L'utilisation croissante des sources d'énergie renouvelable avec une grande volatilité de production, comme l'énergie éolienne et solaire, conduit à des fluctuations dans le réseau électrique qui doivent être compensées. Pour cette raison les machines hydrauliques, turbines et pompes, sont plus souvent opérées dans les régimes de fonctionnement hors fonctionnement nominal et la fréquence des phases de démarrage et arrêt augmente. Ce type de fonctionnement peut avoir des conséquences importantes sur le cycle de vie des machines. Il est donc essentiel de prendre en compte l'écoulement dans les phases transitoires lors de la conception de la machine et la simulation numérique des écoulements est un outil adapté pour cela. La présente étude a pour objectif de développer une méthode de couplage flexible qui combine la méthode à maillage volumes finis (VF) et la méthode sans maillage Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics - Arbitrary Lagrange Euler (SPH-ALE). Cette méthode couplée peut être utilisée comme outil pour l'investigation des phénomènes transitoires dans les machines hydrauliques. SPH-ALE est particulièrement bien adapté aux simulations des écoulements fortement dynamiques avec des géométries mobiles mais elle a des difficultés pour calculer des forts gradients de pression et vitesse. Un raffinement de particules est difficile à implémenter, surtout si les particules doivent être raffinées de manière anisotrope. Les méthodes volumes finis (VF) sont établies pour les simulations numériques d'écoulements grâce à leur stabilité et précision. Par contre, elles peuvent être lourdes pour les simulations avec des géométries mobiles et demandent souvent une interface entre des parties mobiles et statiques du maillage ce qui génère des erreurs supplémentaires. Pour combiner les deux approches complémentaires, une méthode de couplage a été développée qui décompose le domaine de calcul en zones où la vitesse et la pression sont calculées par la méthode VF, en zones où elles sont obtenues par SPH-ALE et en zones de recouvrement où les informations sont transférées de la zone VF à la zone SPH et inversement. Dans les zones de recouvrement les points de calcul VF sont utilisés comme voisins pour l'intégration en espace des particules SPH. Aux limites du maillage VF la vitesse et la pression sont interpolées des particules SPH, similairement aux méthodes Chimére des maillages recouvrants. Un logiciel SPH-ALE existant du groupe ANDRITZ est utilisé pour cette étude. Un solveur VF faiblement compressible est implémenté dans ce logiciel. Le solveur discrétise la même forme des équations de Navier-Stokes que le solveur SPH-ALE. Des solveurs de Riemann avec des états reconstruits par la méthode MUSCL sont employés. En outre, le solveur SPH-ALE est amélioré et adapté aux écoulements internes. Pour cette raison des conditions à l'entrée et à la sortie du type subsonique sont implémentées. Du plus, une méthode de correction du gradient de la fonction kernel est présentée qui améliore la précision du champ de pression, notamment si les particules ne sont pas distribuées régulièrement. La méthode couplée est validée à l'aide des cas test académiques en unidimensionnel et en bidimensionnel, comme le cas de tube à choc, les tourbillons de Taylor-Green et l'écoulement autour d'une aube symétrique du type NACA avec des particules en description eulérienne. En outre, le couplage offre la possibilité d'imposer des conditions à la sortie aux particules lagrangiennes. La méthode est appliquée aux simulations d'écoulement transitoire en 2D avec des particules qui se déplacent en suivant les géométries mobiles. / The increased use of intermittent forms of renewable energy like wind and solar energy produces fluctuations in the electric grid that have to be compensated. For this reason, hydraulic machines like turbines and pumps are more often operated under non-conventional operating conditions and are submitted to frequent starts and stops. This type of operating conditions has important consequences on the life cycle of the machines. It is thus of paramount importance that transient flows at off-design conditions are properly taken into account in the design phase and numerical simulation is an appropriate way to do so. The present study aims at developing a flexible coupling method of the meshbased Finite Volume Method (FVM) and the meshless Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics - Arbitrary Lagrange Euler (SPH-ALE) method, which can be used as a tool for the investigation of transient phenomena in hydraulic machines. SPH-ALE is very well adapted for the simulation of highly dynamic flows with moving geometries but has difficulties to correctly represent rapidly changing gradients of the field variables. Particle refinement is difficult to implement, especially if particles are refined in an anisotropic way. FV methods are well established in CFD because of their accuracy and stability. However, they can be tedious for simulations with moving geometries and often necessitate an interface between moving and static parts of the mesh which introduces additional errors. To overcome the shortcomings of both methods, a coupling method is developed that uses a decomposition of the computational domain into