The effect of pyridoxine (PN) supplementation on the activities of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase (EAlaAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (EAspAT) was observed in five men, aged 22 to 25 years. The subjects received a constant diet containing 1.34 mg of vitamin B-6 Monday through Friday of each week during this five-week study. Starting on day 6 of week 1, the subjects were given orally 5 mg PN daily, except on Tuesday and Thursday of each week when they were given either no PN or 2 mg of vitamin B-6 in the form of crystalline PN or as food. Basal and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-stimulated EAlaAT and EAspAT activities were determined weekly. Both basal and PLPstimulated activities of the two enzymes increased after only three days of PN supplementation and continued to increase throughout the four weeks of PN supplementation; percent stimulation by PLP added in vitro decreased concomitantly. It is suggested that the binding of PLP to erythrocyte apoaminotransferases may be another reservoir for vitamin B-6. / Graduation date: 1982

The effect of pyridoxine (PN) supplementation on lymphocyte responsiveness was investigated in 15 elderly volunteers (aged 65-81 years) by measuring lymphocyte proliferation to T and B cell mitogens, lymphocyte subpopulations with monoclonal antibodies (T3, T4, T8) and plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentration at pre-supplementation and after 1 and 2 months of daily supplementation. Eleven subjects received 50mg of PN-HC1 and 4 received a placebo. Dietary histories were also evaluated for Intake of vitamin B-6, protein and kilocalories. Mitogens used for the stimulation of lvmphocyte proliferation were phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalln A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and Staphylococcus aureus Cowain I (SAC). Plasma PLP was measured by a radio tracer method. Before supplementation, mean PLP of the 15 subjects was 31.7 +/- 14.1 nM; 5 PN and 3 placebo treated subjects had low PLP levels. After 1 and 2 months of PN-HCl supplementation, the PLP levels Increased by 195 +/-88 nM and 201 +/-84 nM, respectively. Lymphocyte proliferation In response to PHA, PWM, and SAC Increased significantly (p < 0.05) with PN supplementation. Among PN-treated subjects, Ivmpbocyte blaatogenesls was significantly greater In response to Con A and PWM in individuals whose initial PLP was low. Percentages of T3+ and T4+, but not T8+ cells increased significantly In PN-treated individuals. These results suggest that vitamin B-6 status is important in maintaining immunocompetence in the elderly. / Graduation date: 1986

The study was designed to indirectly understand muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged exercise when either glucose, fructose, or water is ingested. Eight trained adult males exercised on a cycle ergometer at 58±7% of V02 max for 2 h on 2-4 occasions. At 0 minutes of exercise and at 30-minute intervals throughout the exercise, the subjects ingested 200mL of fluid containing either glucose, fructose, or plain water in a double-blind, randomized fashion. The carbohydrate (CHO) fluid concentration was based on each subject's body weight (BW): Ig CHO X kg⁻¹ BW X L⁻¹ water and ranged from 5.8-9.2% (average=7.5%) of BW. Blood samples were collected from subjects at rest and immediately prior to fluid ingestion during exercise and analyzed for hematocrit, hemoglobin, and plasma levels of glucose, lactate, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). ANOVA showed no significant difference among treatments at any time of exercise for mean plasma lactate and PLP levels (p > 0.05). Although not significant, mean plasma lactate and PLP concentrations tended to be lower when glucose was consumed as compared to fructose and water. The mean plasma glucose level, however, uas significantly different among treatments at specific time points of exercise (p < 0.05). During exercise, mean plasma glucose decreased, and there was a higher plasma glucose level when glucose and fructose fluids were ingested as compared to water. At 60 minutes of exercise, this difference uas evident for both glucose and fructose ingestion (p < 0.05). At 90 and 120 minutes of exercise, fructose ingestion produced a significantly higher mean plasma glucose level than either water or glucose ingestion (p < 0.05). It is hypothesized that the higher plasma glucose levels provided a greater blood glucose supply to working muscles, thereby sparing muscle glycogen stores. The findings indicate that for the long-term exerciser, consumption of a 5.8-9.2% fructose solution may promote less muscle glycogen utilization than either glucose or water, thereby possibly increasing endurance. / Graduation date: 1986

The purpose of the study was to set up an in vitro model of the colon which would permit the analysis of cellulose fermentation by human colonic microflora. Studies of the degradation of polysaccharides by colonic bacteria may help to explain the observed physiological consequences of consuming dietary fiber common in foods. This study resulted in the use of a simple anaerobic batch fermentation system. It is assumed that the bacteria in fresh feces are representative of colonic bacteria. This batch culture system consists of the culture medium, the food fiber and the fecal inoculum. The fecal inoculum is prepared from freshly voided feces from a single individual. The food fiber is prepared from the vegetable/fruit starting material by repeated extraction with 90% ethanol, resulting in an alcohol insoluble residue(AIR). Extents of cellulose fermentation were measured after 4, 8, 12 and 24 hour fermentation periods at 37°C. The cellulose content of the samples before and after fermentation was determined by