As a result of their unique heat recovery properties,Humidified Gas Turbine (HGT) cycles have the potential todeliver resource-effective energy to society. The EvaporativeGas Turbine (EvGT) Consortium in Sweden has been studying thesetypes of cycles for nearly a decade, but now stands at acrossroads, with commercial demonstration remaining. Thisthesis binds together several key elements for the developmentof humidified gas turbines: water recovery and air and waterquality in the cycle, cycle selection for near-term, mid-sizedpower generation, and identifying a feasible niche market fordemonstration and market penetration. Moreover, possiblesocio-technical hinders for humidified gas turbine developmentare examined. Through modelling saltcontaminant flows in the cycle andverifying the results in the pilot plant, it was found thathumidification tower operation need not endanger the hot gaspath. Moreover, sufficient condensate can be condensed to meetfeed water demands. Air filters were found to be essential tolower the base level of contaminant in the cycle. This protectsboth the air and water stream components. By capturing airparticles of a similar size to the air filters, the humidifieractually lowers air stream salt levels. Measures to minimisedroplet entrainment were successful (50 mg droplets/kg air) andmodels predict a 1% blow down from the water circuit issufficient. The condensate is very clean, with less than 1 mg/lalkali salts and easily deionised. Based on a core engine parameter analysis for three HGTcycle configurations and a subsequent economic study, asteam-cooled steam injected cycle complemented with part-flowhumidification is recommended for the mid-size power market.This cycle was found to be particularly efficient at highpressures and turbine inlet temperatures, conditions eased bysteam cooling and even intercooling. The recommended HGT cyclegives specific investment costs 30- 35% lower than the combinedcycles and cost of electricity levels were 10-18% lower.Full-flow intercooled EvGT cycles give high performances, butseem to be penalised by the recuperator costs, while stillbeing cheaper than the CC. District heating is suggested as asuitable niche market to commercially demonstrate the HGTcycle. Here, the advantages of HGT are especially pronounceddue their very high total efficiencies. Feasibility prices forelectricity were up to 35% lower than competing combinedcycles. HGT cycles were also found to effectively include wasteheat sources. <b>Keywords:</b>gas turbines, evaporative gas turbines,humidification, power generation, combined heat and powergeneration.

<p>As a result of their unique heat recovery properties,Humidified Gas Turbine (HGT) cycles have the potential todeliver resource-effective energy to society. The EvaporativeGas Turbine (EvGT) Consortium in Sweden has been studying thesetypes of cycles for nearly a decade, but now stands at acrossroads, with commercial demonstration remaining. Thisthesis binds together several key elements for the developmentof humidified gas turbines: water recovery and air and waterquality in the cycle, cycle selection for near-term, mid-sizedpower generation, and identifying a feasible niche market fordemonstration and market penetration. Moreover, possiblesocio-technical hinders for humidified gas turbine developmentare examined.</p><p>Through modelling saltcontaminant flows in the cycle andverifying the results in the pilot plant, it was found thathumidification tower operation need not endanger the hot gaspath. Moreover, sufficient condensate can be condensed to meetfeed water demands. Air filters were found to be essential tolower the base level of contaminant in the cycle. This protectsboth the air and water stream components. By capturing airparticles of a similar size to the air filters, the humidifieractually lowers air stream salt levels. Measures to minimisedroplet entrainment were successful (50 mg droplets/kg air) andmodels predict a 1% blow down from the water circuit issufficient. The condensate is very clean, with less than 1 mg/lalkali salts and easily deionised.</p><p>Based on a core engine parameter analysis for three HGTcycle configurations and a subsequent economic study, asteam-cooled steam injected cycle complemented with part-flowhumidification is recommended for the mid-size power market.This cycle was found to be particularly efficient at highpressures and turbine inlet temperatures, conditions eased bysteam cooling and even intercooling. The recommended HGT cyclegives specific investment costs 30- 35% lower than the combinedcycles and cost of electricity levels were 10-18% lower.Full-flow intercooled EvGT cycles give high performances, butseem to be penalised by the recuperator costs, while stillbeing cheaper than the CC. District heating is suggested as asuitable niche market to commercially demonstrate the HGTcycle. Here, the advantages of HGT are especially pronounceddue their very high total efficiencies. Feasibility prices forelectricity were up to 35% lower than competing combinedcycles. HGT cycles were also found to effectively include wasteheat sources.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>gas turbines, evaporative gas turbines,humidification, power generation, combined heat and powergeneration.</p>

