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In joint human-automation systems, operators must often supervise the automation and adapt their reliance on it based on judgments of its context-specific reliability. For this to occur, operators should trust the automation appropriately. In the design of a water monitoring decision aid’s display, Ecological Interface Design was used to satisfy design guidelines for supporting appropriate trust. Design focused upon a visualization that made the aid’s use of the Dempster-Shafer theory directly perceptible. The display was evaluated using a signal detection theory-based approach that measured reliance on automation. Results indicated that the ecological display yielded less appropriate reliance and poorer performance than a conventional display for a highly reliable decision aid. However, the experimental task prevented participants from adapting to the aid’s context-specific reliabilities, reducing the validity of the findings. A subsequent study is proposed to further study the effects of ecological displays on automation reliance.

In joint human-automation systems, operators must often supervise the automation and adapt their reliance on it based on judgments of its context-specific reliability. For this to occur, operators should trust the automation appropriately. In the design of a water monitoring decision aid’s display, Ecological Interface Design was used to satisfy design guidelines for supporting appropriate trust. Design focused upon a visualization that made the aid’s use of the Dempster-Shafer theory directly perceptible. The display was evaluated using a signal detection theory-based approach that measured reliance on automation. Results indicated that the ecological display yielded less appropriate reliance and poorer performance than a conventional display for a highly reliable decision aid. However, the experimental task prevented participants from adapting to the aid’s context-specific reliabilities, reducing the validity of the findings. A subsequent study is proposed to further study the effects of ecological displays on automation reliance.

Under the title 'Performative Architecture', this thesis draws on theories from performance studies and phenomenology in order to look beyond humanist practices that see the body as fixed and static. This thesis addresses two questions that I will be arguing are of increasing significance to contemporary architecture: Firstly, in the context of emerging digital and digitised spaces, how does the living body interact with the surrounding environment?; and secondly, what do these changing forms of human inhabitation and movement mean for the practice of architecture? The time frame spans from the work of Oskar Schlemmer in the 1920s to contemporary built works, examining the different ways that performativity has infiltrated architectural design. The case studies are divided into architectural performances that highlight the living body, and performative drawings that explore how to bring that body into the design process. In doing so a number of emerging paradigms become apparent that find built form in contemporary architectural examples. This approach is used to describe and analyse recent projects by Daniel Libeskind, Peter Eisenman, Diller and Scofidio and Lars Spuybroek, and to identify a common orientation through very different types of built environments. Acknowledging the change in both bodies and spaces in the Information Age, this research seeks to make room for the living body in the design of emerging, multidimensional, built environments.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Malgorzata J. Rys / This dissertation is the result of exploring the phenomenon of the adoption of a service innovation, in particular mobile telecommunications service, with the goal of informing the design of mobile health services. A grounded research study led to the finding that older adults may not abandon a legacy service, such as landline telecommunications service, when they adopted mobile telecommunications service. To further understand the results of the first study, a multidisciplinary literature review was undertaken and resulted in a typology of the factors of individual-level innovation adoption that can be applied by human factors professionals in the field. The three categories of factors included macro environmental, innovation-specific, and human factors. A research analysis of a study done by a county health department provided insights into what older adults contributed to the service production process in healthcare services including which common proxies do not accurately reflect the situations of older adults. A three-state process model of individual-level innovation adoption, which incorporated the role of a legacy system, was developed using the adoption patterns of mobile telecommunications services. In this model, individuals move from a state of using a legacy system to adopting a innovative system while still using the legacy system. After a period of time, the individual moves from the state of dual use to fully abandoning the legacy system and using only the innovative system. A compartmental mathematical model is developed to allow the model to be simulated and future service demand needs can be better predicted. Two decision-making processes were identified to be employed by individuals in the abandonment of a landline telecommunications services. Finally, recommendations for the design of mobile health services are provided.