regions where the physical field variables are computed by the FV method, regions where they are computed by SPH-ALE and overlapping regions where the information is transferred from the FV domain to the SPH domain and vice versa. In the overlapping regions FV calculation points are used as neighbors for the SPH integration in space. At the boundaries of the FV mesh, velocity and pressure are interpolated from the SPH particles by means of scattered data interpolation techniques, similarly to Chimera methods for overlapping grids. For this study, an existing SPH-ALE software of the ANDRITZ Group is used. A weakly compressible FV solver is implemented into this software that discretizes the same form of the Navier-Stokes equations than the SPH-ALE solver. Similar to the present SPH-ALE method, Riemann solvers with reconstructed states, obtained by a MUSCL scheme, are employed. Moreover, adaptations and improvements of the SPH-ALE solver itself are made, which are important for the coupling and for the simulation of internal flows in general. Thus, subsonic inlet and outlet conditions are implemented. Furthermore, a correction method of the kernel gradient is presented that ensures zeroth order consistency of the SPH-ALE approximation of the divergence of the convective fluxes. The correction improves greatly the SPH pressure field on non-uniform particle distributions. The implemented coupled method is successfully validated by means of inviscid academic one-dimensional and two-dimensional testcases like a shock tube case, Taylor-Green vortices and the flow around a symmetric NACA airfoil with particles in Eulerian description. Furthermore, the coupling provides a possibility to implement outlet boundary conditions to Lagrangian moving SPH particles. It is then applied to the simulation of transient flows in rotor stator systems in 2D with moving particles.

O fenômeno de vibração induzida por vórtices em travessas de pré-distribuidores de turbinas hidráulicas tem sido estudado nos últimos anos e várias soluções têm sido adotadas para minimizar interferências na estrutura que podem causar fratura por fadiga. O princípio básico das modificações é alterar o perfil da travessa de modo que as frequências de emissão de vórtices não coincidam com as frequências naturais da estrutura. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar através de uma série de simulações computacionais um perfil mais adequado para um pré-distribuidor de turbina Francis. Essas simulações envolvem o cálculo do escoamento ao redor da travessa e da vibração induzida por vórtices nele presentes, bem como uma técnica que combina as análises dinâmicas com uma otimização paramétrica. Para isso, foi utilizado um código comercial de CFD, ANSYS Fluent e o cálculo da resposta estrutural e seu acoplamento com as equações do escoamento foi feito através de uma UDF (User Defined Function). Para validar a metodologia, a resposta estrutural de um corpo prismático sobre base elástica foi calculada e comparada a dados previamente publicados na literatura. Por fim, um código desenvolvido controla a análise fluido-estrutural e passa as variáveis para o otimizador Mode Frontier, que trabalha para encontrar a estrutura mais eficiente variando-se os parâmetros pré-determinados da geometria da peça. A metodologia desenvolvida tem a vantagem de ajudar no projeto de tais componentes sem depender excessivamente de métodos experimentais ou regras empíricas. Dessa forma, torna possível modificar perfis existentes ou desenvolver perfis novos baseado nos melhores critérios de manufatura. / Vortex induced vibration phenomena in hydraulic turbines stay vanes have been studied in the last years and several solutions have been adopted in order to minimize interferences that can cause fatigue in the structure. The basic principle of all modifications is to change the stay vane profile so the natural vortex shedding frequency is different from the natural frequencies of the structure. This work presents a detailed computational simulation of a Francis turbine stay vane whose main objective is to find out a more suitable profile these components should assume. These simulations involve the calculation of the flow around the vanes and the associated vortex induced vibration in the structure in addition to a technique that combines the dynamic analysis with a parametric optimization In order to do that, a commercial CFD code, ANSYS Fluent, was adopted and the calculation of the structural response and its coupling with the flow equations was done with User Defined Functions. Validation of the methodology was made by comparing the structural response of an elastically-mounted prismatic body immersed in uniform flow with previously published data. Finally, a developed code controls the FSI analysis and provides information about the vibrations to the Mode Frontier optimizer, responsible to address the problem and determine the set of parameters that lead to the most efficient structure. The methodology developed has the advantage of helping the design of such components without depending excessively on experimental methods or empirical rules. Also, it allows either modifying existing profiles or choosing the best shape for new ones based on the best manufacturing criteria.

