No abstract, first paragraph of introduction: Simple terpenoids have been known for many centuries as plant constituents whose fragrance commended them to the early investigators. Within this group of naturally-occurring compounds the C15 sesquiterpenes were of particular interest, largely as a result of their relatively high abundance. In 1895, Chapman isolated a new sesquiterpene, humulene (1), from oil of hops and by the preparation of various derivatives distinguished this hydrocarbon, previously called α-caryophyllene, from caryophyllene. The carbon skeleton of this hydrocarbon was established but the placement of the three olefinic bonds proved difficult. The structure was deduced correctly by degradative experiments and the analysis of the nmr spectrum suggested that all the double bonds were endocyclic and had a trans configuration. The structure was confirmed beyond doubt by an X-ray study of the bis-silver nitrate adduct.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Regensburg, 2006.

This thesis deals with the variability of hop oils in the hop cones. Hops is the most important raw material for the production of beer and hop oils are the most important group of compounds responsible for the aroma of hops and thus the beer. Essential oils are applied in commercial quality assessment of cone hops for beer production. Essential oils have also hop buffer and antibacterial effects and pharmacology are used for suppressing agitation, restlessness and insomnia. Essential oils are complex mixtures of hundreds of natural compounds of different chemical composition. They represent a mixture of carbon compounds, oxygen compounds and sulfur compounds. The content of hop oils in the hop cones depends on the genetic characteristics of the variety, growing area, the average temperature, rainfall, and other conditions cultivation. This work was performed by steam distillation determination of hop oils. The determination was carried out on samples from 2012 and 2013, the essential oil content was profitable in 2012. Highest value of the hop oils was measured in a variety of Premiant from Tršice growing region (837 micro liters.100g-1). The lowest value then the variety Saaz classical form of the Saaz hop-growing area (220 mocro liters.100g-1).

The diploma thesis “Impact of technology of manufactory to sensory quality of hop sprouts” was made according to requests from company Chuť Moravy s.r.o., which uses young hop sprouts in its manufacturing processes. Due to unsatisfying sensory quality of the product of young hop sprouts, the technology of manufacture was subject of this investigation. Eighteen variants of manufacturing processes have been suggested, varying in term of picking, kind of species of hop Žatecký poloraný červeňák, soaking (during night) or not soaking of the plant, suffusion by warm or cold pickle and quick or slow cooling. These processes were carried out in the second half of April 2018 and during November the same year the samples were tested. The results of sensory analysis of pasteurized hop sprouts show statistically significant differences (p < 0,05) among individual manufacturing processes. The best-rated process was: pasteurization on 18. 4. 2018, plant before cutting, Osvalds clone No 72, planted in 2014, sample soaked, cold pickle, quick cooling (process 1) and slow cooling (process 2).

At growing Saaz variety is the target to reach the highest yield of hop´s cones and high content of alpha acids. The average content of this acids in Saaz variety is in the range from 2,5 to 4,5 %. The growers effort is to reach the higher number of this range because the final selling price is given by content of alpha acids. During the active growth of hops, grower can targeted stimulate the hops to positively affect the physiological processes. Then he can reach better yield of valuable alpha acids and that´s why the target of this diploma thesis was to fix the influence of growth stimulators on physiological processes on the yield of hop´s cones and the yield of alpha acids. And based on the results to identify the suitability of using growth stimulators during the intense hops growing. Following scientific hypothesis were designed: determine the plants reaction diversity on growth stimulator. For reaching the targets and confirm or reject the hypothesis was observed in natural conditions nearby the Chrastany region the plants of Saaz (clone 72) in interaction with the usage of growth stimulators. These stimulators were used: Humastar, Fertileader Vital, Lignoaktivátor. There were four variants: controled with no aplication and three other variants with usage of growth stimulators (for each variant were apllied only one stimulator for three times). The influence of growth stimulators on hops plants (phase BBCH from 37 to 81) was observed on the basis of the rate of gas exchanges, chlorophyl fluorescence and the leaves chlorophyl content, which were measured by infrared gas analyzer LCpro+ (ADC BioScientific Ltd. Hoddesdon, Great Britain), OS 1-FL (OPTI SCIENCES), Chlorofyl CCM 200 ADC BioScientific Ltd. Hoddesdon, Great Britain) After the crop was evaluated