Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / This thesis analyzes the needs of particular users of airport: transfer passengers. The object of this work has been to produce a set of design guidelines for terminals. these guidelines are framed upon a user-need survey conducted at Boston/Logan International Airport. The investigation has been organized around three important aspects: 1) how present airport terminal environments affect human behavior; 2) what are the physical characteristics and consequences of terminal design on transfer passengers; 3) how can a broader approach to the design of terminals with passengers in mind be applied. Current terminal design solutions have been "satisfactory" in terms of offering alternations for incoming and departing passengers. Very few terminals though, are prepared to cope with an increasing number of transfer passengers. This study clarifies passengers' characteristics and highlights those issues important for those who need to changed airplanes at an airport. These issues are: time involved in the transfer, means of arriving to the departing airline and the impact of the environment on the waiting passenger. the design guidelines presented as the conclusion of this study are an attempt to accommodate a set of behavioral variables to a system of physical variables. This environmental design approach is a continuing effort to include the user into the programming and design of projects. / by Marie-Claire Brillembourg. / M.S.

No description available.

abstract: Previous research has shown that perceptual illusions can enhance golf putting performance, and the effect has been explained as being due to enhanced expectancies. The present study was designed to further understand this effect by measuring putting in 3 additional variations to the Ebbinghaus illusion and by measuring putting kinematics. Nineteen ASU students with minimal golf experience putted to the following illusion conditions: a target, a target surrounded by small circles, a target surrounded by large circles, a target surrounded by both large and small circles, no target surrounded by small circles and no target surrounded by large circles. Neither perceived target size nor putting error was significantly affected by the illusion conditions. Time to peak speed was found to be significantly greater for the two conditions with no target, and lowest for the condition with the target by itself. Suggestions for future research include having split groups with and without perceived performance feedback as well as general performance feedback. The size conditions utilized within this study should continue to be explored as more consistent data could be collected within groups. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Human Systems Engineering 2019