Orientador: Juno Gallego / Resumo: A cavitação ocorre inerente ao processo de produção de energia elétrica nas Usinas Hidrelétricas, ocasionando perda progressiva de massa, afetando o desempenho e potência obtidos das turbinas hidráulicas, sendo necessário o seu reparo. Visando minimizar desgaste utiliza-se uma técnica de engenharia de superfície que é aplicar uma camada de material resistente a cavitação. Dentre esses materiais destacam-se os aços inoxidáveis com cobalto, por causa de sua dureza, baixa energia de falha de empilhamento e capacidade de endurecimento por deformação. As deposições desses materiais são realizadas por processos de soldagem, como a soldagem a arco elétrico com atmosfera gasosa ou por soldagem com arame tubular, devido ao baixo custo, elevada taxa de deposição, qualidade de acabamento superficial e baixa taxa de diluição. Diante deste contexto, esse trabalho foi realizado para analisar a camada de aço inoxidável austenítico com cobalto e verificar a influência da camada de amanteigamento. Sendo assim, foram produzidas duas séries de amostra, cada uma composta por três corpos de provas, sendo diferenciadas pela energia de soldagem utilizadas no processo, obtidas pela variação da corrente de soldagem, 98 A, 143 A e 198 A. Na primeira série foi simulado uma condição de reparo das turbinas hidráulicas, utilizando como metal base o aço ASTM A36, sendo depositado sobre ele o arame AWS E70-S6, como camada de preenchimento, posteriormente foi aplicado o arame AWS E309-T1, camada de amanteiga... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cavitation occurs inherently to the process of production of electric power in the Hydroelectric Power Plants, causing progressive loss of mass, affecting the performance and power obtained from the hydraulic turbines, being necessary its repair. In order to minimize wear, a surface engineering technique is used to apply a layer of cavitation resistant material. Among these materials stand out the cobalt stainless steels, because of their hardness, low stacking failure energy and strain hardenability. The depositions of these materials are carried out by welding processes, such as Gas Metal Arc Welding or by Flux Cored Arc Welding, due to the low cost, high deposition rate, surface finish quality and low dilution rate. Considering this context, this work was carried out to analyze the austenitic stainless steel layer with cobalt and to verify the influence of the buttery layer. Therefore, two series of samples, each composed of three test bodies, were differentiated by the welding energy used in the process, obtained by the variation of the welding current, 98 A, 143 A and 198 A. In the first group, a hydraulic turbine repair condition was simulated using ASTM A36 steel as the base metal. The AWS E70-S6 wire was deposited on it as a fill layer, after which the AWS E309-T1 wire was applied. and finally the austenitic stainless steel with cobalt was deposited as a coating. In the second group of samples were produced without the buttery layer. The microstructure was analyzed by... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Danilo Gomide (gomidedanilo@gmail.com) on 2018-09-25T01:29:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Danilo Gomide.pdf: 5902894 bytes, checksum: 200b6aa57360f837a89107b0b9e766f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-09-25T18:54:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gomide_da_me_ilha.pdf: 5902894 bytes, checksum: 200b6aa57360f837a89107b0b9e766f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T18:54:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gomide_da_me_ilha.pdf: 5902894 bytes, checksum: 200b6aa57360f837a89107b0b9e766f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cavitação ocorre inerente ao processo de produção de energia elétrica nas Usinas Hidrelétricas, ocasionando perda progressiva de massa, afetando o desempenho e potência obtidos das turbinas hidráulicas, sendo necessário o seu reparo. Visando minimizar desgaste utiliza-se uma técnica de engenharia de