measuring the glucose yield (glucose oxidase assay) from an acid hydrolysate of the residue remaining after repeated acid detergent extractions. The extent of cellulose fermentation was then estimated by difference. The susceptibility to intestinal fermentation of the cellulose component of acorn squash and red beets was investigated using this model system. The cellulose content of squash and beet AIR was 26.71% ± 0.95% and 23.22% ± 0.89%, respectively. The extent of cellulose of fermentation of squash cellulose after 4, 8, 12 and 24 hrs incubation was 6.04% ± 0.69%, 10.58% ± 2.10%, 17.11% ± 6.37% and 96.18% ± 1.36%, respectively. The extent of fermentation of beet cellulose after 4, 8, 12 and 24 hrs incubation was 17.52% ± 1.83%, 23.52% ± 1.44%, 30.53% ± 4.12% and 96.06% ± 0.39%, respectively. The results indicate that the cellulose component of both vegetables is susceptible to considerable degradation within the human intestinal tract. / Graduation date: 1991

The objectives of this study were a) to determine if pyridoxine (PN) supplementation increases the rate at which plasma urea and ammonia return to basal levels, following exercise, b) to determine, by open circuit calorimetry, the utilization of carbohydrates, and c) to further understand vitamin B-6 metabolism during and following strenuous exercise. Six male athletes (age 26 ± 5 years and VO₂ max 66.4 ± 6.9 ml/kg/min) exercised for 1 hour on a cycle ergometer at 72% VO₂ max at two points during a 17 day study. For the first 8 days subjects received daily a placebo solution, while during the next half they received a PN dose (20 mg). Subjects consumed a constant diet the day before, day of, and day after the exercise test. Blood samples were taken the day of the exercise test at fasting (Fl), pre-exercise (PE), during exercise (DE), 1 min post exercise (I'P), 6 hour post exercise (6hP), and the day after the exercise test at fasting (F2). Plasma was analyzed for ammonia, urea, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). ANOVA showed no significant difference between treatments for either plasma ammonia or urea. While there was a significant increase (p<0.001) in plasma ammonia levels over time with the placebo, with supplementation the increase over time was not significant. With PN supplementation, plasma PLP levels were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with plasma ammonia levels at I'P. A slight decrease in plasma urea concentration was observed with the PN treatment at PE, DE, I'P, and 6hP. It was concluded that PN may reduce adverse consequences of plasma ammonia and urea seen with exercise. On the other hand, pyridoxine supplementation may produced a shift in the utilization of substrates of the subjects. Metabolic rate results showed that the contribution of carbohydrates as a energy source increased from 43.5 ± 13.7% with the placebo, to 52.0 ± 6.7% with the PN treatment (not significantly different). This observation lead to the conclusion that PN supplementation decreases glycogen stores compared to the glycogen stores without supplementation. Since the findings from this study suggest slightly more rapid plasma ammonia and urea restoration but decreased glycogen stores, they do not provide evidence for or against an increased need for vitamin B-6 in persons that are involved in strenuous exercises of medium duration. / Graduation date: 1988

Four studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of varying levels of vitamin B-6 (B6), protein and pyridoxine glucoside (PNG) on B6 status and requirements of women. In the first two studies, women were fed a constant protein diet and vitamin B-6 intakes of 0.84 to 2.39 mg/d during 10- to 15-day experimental periods. Significant differences among intake levels were found in urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA) and total vitamin B-6 (UB6), plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and total vitamin B-6 (TB6), and urinary xanthurenic acid (XA) following a tryptophan load. Significant correlations were found between B6 intake and 4PA, UB6, plasma PLP, TB6, erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase (EALT) percent stimulation, and postload urinary XA and volatile amines (VA, kynurenine plus acetylkynurenine). More than 1.33 mg B6/d (> 0.016 mg B6/g dietary protein) was required for adequate B6 status. In a third study, nine women were fed diets providing 1.25 mg B6/d and three levels of protein (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg body weight), for 14 days each. Significant differences in urinary 4PA, plasma PLP, and postload urinary VA were found among protein levels. Nitrogen intake was significantly negatively correlated with urinary 4PA and plasma PLP, and positively correlated with EALT percent stimulation and postload urinary kynuremc acid (KA), XA and VA. Compared to men in a previous study, women excreted a greater percentage of B6 intake as 4PA, had lower plasma PLP and greater amounts of postload urinary tryptophan metabolites. At least 0.020 mg B6/g protein was required for adequate status. In a fourth study, nine women were fed diets with a high (27%) or low (9%) percentage of the B6 intake as pyridoxine glucoside, a form known to have reduced bioavailability, for 18 days each. Urinary 4PA and UB6, plasma TB6 and red blood cell PLP were significantly lower, and fecal B6 was significantly higher during the high PNG diet. The decrease in B6 status indicators on the high PNG diet suggested a loss of 15 to 18% of the total B6 intake. Taking into account bioavailability and gender differences in the effect of dietary protein, and including a safety margin, the RDA for B6 for women should be at least 0.020 mg/g dietary protein. / Graduation date: 1996