After many years of research focusing on different aspects of human experience conducted both within design research and outside of it, no clear understanding of experience or ways it might be researched have yet been developed. Many conferences, academic papers, and design studies have described partial structures, formulas and hypotheses that have so far provided inadequate understandings of what constitutes experience and how it might be understood (especially in design){Engage, 2005 #263, p.68}. The first difficulty is that there are no suitable design research methods available to enable design researchers to study experience. Secondly, the nature of what is being studied (what constitutes experience) is unclear and thirdly (due to the absence of the first two) no well reasoned way has yet been found to make this type of information useful to designers. This research project set out to find a way to understand everyday human experience from the point of view of design, but first the tools and methods to do this kind of research had themselves to be researched. The personal experiences of a niche group of transport users were chosen as the research vehicle for an explorative research project. Using hermeneutical phenomenology to guide the philosophical orientation as well as many aspects of the methodological approach, field research was conducted in Australia and Europe. From this approach, taxonomy of the vehicle experience (ToE) was developed. A process of deeply (hermeneutically) exploring the information contained in this taxonomy produced a second set of methods (The SEEing process) that causes a deep understanding of the experience to emerge in the design researcher. Both these methods were successfully trialled in Australia and Germany and an analysis of the results is presented. The ToE-SEEing methodology described in this paper provides firstly, a structured approach to understanding a specific experiential situation. Secondly, the methods enable a fundamental and clear understanding of the deeper essences of the experience to be seen with a degree of clarity, such that informed design can take place. This methodology will be helpful to those for whom it is important to have a deep understanding of the experience they wish to design for, and it will be especially helpful for informing those responsible for decisions (design or otherwise) effecting the quality of others experience with goods or services. ToE-SEEing has been shown to be teachable, learnable and useful as a design methodology. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>Specialists in ergonomics believe that what is good ergonomics is also goodeconomics for many industrial settings. This relationship between ergonomicsand economics is supported by research on several industrial settings. Thisstudy turns to investigate this relationship within the maritime domain.Shipping naturally faces the same work environment problems as commonlyseen on work places ashore. Additionally, there is however a social and culturaldimension to the work environment in what might be the most globalisedindustry of all.This study is performed as a pilot study to a larger project within theeconomics of maritime ergonomics. The aim of this thesis is to review themajor issues in the research of maritime ergonomics and how cost-benefit ofergonomics is calculated in other domains. Furthermore, the thesis also aims atinvestigate which ergonomic factors that are considered the most important bythe shipping industry itself and if the economics of ergonomics is calculated inthe Swedish shipping industry.The review of scientific literature on maritime ergonomics is divided into threeareas of interest: organisation and management, occupational health and safetyand psychosocial work environment. No studies were found on cost-benefitcalculations within shipping. There are however several methods for evaluationand calculation from other domains. The result of the nine qualitativeinterviews shows a predominant occupation in the area of organisation.Important factors mentioned in the interviews that are believed to affect safety,productivity and well-being include leadership and social skills,communication between and within the shorebased organisation and the vessel,as well as knowledge on several levels. A survey among ten Swedish shippingowners shows that beyond the costs of sick-leave, the shipowners do not on aregular basis calculate the costs and benefits of ergonomics.Further research includes a stakeholder analysis; defining the operativemeasurements of productivity, quality and effectiveness for a maritime setting;an accident analysis and the compilation of Best Practise within shipping.</p> / <p>Specialister inom arbetsmiljöområdet är övertygade om att en bra arbetsmiljöockså är bra för ett företags ekonomi. Detta förhållande mellan arbetsmiljö ochekonomi har påvisats i flera studier inom olika branscher. Den här studienundersöker sambandet mellan en god arbetsmiljö och god ekonomi inomsjöfarten. Inom sjöfarten återfinns naturligtvis samma arbetsmiljöproblem somhos andra branscher men i det som kanske är den mest globaliserade branschenav alla finns det också en framträdande social och kulturell dimension iarbetsmiljön.Den här uppsatsen är utförd som en pilotstudie till ett större forskningsprojektinom sjöfart och arbetsmiljöekonomi. Målet med uppsatsen är att undersökainom vilka områden det forskas på inom sjöfartens arbetsmiljö samt attundersöka hur kostnadsnytta av arbetsmiljö beräknas. Dessutom ämnaruppsatsen undersöka vilka arbetsmiljöfaktorer som de olika sjöfartsaktörernasjälva anser vara de viktigaste och om branschen själv räknar på arbetsmiljönidag.Granskningen av den vetenskapliga litteraturen om sjöfartens arbetsmiljö äruppdelad i tre områden: organisation och ledarskap, hälsa och säkerhet, samtden psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Inga studier återfanns som berördearbetsmiljöekonomi inom sjöfarten. Det finns däremot ett flertal metoder ochmodeller för ekonomisk utvärdering och beräkning av arbetsmiljöåtgärder frånandra branscher. Resultatet av nio kvalitativa intervjuer visar fokus påorganisatoriska arbetsmiljöfaktorer. Viktiga faktorer som informanterna anserhar inverkan på säkerhet, arbetsmiljö och produktivitet inkluderar ledarskap;kommunikation ombord och mellan fartyg och landorganisation; och kunskappå olika nivåer. En undersökning hos tio svenska rederier visar att utöverkostnader för sjukfrånvaro räknar företagen inte regelbundet på kostnader ochvinster för arbetsmiljön.Förslag till framtida forskning inkluderar en intressentanalys, att definiera ochbeskriva de operativa rationalitetsmåtten produktivitet, kvalitet och effektivitetför sjöfarten, olycksfallsanalys och sammanställandet av exempel av ”BestPractise” inom sjöfarten.</p>