<p>The energy consumption is continuous to increase around the world and with that follows the demand for sustainable solutions for future energy systems. With growing energy consumption from fossil based fuels the threat of global warming through release of CO₂ to the atmosphere increases. The demand for cooling is also growing which would result in an increased consumption of electricity if the cooling demand was to be fulfilled by electrically driven cooling technology. A more sustainable solution can be to use heat-driven absorption cooling where waste heat may be used as driving energy instead of electricity.</p><p>This thesis focuses on the role and potential of absorption cooling in future energy systems. Two types of energy systems are investigated: a district energy system based on waste incineration and a distributed energy system with natural gas as fuel. In both cases, low temperature waste heat is used as driving energy for the absorption cooling. The main focus is to evaluate the absorption technology in an environmental perspective, in terms of reduced CO₂ emissions. Economic evaluations are also performed. The reduced electricity when using absorption cooling instead of compression cooling is quantified and expressed as an increased net electrical yield.</p><p>The results show that absorption cooling is an environmentally friendly way to produce cooling as it reduces the use of electrically driven cooling in the energy system and therefore also reduces global CO₂ emissions. In the small-scale trigeneration system the electricity use is lowered with 84 % as compared to cooling production with compression chillers only. The CO₂ emissions can be lowered to 45 CO₂/MWhc by using recoverable waste heat as driving heat for absorption chillers. However, the most cost effective cooling solution in a district energy system is a combination between absorption and compression cooling technologies according to the study.</p><p>Absorption chillers have the potential to be suitable bottoming cycles for power production in distributed systems. Net electrical yields over 55 % may be reached in some cases with gas motors and absorption chillers. This small-scale system for cogeneration of power and cooling shows electrical efficiencies comparable to large-scale power plants and may contribute to reducing peak electricity demand associated with the cooling demand.</p>

The energy consumption is continuous to increase around the world and with that follows the demand for sustainable solutions for future energy systems. With growing energy consumption from fossil based fuels the threat of global warming through release of CO2 to the atmosphere increases. The demand for cooling is also growing which would result in an increased consumption of electricity if the cooling demand was to be fulfilled by electrically driven cooling technology. A more sustainable solution can be to use heat-driven absorption cooling where waste heat may be used as driving energy instead of electricity. This thesis focuses on the role and potential of absorption cooling in future energy systems. Two types of energy systems are investigated: a district energy system based on waste incineration and a distributed energy system with natural gas as fuel. In both cases, low temperature waste heat is used as driving energy for the absorption cooling. The main focus is to evaluate the absorption technology in an environmental perspective, in terms of reduced CO2 emissions. Economic evaluations are also performed. The reduced electricity when using absorption cooling instead of compression cooling is quantified and expressed as an increased net electrical yield. The results show that absorption cooling is an environmentally friendly way to produce cooling as it reduces the use of electrically driven cooling in the energy system and therefore also reduces global CO2 emissions. In the small-scale trigeneration system the electricity use is lowered with 84 % as compared to cooling production with compression chillers only. The CO2 emissions can be lowered to 45 CO2/MWhc by using recoverable waste heat as driving heat for absorption chillers. However, the most cost effective cooling solution in a district energy system is a combination between absorption and compression cooling technologies according to the study. Absorption chillers have the potential to be suitable bottoming cycles for power production in distributed systems. Net electrical yields over 55 % may be reached in some cases with gas motors and absorption chillers. This small-scale system for cogeneration of power and cooling shows electrical efficiencies comparable to large-scale power plants and may contribute to reducing peak electricity demand associated with the cooling demand. / QC 20101209