Rice consumption is responsible for the largest dietary contribution of inorganic arsenic. In addition to the direct human health impact of arsenic, arsenic toxicity impacts on rice yield. Thus two issues must be addressed: rice sensitivity to arsenic and the contribution of rice towards dietary arsenic. The grass Holcus lanatus achieves arsenate tolerance through the constitutive down regulation of phosphate transporters, which facilitate arsenate uptake. To gain a better understanding of mechanisms underlying arsenic sensitivity in rice and determine if phosphate uptake was responsible for differential arsenic sensitivity between two rice cultivars (Azucena and Bala) an experiment was undertaken examining the role of phosphate in rice arsenic sensitivity. Although high phosphate treatments were found to provide protection against both arsenate and arsenite toxicity and the two cultivars were found to respond differently to phosphate induced protection, the mechanism underlying reduced arsenic sensitivity did not appear to be controlled through a reduced phosphate uptake system. Attempts to link lab-based arsenic sensitivity of various rice cultivars to published biomass and tissue arsenic concentrations of rice grown in the field is presented. No consistent trend was identified across field sites although two negative correlations at two different sites were found (grain arsenic concentrations and shoot dry weight plotted against arsenate sensitivity). These data demonstrated the importance environment influence on traits examined. These correlations suggest that breeding for more arsenic resistant rice strains may increase plant yield but inadvertently lead to an increase in grain arsenic. Finally, QTL mapping and genome-wide association mapping were used to identify genomic regions and candidates genes responsible for variations in shoot arsenic concentrations in rice. The purpose of which was to offer a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this variation. Unfortunately the QTLs revealed were not reproduced in the association mapping study. A list of potential positional candidate genes are summarised and functional candidates identified and discussed.

為滿足人類對微量元素硒的需求，在本研究中，我們進一步完善優化利用少硒化肥強化水稻的生物農業性狀，並且全面地檢測了富硒稻米中硒的生物有效性和生物利用度。首先，我們發現低濃度的亞硒酸鈉（2毫克/升）在提高水稻幼苗生長方面有顯著的成效。通過抽穗後葉面噴施亞硒酸鈉生產富硒稻米及調控低量的亞硒酸鈉（10.5克硒/公頃）能顯著增加水稻籽粒中硒含量高達51倍；同時，水稻產量也上調了1.24倍。此外，通過硒形態分析、體外胃腸消化和抗氧化實驗來評估，在富硒稻米中，硒的主要富集形態是硒代蛋氨酸；同時，富硒稻米具有明顯較高的抗氧化生物活性。這種富硒大米在人類補硒方面具有巨大潛力。 / 硒對植物生長的作用有兩方面，既有有利作用又有毒副作用。水稻種植應用低濃度的亞硒酸鈉能促進生長，而較高濃度的亞硒酸鈉則抑制生長。為詳細解釋這種兩面性影響機制，我們應用二維凝膠電泳（2-DE）結合基質輔助鐳射解吸離子化-飛行時間質譜（MALDI-TOF/TOF MS）進行蛋白質組學研究。將硒處理組與對照組水稻幼苗之間的凝膠圖像進行比較，確定了莖葉和根中分別有66和97個差異表達的蛋白質。基因聚類分析顯示，水稻的中心代謝，光合作用和氧化還原平衡高度受硒處理影響。低硒處理（2和6毫克/升亞硒酸鈉）啟動抗氧化系統，增強光合作用和初級代謝。而較高的硒處理（10毫克/升的亞硒酸鈉）則抑制光合作用和初級代謝。此項研究在未來生產富硒水稻方面具有指導性意義。 / 為了更好地瞭解水稻穀粒中硒富集的生物機制，我們應用2-DE結合MALDI-TOF/TOF MS及1-DE結合傅裏葉變換離子迴旋共振質譜（FTMS）進行了水稻穀粒的蛋白質組學研究。這項研究提供了最全面的稻米穀粒蛋白質表達圖譜。通過硒處理和對照之間的比較，62和250個差異表達的蛋白質分別被雙電離飛行時間質譜和傅裏葉變換質譜所鑒定。通過基因功能分類，在成熟的稻穀中，硫代謝，碳代謝，細胞的氧化還原調控，和種子的營養儲存過程中涉及的蛋白質受到硒富集的高度影響。此外，有6個蛋白被檢測具有含硒氨基酸片斷，這是高等植物中含硒蛋白的首次鑒定。 / 富硒水稻的基因工程能提高人類的補硒預期。因此，為獲得可以應用於基因工程改造的合適的水稻基因，我們通過在經典模型植物擬南芥中過表達水稻O-乙醯絲氨酸硫解酶（OASTL）的基因，包括在胞漿中表達的OASTLA基因、在質體中表的OASTLB基因和線粒體中表達的OASTLC基因，用以研究這些基因在轉基因植株中對硒富集的影響。在不同硒濃度處理下，與野生型植物相比，此三個基因均表達顯著提高轉基因植物中的硒含量。即時定量反轉錄PCR分析結果顯示，由於過表達的水稻OASTL基因，硒同化的整個代謝途徑被啟動，尤其是與半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸合成有關的基因被啟動，這可能就是引起更多的硒富集在轉基因植物裏的原因。此外，過表達水稻OASTL基因也啟動穀胱甘肽還原酶，這可能增強富硒轉基因植物的抗氧化系統從而提高抗逆性並增加產量。因此，OASTL基因在基因工程生產富硒稻米方面具有重要潛在價值。 / To fulfill the natural human needs of selenium (Se), I further improved the agronomic biofortification of rice (Oryza sativa) with less Se fertilizers and comprehensively evaluated Se bioaccessibility and bioavailability in the Se-enriched rice. Se-enriched rice grains were prepared by foliar application of selenite after rice heading. As compared with control, low amount of sodium selenite (10.5 g Se/ha) significantly increased Se content in rice grains by up to 51 times; at the same time, rice yield was also up-regulated by up to 1.24 times. Furthermore, by Se speciation analysis, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and antioxidant assays, the Se-enriched rice grains contain readily absorbable selenomethionine as the major Se species and have significantly higher antioxidant bioactivities. This Se-enriched rice has enormous potential for Se supplementation in humans. / Se shows both beneficial and toxic effects on plant growth. Treatments with lower concentrations of sodium selenite enhanced the growth of rice seedlings, whereas higher concentrations of sodium selenite repressed seedling growth. To reveal the regulatory mechanisms underlying these effects, a comparative proteomics study combining 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-tandem time of flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) were performed. By comparison of gel images between Se treatments and control, 66 and 97 differentially expressed proteins were identified in shoot and root, respectively. Gene Ontology and Clustering analysis reveal primary metabolism, photosynthesis and redox homeostasis are the most highly affected biological processes by Se treatments. Lower Se treatments (2 and 6 mg/L sodium selenite) activated antioxidative system, enhanced photosynthesis and primary metabolism. However, higher Se treatment (10 mg/L sodium selenite) damaged photosynthesis apparatus, inhibited photosynthesis and primary metabolism. This study provided novel insights into Se response in rice at the proteome level, which are expected to be highly useful for dissecting the Se response pathways in higher plants and for producing of Se enriched rice cultivars in the future. / To better understand the regulatory mechanism under Se accumulation in rice grains, a comparative proteomics study using 2-DE coupled MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-DE) coupled