Cockpit Task Management (CTM) is the initiation, monitoring, prioritization, execution, and termination of multiple, concurrent tasks by night crews. The primary research question posed in the current research is what factors affect task prioritization on the modern day, commercial flight deck. The conventional CTM literature was reviewed as an introduction to CTM validation, its facilitation and its theoretical foundations. A human performance approach to CTM was explored through experimental psychology literature, with the objective of developing a deeper understanding of the prioritization process. Two experimental part-task simulator studies were performed using commercial airline pilots. The objective of the first study was to simply identify possible prioritization factors. The second study then gathered empirical evidence for actual use of these factors. From the results, a model of task prioritization emerged with Status, Procedure and Value as the primary factors that affect task prioritization. / Graduation date: 2000

Piloting a commercial aircraft involves performing multiple tasks in a real-time environment that require pilot's attention and cognitive resource allocation. Due to resource limitation, pilots must perform cockpit task management (CTM) because they cannot perform all tasks that demand their attention at once. Hence, pilots must prioritize the tasks in the order of most to least important and allocate their resources according to this prioritization. Over the years, pilots have developed rules of thumb for task prioritization in facilitating CTM. A task prioritization error is simply an error made by the flight crew when they perform lower priority tasks as opposed to higher priority tasks, where priority is determined by the Aviate-Navigate-Communicate-Manage Systems (A-N-C-S) task ordering. Although the level of flight deck automation has been suggested as one factor influencing the likelihood of task prioritization errors, there has so far been just one study directed towards confirming that hypothesis. Hence the first objective of this study was to determine the effect of the level of automation on CTM performance. CTM performance was measured by looking at the number of task prioritization errors committed by pilots in different levels of automation. In addition to the level of automation, there was also reason to believe that the pilot's automation proficiency might affect CTM performance. Therefore, the second objective of this study was to determine the effect of automation proficiency on CTM performance. Nine airline transport pilots served as subjects in this study. Three flying scenarios and three levels of flight deck automation were simulated on a part-task flight simulator. Each pilot ran three different combinations of flight deck automation and flying scenario. The CTM performance for each pilot was determined by identifying the number of task prioritization errors committed in each experiment run. The average number of errors in different levels of automation and automation proficiency were compared for their effect on CTM performance using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It was found that the level of automation affected CTM performance depending scenarios in which phases of flight differed. However, automation proficiency, measured by glass cockpit hours, was found to have no effect on CTM performance. / Graduation date: 2000

Graduation date: 1995

Few studies examine technical barriers, such as usability, to successful Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) system implementation. This thesis explores this literature gap through the evaluation of the Sunnybrook CPOE order set system with a heuristic evaluation of the Sunnybrook CPOE system, the development of a more user friendly CPOE order set interface (Test Design), and a usability study comparing three order set formats (Sunnybrook CPOE, Test Design, and paper order sets). A randomized trial was conducted with 27 Sunnybrook physicians at the hospital. Results showed that the Sunnybrook CPOE order set system was less efficient (task times were on average 364 seconds longer than Test Design and 344 seconds longer than paper), less user-friendly (users were less confident, less satisfied, and more frustrated with Sunnybrook CPOE tasks), and less safe than paper order sets (more harmful errors). Test Design was as efficient and safe as paper order sets.

Few studies examine technical barriers, such as usability, to successful Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) system implementation. This thesis explores this literature gap through the evaluation of the Sunnybrook CPOE order set system with a heuristic evaluation of the Sunnybrook CPOE system, the development of a more user friendly CPOE order set interface (Test Design), and a usability study comparing three order set formats (Sunnybrook CPOE, Test Design, and paper order sets). A randomized trial was conducted with 27 Sunnybrook physicians at the hospital. Results showed that the Sunnybrook CPOE order set system was less efficient (task times were on average 364 seconds longer than Test Design and 344 seconds longer than paper), less user-friendly (users were less confident, less satisfied, and more frustrated with Sunnybrook CPOE tasks), and less safe than paper order sets (more harmful errors). Test Design was as efficient and safe as paper order sets.