the yield of hop´s cones and the content of alpha acids, beta acids and essentials oils. The results of measurment indicates that the highest average transpiration rate was observed after Humastar application (+18,3 % against control variant). In the control variant was found the lowest average transpiration rate from all variants. The highest photosynthesis rate was found after Fertileader Vital application (+7 % against control variant). Decrease of photosynthesis rate about 17 % against the control variant was observed after Humastar application. The differences was also observed in chlorophyll fluorescence. The highest Fv/Fm value reached the hop´s plants after Fertileader Vital application, concretely 0,792. On the other hand the lowest Fv/Fm value was observed after Lignoaktivátor application (0,780). After the application of all tested growth stimulators were reached increase of a pigment´s content in hop´s leaves against the control variant. The highest content of pigments were observed after Fertileader Vital application (+19,2 % against control variant). Control variant reached the average content of pigments in hop´s leaves 25,5 chlorophyll units. Differences after the growth stimulation was also observed in yield and quality of dry hop´s cones. The highest yield reached the Lignoaktivátor variant (0,73 t/ha). This is an increase of 17,7 % against the control variant (0,62 t/ha). The yield of hop´s cones was decreased of 8,1 % against the control variant after Humastar application. The similiar trends were also observed in hop´s cones quality. The highest content of alpha acids (3,06 %) was reached after Lignoaktivátor application and at the same time Lignoaktivátor variant also achieved the highest content of essentials oils per 100 g of a sample (0,22 ml). Humastar variant had the lowest content of alpha acids (2,18 %) and also the lowest content of essential oils (0,14 ml). Based on the results it can be stated that the used growth stimulators had the influence on the physiological characteristics of hop´s plants and also affected the different yield and quality of hop´s cones. Proposed hypothesis were confirmed. Based on the one-year results, application of Fertileader Vital or Lignoaktivátor seems to bee more profitable than Humastar application.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13104号 / 論農博第2850号 / 新制||農||1051(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5036(農学部図書室) / (主査)教授 森 直樹, 教授 宮川 恒, 教授 三芳 秀人 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-07T16:19:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA157.pdf: 1361715 bytes, checksum: 2c336e09922581d425e029f59bc55512 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T16:19:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA157.pdf: 1361715 bytes, checksum: 2c336e09922581d425e029f59bc55512 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Capes / Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is a perennial climbing vine belonging to the family Cannabaceae. It is important in the manufacture of medicines, cosmetic products and mainly in brewing production. The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) as a function of 4 different levels of acidity and 4 different levels of phosphate fertilization. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse on UDESC - Lages (SC), between December 2015 and March 2016. Hop seedlings were collected from a rural property at São Mateus do Sul (PR). The soil used was an Alumínic Humic Cambisol from Lages (SC) and it were limed, incubated and mixed until they achieved the chosen pH (5.2, 6.0 and 6.5). Following this treatment, 1.5 kg of soil were placed in plastic pots and fertilized with phosphate (90, 180, 360 kg.ha-1). The phosphorous source used was the mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP). The seedlings were transplanted to the plastic pots with soil and left for 120 days until their harvest. The root, stem and shoot were analyzed separately, being determined the dry mass, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and plant height. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, organic matter, aluminum, aluminum plus hydrogen, pH-water, pH-CaCl2 and pH SMP were analyzed using the methodology indicated by Tedesco et al. (1995). In relation to the pH, the dry masses of the aerial part, root and total were also significant, they also had the P, the Ca and the K in the root and in the aerial part were Ca and N. In relation to the P2O5 doses they obtained differences dry mass In the aerial part, root and total, the P in the stem, root and the Mg in the aerial part. The variables: plant height, P and K in aerial part, Mg and N in root and N in stem were interacted with liming and phosphate fertilization. There were no significant differences in dry matter, Ca, Mg and K in the stem. For the conditions performed in the experiment, the analyzed variables that obtained the best results were pH 5,2 and the dose of 180 kg.ha-1 of P2O5 / O lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) é uma trepadeira, perene e pertencente à família Cannabaceae. Tendo sua importância na fabricação de remédios, produtos cosméticos e principalmente na produção cervejeira. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o crescimento da cultura do lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.), em relação a 4 diferentes níveis de acidez e 4 diferentes níveis de adubação fosfatada. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação da UDESC - Lages (SC), entre dezembro de 2015 até março de 2016. As mudas de lúpulo foram coletadas de uma propriedade rural da cidade de São Mateus do Sul (PR). O solo utilizado foi um Cambissolo Húmico Alumínico do município de Lages (SC), os solos foram calcareados, incubados e misturados até ficarem no pH (pH natural; pH 5,2; pH 6,0 e pH 6,5). Logo após esse período foram postos 1,5 kg de solo em vasos plásticos e adubados níveis de adubação fosfatada (0 ; 90 ; 180 ; 360 kg.ha-1), sendo a fonte utilizada a solução de mono - amônio fosfato (MAP). As mudas foram transplantadas para os vasos plásticos com solo e deixadas por 120 dias até a sua colheita. Foram analisadas separadamente a raiz, o caule e a parte aérea, sendo determinadas a massa seca, nitrogênio total, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e altura de planta. No solo foram analisados os teores de cálcio, magnésio, potássio, matéria orgânica, alumínio, alumínio mais hidrogênio, pH-água, pH-CaCl2 e pH SMP utilizando a metodologia indicada por Tedesco et al (1995). Em relação ao pH tiveram diferenças significativas as massas secas da parte aérea, raiz e total, também tiveram o P, o Ca e o K na raiz e na parte aérea foram Ca e N. Já em relação às doses de P2O5 Obtiveram diferenças massa seca na parte aérea, raiz e total, o P no caule, raiz e o Mg na parte aérea. Tiveram interação calagem e adubação fosfatada as variáveis: altura de planta, P e K na parte aérea, Mg e N na raiz e o N no caule. Não obtiveram diferenças significativas a massa seca, o Ca,o Mg e o K no caule. Para as condições realizadas no experimento, as variáveis analisadas que obtiveram melhores resultados foram no pH 5,2 e a dose de 180 kg.ha-1 de P2O5

The demand for locally sourced hops from Northeastern microbreweries began the recent resurgence in local hop production. The farming community has increased acreage and improved the quality of hops grown and processed in the Northeast region over the past five years. There was a sharp increase in the number of Northeast hop producers from six in 2009 to over 175 in 2014. Hop growers in the Northeast are new to the crop and have limited experience with pest identification and management. This dissertation encompasses three research projects that were conducted over the 2012-2014 growing seasons. These projects were the first critical steps taken to develop arthropod integrated pest management (IPM) tactics for Northeastern hop growers. First, the arthropod community in seven Vermont hop yards was evaluated. The objectives of Chapter 2 are to 1) present current hop pest biology and management strategies, 2) report the phenology of arthropod pests observed over three growing seasons, 3) report abundance and peak date for each pest, and 4) document natural enemy abundance in Vermont hop yards. The survey indicates that in cool, wet seasons hop aphid (Phorodon humuli Schrank) is expected to be a pest of concern. Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) is expected to be a pest of concern in hot, dry conditions. Potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris) is an unpredictable pest of special concern for first year hop plants. When hop aphid or potato leafhopper are sprayed for with broad-spectrum insecticide, two-spotted spider mite secondary outbreak can be expected. Second, the abundance of major arthropod pests and their natural enemy groups were evaluated under drive row flowering cover crop treatments. The objectives of this study were to 1) measure the effect of cover crops on natural enemy group abundance, 2) measure the effect of cover crops on the three major Northeastern hop pests, and 3) measure the effect of cover crop presence on hop yield and quality. Natural enemy groups and pests were positively correlated yet cover crop treatments had no significant effect on natural enemy abundance. Red clover cover crop treatments served as a trap crop for potato leafhopper. No significant difference in hop yield or quality was observed between flowering cover crop treatments. Finally, potato leafhopper is a documented but understudied regional pest of hops. The objectives of this study were to 1) measure the physiological response of eight hop cultivars to adult potato leafhopper feeding and 2) measure hop leaf recovery from potato leafhopper injury. Gas exchange (net photosynthesis and transpiration) and chlorophyll content were measured to quantify injury by adult potato leafhopper to first year hop leaves in field and greenhouse studies. Cultivars did not vary significantly in their physiological response to potato leafhopper feeding. Injury significantly reduced gas exchange measures in the field (P < 0.05) and greenhouse (P < 0.05) and when leafhoppers were removed, gas exchange was restored.