liquid chromatography (LC) - Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS were carried out. By comparison of Se treatments and control, 62 and 250 differentially expressed proteins were identified by 2-DE/MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and 1-DE/LC-FT-ICR MS, respectively. By gene functional classification, proteins involved in the processes of sulfur metabolism, carbon metabolism, cell redox regulation, and seed nutritional storage were the most highly affected by Se accumulation in mature rice grains. In addition, there were 6 proteins identified to contain fragments of selenoamino acid modification, which was the first identification of selenoproteins in higher plants. / Genetic engineering of Se-enriched rice will have important implications for human health in Se deficient regions. Therefore, to acquire appropriate rice genes as candidates for bioengineering of Se-enriched rice cultivars, I overexpressed three of the rice O-Acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL) genes encoding cytosolic OASTLA, plastic OASTLB and mitochondrial OASTLC, individually in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to characterize the effects of Se accumulation in transgenic plants. The results showed that compared to the wild type plants, overexpression of all these genes significantly increased Se content in transgenic plants under treatments of different selenite concentrations. By real-time RT-PCR analysis, I found that the whole metabolic pathway of selenite assimilation was activated by overexpressing rice OASTL genes, especially the genes involved in cysteine and methionine biosynthesis, which may give rise to more Se accumulation in the transgenics. In addition, overexpression of rice OASTL genes also activated the antioxidative system by activating the glutathione reductase, which may be responsible for the increased biomass of Se-enriched transgenic plants. Therefore, OASTL genes could be good candidate for the future genetic engineering of Se-enriched rice. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wang, Yudong. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-159). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Declaration of Originality --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / 摘要 (Abstract in Chinese) --- p.v / List of Abbreviations --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Implications of Se for human health and its metabolism in plants --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Systemic study of Se metabolism and regulation in rice --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3. --- Candidate genes for genetic engineering of Se-enriched rice --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4. --- Objectives of this project --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Generation of selenium-enriched rice with enhanced grain yield, selenium content and bioavailability through fertilization with selenite --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Reagents --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Plant materials and growth conditions --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Se speciation analysis --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.4. --- Antioxidant assays --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.5. --- Data analysis --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Effects of fertilization of selenite on the growth and Se content of rice seedlings --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Effects of fertilization of selenite on the antioxidant activity of rice seedlings --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Effect of fertilization of selenite on Se content in rice products --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Effect of fertilization of selenite on rice yield --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.5. --- Analysis of Se bioaccessibility in Se-enriched rice grains --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.6. --- Analysis of Se bioavailability in Se-enriched rice grains --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4. --- Conclusion --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Proteomics analysis reveals multiple regulatory mechanisms in response to selenium in rice --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Plant materials and growth conditions --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Physiological measurements --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Total protein extraction --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.4. --- 2-DE separation, gel staining and image analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.5. --- Trypsin digestion, mass spectrometry and protein identification --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.6. --- Protein functional classification and hierarchical cluster analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.7. --- Statistical analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Effects of Se on rice seedlings --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Effects of Se on shoot and root proteomes of rice seedlings --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Gene ontology analysis of Se-responsive proteins --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.4. --- Clustering analysis revealed the dynamics of functional protein groups under Se treatment --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.5. --- Se treatment induced redox and stress related proteins --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.6. --- Se-responsive proteins preferentially associated with primary metabolism and photosynthesis --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.7. --- Post