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-05-23T18:24:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Karine Marcondes da Cunha.pdf: 2703816 bytes, checksum: 0fd02c84ec3249f309d4ac15f15ca275 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T18:24:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Karine Marcondes da Cunha.pdf: 2703816 bytes, checksum: 0fd02c84ec3249f309d4ac15f15ca275 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-24 / Um grande volume de resíduos sólidos orgânicos (RSO) e de tabaco de cigarro contrabandeado tem sido produzido. Geralmente esses resíduos são descartados em aterros sanitários, incinerados ou dispostos diretamente no solo, tornando-se contaminantes ao meio ambiente. A compostagem é um processo viável para tratar esses resíduos, mas no Brasil tem sido pouco utilizada, por necessitar de manejo constante, além de grandes espaços e distantes de residências. Estudos recentes em reatores domésticos facultativos estarão sendo desenvolvidos e se apresentam como uma alternativa viável para compostagem. Possuem a vantagem de poder estar próximos a residências, sem a necessidade de grandes espaços e de manejo. Com o intuito de atender locais com maior produção de RSO, como restaurantes, pequenas indústrias, condomínios, entre outros, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o uso de um reator facultativo com capacidade de 2000 litros para o tratamento de RSO, cepilho e tabaco de cigarros contrabandeados. Para o monitoramento do processo foram realizadas análises físico-químicas (pH, temperatura, umidade e razão C/N), biológicas (teste de germinação e indicativos de patógenos e patógenos) e espectroscópicas (ultra violeta visível - UV-Vis e infra - vermelho IV). Além disso, foi investigada a influência de duas diferentes razões iniciais C/N no processo de compostagem, a razão C/N 28 e 21. As análises da razão iniciais C/N e os testes de fitotoxicidade mostraram que o composto alcançou sua maturidade em um período de 120 dias. Por meio das análises espectroscópicas de UV-Vis e IV constatou-se a eficiência, indicando a degradação de compostos de estrutura mais simples e a formação de compostos humificados. Nas análises microbiológicas e de metais, observou-se que as concentrações estão de acordo com as legislações Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento - MAPA (2014) e Diretrizes para qualidade do composto - Canadá CCME (2005) para o composto orgânico. As diferentes razões iniciais C/N avaliadas não mostraram variações significativas na qualidade do composto final. Assim, concluiu-se que a proposta de tratamento dos resíduos estudados por meio dos reatores facultativos de 2000 litros atingiu à qualidade esperada, com formação de composto humificado e sem a presença de contaminantes, demonstrando então eficiência. / A large volume of organic solid waste (RSO) and smuggled cigarette tobacco has been produced. Usually these wastes are discarded in landfills, incinerated or disposed directly in the soil, becoming contaminants to the environment. Composting is a viable process to treat these wastes, but in Brazil it has been little used, because it requires constant management, as well as large spaces and distant from residences. Recent studies in facultative domestic reactors are being developed and presented as a viable alternative to composting. They have the advantage of being close to residences, without the need of large spaces and handling. The objective of this study was to study the use of a facultative reactor with a capacity of 2000 liters for the treatment of RSO, brush and tobacco smuggled cigarettes. The physical-chemical analyzes (pH, temperature, humidity and C / N ratio), biological (germination test and pathogen and pathogen indicative) and spectroscopic analyzes (ultraviolet visible - UV-Vis and infra-red IV). In addition, the influence of two different initial C / N ratios in the composting process, the C / N ratio 28 and 21, was investigated. Initial C / N ratio analyzes and phytotoxicity tests showed that the compound reached maturity in period of 120 days. By means of spectroscopic analyzes of UV-Vis and IV the efficiency was verified, indicating the degradation of compounds of simpler structure and the formation of humified compounds. In the microbiological and metal analyzes, it was observed that the concentrations are in accordance with the legislation for the organic compound. The different initial C / N ratios evaluated did not show significant variations in the quality of the final compound. Thus, it was concluded that the proposed treatment of the residues studied by means of the optional 2000 liter reactors reached the expected quality, with the formation of a humidified compound and without the presence of contaminants, thus demonstrating efficiency.