The objective of my work was to evaluate the efficiency of a native species of predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) within IPM and organic hop growing and to find out if hop protection against T. urticae with the help of T. pyri can replace conventional hop protection based on miticides and if it can be profitable. The trials were carried out since 2011 till 2015 in three hop gardens at a research farm Stekník, which belongs to Hop Research Institute in Žatec (Saaz). The first experimental hop garden, where IPM is practiced, is called Černice I. The other one BIO is, as the name says, under organic regime. The third one called Kaplička (Little Chapel) I., served as a reference one because hop is grown there under a common conventional system with the use of miticides to control T. urticae. In regular intervals since the time when the first spider mites were observed at hop leaves till the harvest fifty leaves were sampled (17 from lower, 17 from middle and 16 from upper parts of hop plants) in the hop garden with IPM regime and in the organic hop garden. Population densities of eggs, mobile stages of T. urticae and T. pyri were assessed together with nymphs of predatory Thrips of the genus Aeolothrips, which occurred there naturally as the dominant native acarophagous predators. The results were statistically evaluated with the help of correlation analyses and t-test for independent groups. Efficiency of T. pyri and economical comparison with chemical protection were made as well. It is possible to conclude that after release of predatory mites and under using of selective pesticides the biodiversity is higher. Hop protection against two-spotted spider mite with the help of T. pyri can be profitable and it can replace chemical protection against this dangerous pest for many years. T. pyri is commonly more efficient if population density of T. urticae is lower. The tightest dependence at the level of 90% was statistically confirmed between occurrence of T. urticae eggs and its mobile stages. Statistically important difference was found out between the two different types of hop growing in the most of the cases.

Microbial oral diseases such as caries and periodontitis are among the most frequent human infections. Conventional chemical antiseptics used for their treatment and prevention often produce adverse side-effects, which restrict their long-term use. Although plants are considered as perspective sources of novel antimicrobial compounds, little is still known about their inhibitory properties against oral pathogens and about their safety while used on a daily basis. The objective of this study was to investigate in vitro growth-inhibitory effects of ethanol Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) plant and supercritical CO2 hop extracts on planktonic cultures of cariogenic, periodontal and candidal human pathogens, namely Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Bifidobacterium dentium, B. longum, Candida albicans, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincentii, Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius subsp. salivarius and S. sobrinus using the broth microdilution method. The findings showed that ethanol extracts of all 109 GRAS plant species inhibited the growth of at least one microorganism under study with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) equal or lower than 4096 ug/mL. However, only six of them possessed very interesting antiseptic potential against the oral pathogens with MIC < 100 ug/mL. Additionally, three GRAS plant species showed good inhibitory activity with MIC = 128 ug/mL. As far as the particular results are concerned, the best antiseptic effect was observed for both Humulus lupulus CO2 supercritical and ethanol extracts that inhibited the growth of all microorganisms at MICs higher or equal to 8 ug/mL and MICs higher or equal to 16 ug/mL, respectively. Hence, the CO2 supercritical extraction proved to be superior for extraction of active constituents of H. lupulus. Further, the ethanol extracts of Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens showed significant antiseptic potential against S. sobrinus and S. salivarius (MICs from 64 to 128 ug/mL). The oral streptococci were also inhibited by Zanthoxylum clava-herculis (MIC higher or equal to 64 ug/mL), Helichrysum angustifolium and Myristica fragrans (MIC higher or equal to 128 ug/mL) which further showed the antimicrobial activity against F. nucleatum (MIC = 64 ug/mL). Interesting inhibitory effects exhibited an extract of Punica granatum against C. albicans (MIC = 128 ug/mL) and F. nucleatum (MIC = 64 ug/mL). Moreover, the growth of F. nucleatum was inhibited by extracts of Pimenta officinalis and Thea sinensis (MIC = 128 ug/mL). The chemical analysis of the CO2 supercritical H. lupulus extracts revealed that alpha and beta bitter acids represented the two major groups of constituents. Cohumulone was the predominant compound of the alpha acids, whereas colupulone was the prevalent constituent of the beta acids. Our results suggest that the six GRAS plant species, namely C. annuum, C. frutescens, H. lupulus, M. fragrans, P. granatum and Z. clava-herculis have good potential to become new safe antiseptic agents that might be used for incorporation into oral care products such as toothpastes and mouthrinses.