1. This series of studies was undertaken to examine the adrenergic regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. Recreationally active males were tested during moderate to intense exercise on a stationary cycle ergometer. Venous and arterial plasma obtained from indwelling catheters was analysed for hormonal and metabolite responses, and hepatic glucose production and glucose uptake were measured using the tracer-dilution method with stable isotopes. Muscle samples were obtained by the needle biopsy technique to examine muscle glycogen utilisation and the flux of related muscle metabolites using enzymatic, fluorometric and radioisotopic techniques. 2. During moderate exercise adrenaline infusion induced a marked hyperglycemia and this was due to reduced glucose uptake rather than enhanced hepatic glucose production. The reduction in glucose uptake was most likely mediated by a decrease in glucose phosphorylation, as indicated by the accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate with adrenaline infusion. 3. The hyperglycemic response to intense exercise was prevented by the administration of α- and β-adrenergic antagonists. Adrenergic blockade was without effect on hepatic glucose production whereas glucose uptake was enhanced when compared with control subjects. These data support the notion that adrenergic mechanisms are more important in restraining glucose uptake than enhancing hepatic glucose production during intense exercise. Other glucoregulatory factors are responsible for the increase in glucose production during intense exercise. 4. Elevated plasma adrenaline levels during moderate exercise in untrained men increases skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown and PDH activation which results

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 43 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-36).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 94 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-58).

Background Lactose intolerance is a common condition which individuals are not able to completely digest lactose. Each individual has varying degree of lactose intolerance varying level of symptoms experienced. Due to the symptoms of lactose intolerance, lactose intolerant individuals are likely to eliminate milk and dairy products from their diet. Actually, milk and other dairy products are the preferred food sources of calcium for most people. It is essential to maintain adequate calcium intake everyday for the proper growth and development of bones. Individuals who avoid milk and dairy products from diet may not meet the daily requirements for calcium. Therefore, the lactose intolerant individuals are at a higher risk of osteoporosis. Calcium supplementations are an alternative source of calcium for lactose intolerant individuals who have low calcium intake to meet their daily needs. Objectives This review is to assess the impacts and effect of calcium supplements on bone density and bone fracture risk in lactose intolerant individuals. Methodology HKU library database, PubMed, and reference screening for trials published in English from 1990 to May 2014. Randomized, controlled trials of individuals using calcium supplements (calcium carbonate and calcium citrate malate) and placebo group with bone fractures and bone mass density as outcome measure. Finding Adding calcium supplements into a low calcium diet reduces the rate of bone loss and prevents bone fractures. Evidence for calcium supplements in significant reduction of bone mass density; however, the impact of calcium supplements on bone fracture risk remains unclear. Conclusion Based on my review, it shows that there is an association between the use of calcium supplementations and retardation of the rate of bone loss as well as reduction in bone fracture risk in individuals with low dietary calcium and are generally compliance with the treatment. To get enough calcium through diet is encouraged over calcium supplements. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

No description available.

This research study was designed to develop new food product formulations from whole cowpeas (Vigna sinensis) with high protein content and specific nutritional characteristics adequate to meet the requirements of both malnourished and well-nourished children. Highly acceptable food products were developed from either spray-dried or dry-roasted flours. These included a chocolate-flavored pudding, cowpea "butter," cookies, frozen desserts and all-purpose, whole wheat/cowpea breads. A rat feeding experiment to evaluate the nutritional qualities of the flours was carried out using Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) as the evaluated parameter. Weanling male rats were fed diets with 10% protein (unsupplemented and supplemented) from cowpeas or casein (control). Methionine (0.36%), threonine (0.06%) and lysine (0.1%) were the supplementing amino acids used. Unsupplemented diets had very low PERs. The spray-dried flour diet supplemented with methionine had a PER about 15% greater than that of the control. The dry-roasted diet supplemented with methionine, threonine and lysine had a PER approximately equal to the control. It is concluded that it is possible to avoid or alleviate child protein malnutrition with either industrially- or home-produced food products formulated from whole cowpeas.

No description available.

In a cross-sectional study we examined Iipoprotein composition and CETP mass in 15 sedentary and 12 exercising, healthy male volunteers, aged between 17-35 years. The exercising group were defined as individuals participating in at least five weekly 45 minute exercise sessions of an aerobic nature (60-85% estimated maximal oxygen uptake). The sedentary subjects were only irregularly engaged in bouts of physical activity, not more than 45 minutes per week. Seasonal data were collected: one data collection in the fall and one in the spring. A 20 day food and exercise journal was maintained during each season's data collection period. Blood lipids were measured on two and anthropometric and aerobic capacity testing were performed on 1 occasion during each season. Statistical analyses consisted of a two way ANOVA (exercise and season) to control for seasonal effects on blood lipids and Iipoprotein levels. Pearson product moment correlations were calculated between those variables that showed significant seasonal or level of activity changes. Exercising males consumed significantly greater amounts of energy (p<O.OOI), carbohydrates (p<O.OOOI), protein (p<O.OOOI), and dietary fibre (p<O.OOOI) than sedentary males; sedentary males however, consumed significantly greater amounts of alcohol than exercising males. Exercising males had significantly higher aerobic capacities and degrees of mesomorphy than sedentary subjects and exhibited significantly lower apo AI values. No differences were noted between the 2 groups in BMI, % body fat, other plasma lipids or CETP mass. In summary, regular physical activity in young, healthy male subjects was associated with increased energy and carbohydrate intake and improved aerobic capacity as compared to sedentary subjects. Moderate differences in physical activity were not however associated with alterations in plasma Iipoprotein composition or CETP concentration.

