling relationship. In a parallel study, we quantize the Hamiltonian for a particle in the singular $1/r^2$ potential, a form that appears frequently in black hole physics. In addition to conventional Schrodinger methods, the quantization is performed using full and semiclassical polymerization. The various quantization schemes are in excellent agreement for the highly excited states but differ for the low-lying states, and the polymer spectrum is bounded below even when the Schrodinger spectrum is not.

We study the effects of loop quantum gravity motivated corrections in classical systems. Computational methods are used to simulate black hole formation from the gravitational collapse of a massless scalar field in Painleve-Gullstrand coordinates. Singularities present in the classical case are resolved by a radiation-like phase in the quantum collapse. The evaporation is not complete but leaves behind an outward moving shell of mass that disperses to infinity. We reproduce Choptuik scaling showing the usual behaviour for the curvature scaling, while observing previously unseen behaviour in the mass scaling. The quantum corrections are found to impose a lower limit on black hole mass and generate a new universal power law scaling relationship. In a parallel study, we quantize the Hamiltonian for a particle in the singular $1/r^2$ potential, a form that appears frequently in black hole physics. In addition to conventional Schrodinger methods, the quantization is performed using full and semiclassical polymerization. The various quantization schemes are in excellent agreement for the highly excited states but differ for the low-lying states, and the polymer spectrum is bounded below even when the Schrodinger spectrum is not.