superfície que é aplicar uma camada de material resistente a cavitação. Dentre esses materiais destacam-se os aços inoxidáveis com cobalto, por causa de sua dureza, baixa energia de falha de empilhamento e capacidade de endurecimento por deformação. As deposições desses materiais são realizadas por processos de soldagem, como a soldagem a arco elétrico com atmosfera gasosa ou por soldagem com arame tubular, devido ao baixo custo, elevada taxa de deposição, qualidade de acabamento superficial e baixa taxa de diluição. Diante deste contexto, esse trabalho foi realizado para analisar a camada de aço inoxidável austenítico com cobalto e verificar a influência da camada de amanteigamento. Sendo assim, foram produzidas duas séries de amostra, cada uma composta por três corpos de provas, sendo diferenciadas pela energia de soldagem utilizadas no processo, obtidas pela variação da corrente de soldagem, 98 A, 143 A e 198 A. Na primeira série foi simulado uma condição de reparo das turbinas hidráulicas, utilizando como metal base o aço ASTM A36, sendo depositado sobre ele o arame AWS E70-S6, como camada de preenchimento, posteriormente foi aplicado o arame AWS E309-T1, camada de amanteigamento, e por último foi depositado o aço inoxidável austenítico com cobalto, como revestimento. Na segunda série as amostras foram produzidas sem a camada de amanteigamento. A microestrutura foi analisada por macrografia e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram boa interação metalúrgica entre as diferentes camadas e microconstituintes correspondentes aos investigados na literatura. A microanálise por EDS demonstra a baixa diluição do processo de soldagem utilizado. Os ensaios de difração de raio-X foram capazes de identificar as estruturas de cada camada, como a estrutura CFC no material resistente a cavitação. O ensaio de microdureza instrumentado demostra a capacidade de o revestimento com cobalto resistir à cavitação e que é dispensável a camada de amanteigamento. / Cavitation occurs inherently to the process of production of electric power in the Hydroelectric Power Plants, causing progressive loss of mass, affecting the performance and power obtained from the hydraulic turbines, being necessary its repair. In order to minimize wear, a surface engineering technique is used to apply a layer of cavitation resistant material. Among these materials stand out the cobalt stainless steels, because of their hardness, low stacking failure energy and strain hardenability. The depositions of these materials are carried out by welding processes, such as Gas Metal Arc Welding or by Flux Cored Arc Welding, due to the low cost, high deposition rate, surface finish quality and low dilution rate. Considering this context, this work was carried out to analyze the austenitic stainless steel layer with cobalt and to verify the influence of the buttery layer. Therefore, two series of samples, each composed of three test bodies, were differentiated by the welding energy used in the process, obtained by the variation of the welding current, 98 A, 143 A and 198 A. In the first group, a hydraulic turbine repair condition was simulated using ASTM A36 steel as the base metal. The AWS E70-S6 wire was deposited on it as a fill layer, after which the AWS E309-T1 wire was applied. and finally the austenitic stainless steel with cobalt was deposited as a coating. In the second group of samples were produced without the buttery layer. The microstructure was analyzed by macrography and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed good metallurgical interaction between the different layers and microconstituents corresponding to those investigated in the literature. Microanalysis by EDS demonstrates the low dilution of the welding process used. The X-ray diffraction tests were able to identify the structures of each layer, such as the CFC structure in the cavitation resistant material. The instrumented microhardness test demonstrates the ability of the cobalt coating to withstand cavitation and that the buttery layer is dispensable.