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) are deposited in large amounts in membrane phospholipids of the developing central nervous system (CNS). High levels of 22:6n-3 are found in synaptic terminals and retina, and are important for normal visual development and function. 20:4n-6 and22:6n-3 are supplied in human milk. In contrast, infants fed formula rely completely on endogenous synthesis of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 from linoleic (18:2n-6) and a-linolenic (18:3n-3) acid, respectively. Levels of 22:6n-3 in the blood lipids of infants fed formula are lower than in infants fed human milk. Concern over the supply of 22:6n-3 led to clinical trials in which premature infants were fed formulas containing fish oils as a source of 22:6n-3. Piglets, which have a similar lipid metabolism and perinatal timing of the brain growth spurt to humans, have a lower percentage of 22:6n-3 in blood, liver and CNS tissues when fed formula with 30% of fatty acids as18:2n-6 and 0.8% 18:3n-3, compared to sow milk. It was hypothesized that the low blood and tissue 22:6n-3 in formula-fed piglets was due to inappropriate quantities and/or ratios of dietary 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 limiting the synthesis of 22:6n-3. Thus, the main objectives of this thesis were to determine. (1) if 22:6n-3 is an essential dietary nutrient for the term gestation piglet, (2) if appropriate quantities and ratios of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 in formula will support CNS membrane accretion of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3, comparable to piglets fed varying amounts of 22:6n-3 in natural milk, and (3) if lower blood phospholipid 22:6n-3 consistently reflects reduced 22:6n-3 in the CNS. Initial studies (Experiment I) showed that formula with 4% 18:3n-3 supported a similar percentage of22:6n-3 in piglet liver and CNS membrane lipids to sow milk, but was associated with lower brain weight. Deposition of 22:6n-3 in brain was influenced by the formula 18:3n-3 content. The 18:2n-6:18:3n-3 ratio (22:1and 37:1) seemed to be important, however, when formulas contained 1% 18:3n-3. Low levels of fish oil in formula, similar to those used in clinical trials, were effective in supplying 22:6n-3 to the developing piglet brain (Experiment II). The efficacy of 18:3n-3 in supporting the deposition of 22:6n-3 in the brain was estimated to be at least 20% that of dietary 20:5n-3 plus 22:6n-3. With increasing dietary fish oil, however, levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) increased and 20:4n-6decreased in plasma, liver and retina, but not brain (Experiment III). This suggests regulatory mechanisms may exist to maintain relatively constant levels of 20:4n-6 and 20:5n-3 in brain. Milk 22:6n-3 varies with maternal intake of 22:6n-3. The effect of milk 22:6n-3 content was studied in piglets fed milk with 0.1% or 1.5% 22:6n-3 obtained from sows fed usual pig diets containing vegetable fats without or with fish oil, respectively (Experiment IV). Consumption of 1.5 vs 0.1% 22:6n-3 from sow milk resulted in 300% higher 22:6n-3 in liver and blood phospholipids and 11% higher 22:6n-3 in cerebrum of nursing piglets. Despite similar milk 20:4n-6, the % 20:4n-6 in tissues other than the brain was lower in piglets fed high22:6n-3 sow milk. Thus, high intakes of n-3 fatty acids decrease 20:4n-6 in piglet liver and blood lipids. The blood phospholipid % 22:6n-3 in piglets fed formulas containing 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 but not their long-chain derivatives, was lower than in piglets fed 22:6n-3 in natural milk, consistent with published findings in formula-fed infants. However, in contrast to circulating lipids, formulas with 4% 18:3n-3 maintained similar levels of 22:6n-3in the piglet CNS compared to milk. These studies show that blood phospholipid 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 are not specific indices of effects in CNS lipids. This thesis has shown (1) 22:6n-3 is not essential in the diet of the term piglet, if adequate 18:3n-3 is given, (2) fish oils are an effective source of 22:6n-3 for deposition in the developing brain, (3) high dietary n-3fatty acids interfere with 20:4n-6 metabolism, and (4) blood lipid 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 do not accurately reflect CNS fatty acids.

Dietary fatty acid (FA) composition and energy restriction (ER) independently affect serum leptin levels; however it is not known whether this correlates with changes in obese (ob) gene expression. Herein, we assessed whether dietary FA composition and ER influence white adipose tissue (WAT) ob mRNA by Northern analysis. Animals consumed diets containing tallow (BT), safflower oil (SO) or fish oil (FO) ad libitum or at 60% ad libitum intakes. Serum leptin values were not different between levels of energy intake. ER decreased weight gain and WAT weights, which positively correlated with serum leptin values. WAT ob mRNA levels were in the rank order: FO > SO > BT in depots of all groups with ER showing a lower level of ob mRNA. Data show similarity in ob mRNA levels between depots with discordance in circulating leptin levels. These data suggest that energy restriction exerts greater control over leptin production than dietary fat source.