Human information processing consists of multiple and limited resources; some of them are shared while some are separate and non-interchangeable. High pilot mental workload (PMWL) - and the subsequent decline in performance - results from the imbalance between the mental resources available to perform the task and the amount of resources needed to perform it. When the pilot’s proficiency is evaluated, s/he should deliver an acceptable performance while being able to reserve enough mental capacity for the unexpected, additional resource demands. The task demands and cognitive stressors of air combat have potential to degrade pilot performance to an unacceptable level. Therefore, it is important to understand the amount of mental workload the pilots are experiencing and how much spare capacity they have available to cope with the possible additional resource demands. This thesis was aimed at understanding the relationship between PMWL and performance. The approach presented in this thesis was expected to support the development of reliable metrics for predicting the pilot performance under the stress of combat. In terms of practical applications, this thesis contributed to the development of the methodological principles that could help assuring the pilots’ ability to cope with the task demands higher than those experienced during training or proficiency checks. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variation (HRV) were used as indexes of PMWL. The selection was done for several reasons. HR and HRV measures were accepted by the pilots as they were non-intrusive and they appeared to be objective. In addition, the implementation requirements were by no means excessive. Considering the aims of this thesis, the low diagnosticity of HR/HRV was not an issue. Finally, HR and HRV proved to be sensitive measures of varying task demands – especially when measured together with the pilots’ awareness of the mission requirements. Simulated fighter missions were used to manipulate the pilots’ task demand and to measure their performance and HR/HR. The thesis is constructed around three studies. In the first study, the subjects were required to fly instrument approaches in a high fidelity simulator under various levels of task demand. The task demand was manipulated by increasing the load on the subjects by reducing the range at which they commenced the approach. HR and the time domain components of HRV were used as measures of PMWL. The findings indicated that HR and HRV were sensitive to varying task demands. HR and HRV were able to distinguish the level of PMWL after which the subjects were no longer able to cope with the increasing task demands and their performance fell to a sub-standard level. The major finding of the first study was the HR/HRV’s ability to differentiate the sub-standard performance approaches from the high performance approaches. In the second study, fighter pilots’ performance and PMWL were both measured during a real instrument flight rules proficiency check in an F/A-18 simulator. PMWL was measured using HR and HRV. Performance was rated using Finnish Air Force’s official rating scales. Results indicated that HR and HRV were able to differentiate varying task demands in situations where variations in performance were insignificant. It was concluded that during a proficiency check, PMWL should be measured together with the task performance measurement. In the third study, fighter pilots’ HRV and performance were examined during instrument approaches and air combat. The subjects’ performance was rated by a weapons instructor. In addition, the subjects’ HRV was measured and used as an indicator of PMWL. During the instrument approaches, low performance was associated with high PMWL as expected. However, during the combat phases of the mission, low performance was associated with low PMWL. When the subject’s awareness of the mission requirements was studied, it was found that the combination of low performance and low PMWL was associated with the subjects’ low awareness of the mission requirements. The major finding was that unless the subjects’ awareness of the mission requirements is examined, the relationship between the mental workload and performance during a complex combat mission may be difficult to explain. It is concluded that HR and HRV are sensitive measures of PMWL in a simulated fighter aviation environment. HR and HRV proved to be associated with the changes in task demands and pilots’ performance during simulated instrument approaches and air combat. However, the results of this thesis suggest that measuring just PMWL and performance is not sufficient – especially if the task of interest is complex and dynamic. To fully understand the pilot performance in such environment, the relationship between awareness of the mission requirements, workload and performance needs to be untangled. While this thesis provides encouraging results to understand this phenomena, further research is still needed before awareness of the situation requirements (or more broadly, situation awareness), performance and mental workload can be measured simultaneously, objectively and in real time.

Classic studies have examined the factors that influence the way in which people can solve difficult "insight" problems, which require creative solutions. Recent research has shown that guiding one's eye movements in a pattern spatially congruent with the solution improves the likelihood of formulating a spatial solution. The authors in this line of research argued that guiding eye movements in a pattern spatially equivalent to the solution of the problem yields an embodied cognitive benefit that aids problem solving. Specifically, guiding eye movements leads to the generation of a mental representation containing perceptual information that helps a problem solver mentally simulate the problem features, increasing likelihood to generate a solution to the problem. However, evidence from a small but critically relevant area of research supports that this embodied effect may be more simply a creativity-priming effect. The proposed research aimed to disentangle these ideas while addressing other research questions of interest: do embodied problem solving benefits transfer to later problem solving? Do individual differences in spatial ability influence how people solve these problems? The present study combined previously established methodologies in problem solving and analogical problem solving to investigate these research questions. Results of the present work tentatively support the embodied priming effect, mediated by a creativity-priming effect that influences problem solving performance. Both effects emerged after manipulating problem solvers' eye movements. There is also modest support for a link between spatial ability and analogical problem solving, but not initial problem solving. These results are interpreted through the lens of embodied cognitive theory, providing tentative support that guiding eye movements can influence reasoning through an enhancement of creativity.