O fenômeno de vibração induzida por vórtices em travessas de pré-distribuidores de turbinas hidráulicas tem sido estudado nos últimos anos e várias soluções têm sido adotadas para minimizar interferências na estrutura que podem causar fratura por fadiga. O princípio básico das modificações é alterar o perfil da travessa de modo que as frequências de emissão de vórtices não coincidam com as frequências naturais da estrutura. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar através de uma série de simulações computacionais um perfil mais adequado para um pré-distribuidor de turbina Francis. Essas simulações envolvem o cálculo do escoamento ao redor da travessa e da vibração induzida por vórtices nele presentes, bem como uma técnica que combina as análises dinâmicas com uma otimização paramétrica. Para isso, foi utilizado um código comercial de CFD, ANSYS Fluent e o cálculo da resposta estrutural e seu acoplamento com as equações do escoamento foi feito através de uma UDF (User Defined Function). Para validar a metodologia, a resposta estrutural de um corpo prismático sobre base elástica foi calculada e comparada a dados previamente publicados na literatura. Por fim, um código desenvolvido controla a análise fluido-estrutural e passa as variáveis para o otimizador Mode Frontier, que trabalha para encontrar a estrutura mais eficiente variando-se os parâmetros pré-determinados da geometria da peça. A metodologia desenvolvida tem a vantagem de ajudar no projeto de tais componentes sem depender excessivamente de métodos experimentais ou regras empíricas. Dessa forma, torna possível modificar perfis existentes ou desenvolver perfis novos baseado nos melhores critérios de manufatura. / Vortex induced vibration phenomena in hydraulic turbines stay vanes have been studied in the last years and several solutions have been adopted in order to minimize interferences that can cause fatigue in the structure. The basic principle of all modifications is to change the stay vane profile so the natural vortex shedding frequency is different from the natural frequencies of the structure. This work presents a detailed computational simulation of a Francis turbine stay vane whose main objective is to find out a more suitable profile these components should assume. These simulations involve the calculation of the flow around the vanes and the associated vortex induced vibration in the structure in addition to a technique that combines the dynamic analysis with a parametric optimization In order to do that, a commercial CFD code, ANSYS Fluent, was adopted and the calculation of the structural response and its coupling with the flow equations was done with User Defined Functions. Validation of the methodology was made by comparing the structural response of an elastically-mounted prismatic body immersed in uniform flow with previously published data. Finally, a developed code controls the FSI analysis and provides information about the vibrations to the Mode Frontier optimizer, responsible to address the problem and determine the set of parameters that lead to the most efficient structure. The methodology developed has the advantage of helping the design of such components without depending excessively on experimental methods or empirical rules. Also, it allows either modifying existing profiles or choosing the best shape for new ones based on the best manufacturing criteria.