translational modifications involved in plant Se-response --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4. --- Conclusion --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Comparative proteomics analysis of selenium responses in selenium-enriched rice grains --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Plant materials and growth conditions --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Total protein extraction --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- 2-DE separation, gel staining and image analysis --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.4. --- Trypsin digestion, mass spectrometry and protein identification --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.5. --- Preparative SDS-PAGE separation and trypsin digestion --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2.6. --- NanoLC-FT-ICR MS and protein identification --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.7. --- Label-free quantitation of identified proteins --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.8. --- Functional classification of Se-responsive proteins --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Effects of foliar application of selenite in rice grain production --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- 2-DE/MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis of Se-enriched rice grains --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Label-free 1-DE/LC-FT-ICR-MS analysis of Se-enriched rice grains --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.4. --- Gene ontology analysis of rice grain proteome and Se-responsive proteins --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.5. --- Sulfur metabolism were highly repressed in Se-enriched rice --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.6. --- Proteins involved in redox regulation were induced in Se-enriched rice --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.7. --- Se-responsive proteins are preferentially associated with carbon metabolism --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3.8. --- Proteins involved in seed nutritional storage --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4. --- Conclusion --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Overexpressing rice O-Acetylserine(thiol)lyase Genes Enhances Selenium Accumulation in Arabidopsis --- p.123 / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.126 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- DNA constructs --- p.126 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Transient gene expression and subcellular localization --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.3. --- Arabidopsis plant transformation and growth --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.4. --- Selenium treatment and physiological measurements --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.5. --- Total Se content assay --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.6. --- RT-PCR analysis --- p.128 / Chapter 5.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.128 / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Phenotypes of OASTL-transgenic Arabidopsis --- p.128 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- Se accumulated in OASTL-transgenic Arabidopsis under Se treatment --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3.3. --- Overexpression of rice OASTL genes activated Se assimilation pathways --- p.130 / Chapter 5.3.4. --- ATSAT genes were highly expressed in OASTL-transgenics --- p.132 / Chapter 5.3.5. --- Overexpression of rice OASTL genes activated the antioxidative system --- p.133 / Chapter 5.3.6. --- Methionine synthesis was enhanced in OASTL-transgenics --- p.134 / Chapter 5.4. --- Conclusion --- p.134 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.146 / References --- p.149 / Chapter Appendix I: --- Publications --- p.160

Cheung, Wing Kwun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-116). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / List of Tables --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.viii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Dietary fiber --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Introduction of dietary fiber --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium as a source of dietary fiber --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Bakery products --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wheat --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Flour --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Flour protein --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Rheological test of flour quality --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Bread --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Ingredient --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Bread-making process --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Crackers and cookies --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Effect of addition of dietary fiber in bakery products --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- Extrusion cooking --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Introduction of extrusion cooking --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Food extruders --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Application of extrusion --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Extrusion of starchy materials --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Effect of extrusion dietary fiber content --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Effect of extrusion on other nutritional properties --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives --- p.28 / Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Mushroom powder --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- Flour --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Crude protein content --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Moisture content --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Farinograph --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Bakery products --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Bread --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Crackers --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Cookies --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Extrudates --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Physical measurement --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Bread --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- "Weight, volume and density" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Hardness --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Crackers --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- "Weight, dimensions and thickness" --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Volume --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.2.3 --- Hardness --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.2.4 --- Moisture --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Cookies --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.3.1 --- "Weight, thickness and diameter" --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.3.2 --- Hardness --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Extrudates --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Expansion ratio --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Density --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.4.3 --- Hardness --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.4.4 --- Water absorption index (WAI) --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.4.5 --- Water solubility index (WSI) --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6 --- Dietary fiber content --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Preparation of samples --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- "Total dietary fiber (TDF), Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and Soluble dietary fiber (SDF)" --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Protein and ash correction --- p.46 / Chapter 2.7 --- Nutritional evaluation of extrudates using rat model --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Determination of crude protein content in extrudates --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Diet preparation --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Feeding experiments --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Nitrogen balance experiment --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.5 --- Determination of serum lipid profile --- p.51 / Chapter 2.7.5.1 --- Serum total triglyceride (TG) --- p.51 / Chapter 2.7.5.2 --- Serum total cholesterol (TC) --- p.51 / Chapter 2.7.5.3 --- Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1 --- MP-enriched flours --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Crude protein content of plain flour --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Moisture content of plain flour --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Farinograph of MP-enriched flours --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Physical characteristics of MP-containing bakery products --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- MP-enriched bread --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- "Weight, volume and density" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Hardness --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- MP-enriched crackers --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- "Weight, dimensions and thickness" --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Volume --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Hardness --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- MP-enriched cookies --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- "Weight, thickness and diameter" --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Hardness --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Extrudates of MP-enriched pastry flour --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Expansion ratio --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Density --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Hardness --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.4.4 --- Water absorption index (WAI) --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.4.5 --- Water solubility index (WSI) --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.4.6 --- Effect of extrusion condition on physical attributes of extrudates --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3 --- Dietary fiber content in MP-containing bakery products --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- MP-enriched bread --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- MP-enriched crackers --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- MP-enriched cookies --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Extrudates produced form MP-enriched pastry flour --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4 --- Nutritional evaluation of extrudates using rat model --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Weight of animals --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Weight of vital organs --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Nitrogen balance experiment --- p.94 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Serum lipid profile --- p.96 / Chapter 4 --- Conclusion --- p.98 / Chapter 5 --- References --- p.101

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