Concerns about climate change brought about by the increasing usage of fossil fuels has made it imperative to develop sustainable energy usage based on renewable sources. Micro-hydel plants are an important source of renewable energy that can be exploited to supply requirements of local loads in remote locations while operating as an isolated source, or the larger network when operating in grid connected mode. The focus of this research is to develop an alternative topology to the one currently in use in micro-hydel power plants. While existing plants are based on a ballast-controlled, fixed-speed, operator-supervised model, the proposed work introduces a ballast-free, variable-speed generator capable of unsupervised operation. Conventional micro-hydel generators use o-the-shelf machines with the purported aim of reducing costs. They run at a fixed speed, maintaining constant electrical load by switch-ing a plant-situated ballast load to compensate for consumer load changes. Although the intention is to have a simplified control scheme and reduced costs, the conventional plants end up being expensive since the balance-of-system costs are increased. The plant re-quires supervision by a trained operator and frequent maintenance, failing which the reliability suers. The cost and maintenance reduction possible is analysed by comparing the proposed topology with a typical well designed conventional micro-hydel plant. The proposed topology takes the characteristics of the turbine into account, and by running at variable speed, ensures that only as much power is generated as required by the consumer load. This eliminates the ballast load and associated problems present in conventional plants. The generator can be connected to the grid, if present, enabling the available power to be fully utilized. The behavior of a hydraulic turbine operating at a fixed head and discharge rate with no flow control is analyzed. Based on the turbine characteristics, a generator topology is developed, which operates in a speed range dictated by the characteristics of the turbine. Continual supervision is unnecessary since the operation of the generator is within safe limits at all times. A simple emulator that can mimic the steady state and dynamic behaviour of the turbine is developed to test the proposed generator. The two-machine wound rotor generator proposed has an auxiliary exciter similar to a conventional brushless alternator with the additional provision for bidirectional power transfer. The shaft mounted rotor side electronics facilitate brushless operation, and to-gether with the stator side controllers form an embedded system that does away with having to tune the plant in-situ. The control scheme is evaluated for expected perfor-mance in dierent operating modes. The thesis also discusses an optimization of the synchronous speed of the generator with respect to the turbine characteristics. This minimizes the bidirectional slip power transfer requirements of the rotor side converters and leads to the lowest rating for the auxiliary machine. The proposed generator can then operate like a conventional synchronous gen-erator in the grid connected mode with a simplified control scheme.

La R.D. Congo possède l’un de taux de desserte en électricité le plus faible au monde (moins de 1 % en zones rurales) malgré son important potentiel hydroélectrique estimé à 100.000 MW. Pour accroitre le taux de desserte en électricité en construisant des microcentrales hydroélectrique, il est impérieux d’utiliser une technologie simple, fiable, robuste et peu coûteuse. La turbine à vis d’Archimède apparait comme une solution appropriée à ces exigences. Nous avons ainsi conçu et fabriqué localement (à Lubumbashi) un banc d’essai d’une turbine à vis d’Archimède possédant seulement deux hélices et des pas larges (β = 30° et β = 45°). L’objectif étant de simplifier la fabrication et réduire la quantité d’acier utilisé pour la vis par rapport aux vis utilisées en Europe et aux U.S.A. Le banc d’essais nous a permis d’obtenir six configurations combinant la pente de la vis (α = 22,5°, 30° et 37,5°) et les pas. La combinaison la plus optimale est la configuration de la vis inclinée de α = 22,5° par rapport à l’horizontale et dont l’hélice est orientée de β = 45° sur le moyeu (p45H22).<p>En second lieu, vient la configuration de la vis inclinée de α = 30° et dont l’hélice est orientée de β = 45° sur le moyeu (p45H30). Ces deux configurations ont respectivement un rendement à débit nominal de 89 et 86 %./D.R. Congo has an electricity service rate that ranks as the lowest in the world (less than 1% in rural areas) despite its large hydroelectric potential estimated at 100,000 MW. To increase the rate of access to electricity by constructing small hydropower plant, it is imperative to use simple technology, reliable, robust and inexpensive. The Archimedean screw turbine appears to be an appropriate solution to these requirements. We have designed and manufactured locally (in Lubumbashi) a test bench for Archimedean’s screw turbines having two blades only and a large pitch p function of β ( β = 30 ° and β = 45 °, β being the orientation angle of the blade on the screw cylinder). The goal is to simplify manufacturing and reduce the amount of steel used for the screw relative to the screws used in Europe or in USA. The test bench has allowed the experiments with six configurations combining the slope of the screw (α = 22.5 °, 30 ° and 37.5 °) and the pitch p (with varying rotation speed). The optimal combination appeared to be the configuration of the screw inclined at α = 22.5 ° relative to the horizon and with an helix β = 45 ° on the cylinder of the screw. The second best configuration has an inclined screw α = 30 ° and the helix which is oriented β = 45 °. These two configurations each have a global efficiency of 89% and 86%, respectively. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished