Acoustic emission (AE) is one of many available technologies for condition health monitoring and diagnosis of rotating machines such as bearings. In recent years there have been many developments in the use of Acoustic Emission technology (AET) and its analysis for monitoring the condition of rotating machinery whilst in operation, particularly on high speed machinery. Unlike conventional technologies such as oil analysis, motor current signature analysis (MCSA) and vibration analysis, AET has been introduced due to its increased sensitivity in detecting the earliest stages of loss of mechanical integrity. This research presents an experimental investigation that is aimed at developing a mathematical model and experimentally validating the influence of operational variables such as film thickness, rotational speed, load, power loss, and shear stress for variations of load and speed conditions, on generation of acoustic emission in a hydrodynamic bearing. It is concluded that the power losses of the bearing are directly correlated with acoustic emission levels. With exponential law, an equation is proposed to predict power losses with reasonable accuracy from an AE signal. This experimental investigation conducted a comparative study between AE and Vibration to diagnose the rubbing at high rotational speeds in the hydrodynamic bearing. As it is the first known attempt in rotating machines. It has been concluded, that AE parameters such as amplitude, can perform as a reliable and sensitive tool for the early detection of rubbing between surfaces of a hydrodynamic bearing and high speed shaft. The application of vibration (PeakVue) analysis was introduced and compared with demodulation. The results observed from the demodulation and PeakVue techniques were similar in the rubbing simulation test. In fact, some defects on hydrodynamic bearings would not have been seen in a timely manner without the PeakVue analysis. In addition, the application of advanced signal processing and statistical methods was established to extract useful diagnostic features from the acquired AE signals in both time and frequency domain. It was also concluded that the use of different signal processing methods is often necessary to achieve meaningful diagnostic information from the signals. The outcome would largely contribute to the development of effective intelligent condition monitoring systems which can significantly reduce the cost of plant maintenance. To implement these main objectives, the Sutton test rig was modified to assess the capability of AET and vibration analysis as an effective tool for the detection of incipient defects within high speed machine components (e.g. shafts and hydrodynamic bearings). The first chapter of this thesis is an introduction to this research and briefly explains motivation and the theoretical background supporting this research. The second and third chapters, summarise the relevant literature to establish the current level of knowledge of hydrodynamic bearings and acoustic emission, respectively. Chapter 4 describes methodologies and the experimental arrangements utilized for this investigation. Chapter 5 discusses different NDT diagnosis. Chapter 6 reports on an experimental investigation applied to validate the relationship between AET on operational rotating machines, such as film thickness, speed, load, power loss, and shear stress. Chapter 7 details an investigation which compares the applicability of AE and vibration technologies in monitoring a rubbing simulation on a hydrodynamic bearing.

Three flexure pivot pad bearings (FPBs) with different preloads are evaluated for use in high performance applications by comparing them to a hybrid hydrostatic bearing (HHB). One application of these bearings is in turbopumps for liquid rocket engines. To evaluate bearing performance, the lift-off speed of the shaft from the bearing surface is experimentally determined. Experimental data of lift-off are collected using a circuit running through the shaft and the designed bearing. Other methods for measuring liftoff speeds were attempted but did not yield consistent results. Water is used as a lubricant to simulate a low viscosity medium. In comparison to load-capacity-based predictions for FPBs, the experimental results showed lower lift-off speeds, higher load capacities, higher eccentricity ratios, and lower attitude angles. The bearings’ predicted load capacity determined lift-off speed predictions, but the experimental results show no clear trend relating lift-off speed to load capacity. This was for a range of running speeds, with the design speed defined as the final speed in a particular test case. At 0.689 bar supply pressure and for a design speed of 3000 rpm, the HHB showed greater load capacities and lower eccentricities than the FPBs, but the FPBs had lower lift-off speeds and attitude angles. In fact, the FPBs in the load-between-pad orientation outperformed the HHB in the load-on-pocket orientation with lower lift-off speeds for the shaft weight-only case. An increased supply pressure lowered the lift-off speeds in the HHB tests. If the load in the bearing application remains relatively small, a FPB could be substituted for an HHB.

Acoustic emission (AE) is one of many available technologies for condition health monitoring and diagnosis of rotating machines such as bearings. In recent years there have been many developments in the use of Acoustic Emission technology (AET) and its analysis for monitoring the condition of rotating machinery whilst in operation, particularly on high speed machinery. Unlike conventional technologies such as oil analysis, motor current signature analysis (MCSA) and vibration analysis, AET has been introduced due to its increased sensitivity in detecting the earliest stages of loss of mechanical integrity. This research presents an experimental investigation that is aimed at developing a mathematical model and experimentally validating the influence of operational variables such as film thickness, rotational speed, load, power loss, and shear stress for variations of load and speed conditions, on generation of acoustic emission in a hydrodynamic bearing. It is concluded that the power losses of the bearing are directly correlated with acoustic emission levels. With exponential law, an equation is proposed to predict power losses with reasonable accuracy from an AE signal. This experimental investigation conducted a comparative study between AE and Vibration to diagnose the rubbing at high rotational speeds in the hydrodynamic bearing. As it is the first known attempt in rotating machines. It has been concluded, that AE parameters such as amplitude, can perform as a reliable and sensitive tool for the early detection of rubbing between surfaces of a hydrodynamic bearing and high speed shaft. The application of vibration (PeakVue) analysis was introduced and compared with demodulation. The results observed from the demodulation and PeakVue techniques were similar in the rubbing simulation test. In fact, some defects on hydrodynamic bearings would not have been seen in a timely manner without the PeakVue analysis.In addition, the application of advanced signal processing and statistical methods was established to extract useful diagnostic features from the acquired AE signals in both time and frequency domain. It was also concluded that the use of different signal processing methods is often necessary to achieve meaningful diagnostic information from the signals. The outcome would largely contribute to the development of effective intelligent condition monitoring systems which can significantly reduce the cost of plant maintenance. To implement these main objectives, the Sutton test rig was modified to assess the capability of AET and vibration analysis as an effective tool for the detection of incipient defects within high speed machine components (e.g. shafts and hydrodynamic bearings). The first chapter of this thesis is an introduction to this research and briefly explains motivation and the theoretical background supporting this research. The second and third chapters, summarise the relevant literature to establish the current level of knowledge of hydrodynamic bearings and acoustic emission, respectively. Chapter 4 describes methodologies and the experimental arrangements utilized for this investigation. Chapter 5 discusses different NDT diagnosis. Chapter 6 reports on an experimental investigation applied to validate the relationship between AET on operational rotating machines, such as film thickness, speed, load, power loss, and shear stress. Chapter 7 details an investigation which compares the applicability of AE and vibration technologies in monitoring a rubbing simulation on a hydrodynamic bearing.

With a new range of water jet assemblies under development, CWF Hamilton & Co. Ltd. highlighted the need to establish a validated model for predicting critical speeds. A review of the relevant literature revealed a significant lack of information concerning the operating properties of a lightly loaded, water lubricated marine bearing. Therefore, an instrumented test rig based on a CWF Hamilton & Co. Ltd. ‘HJ364’ water jet assembly was established to evaluate critical speeds and validate the predictive models. A number of analytical and numerical models for predicting critical speeds were investigated. Geometric modifications were made to the test rig and the changes in critical speeds were observed. The ability of the predictive models to measure these observed critical speeds was examined. Driveline mass and driveline overhang were found to have the most significant effects on critical speeds. Modifications to the thrust bearing housing, the impeller mass, the tailpipe stiffness and the marine bearing resulted in no significant shift in critical speeds. However, a change to the geometry of the thrust bearing resulted in a significant shift. This indicated that the thrust bearing was not performing ideally in the test rig. All three models predicted changes in critical speeds relatively accurately. However, the estimates of the critical speeds themselves were somewhat conservative; approximately 10 to 15 percent lower than those measured. Linearisation of the thrust bearing geometry is recommended if greater accuracy is to be achieved. Of all the predictive methods, the Myklestad-Prohl transfer-matrix and the Isolated-Mainshaft finite-element were deemed to be the most flexible and suitable for CWF Hamilton & Co. Ltd.

Submitted by Everton Coelho de Medeiros null (everton.medeiros@feg.unesp.br) on 2017-08-29T19:01:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_final.pdf: 4345654 bytes, checksum: 76773f0a6cc1d17c5e1162955ff8879a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-29T19:06:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_ec_me_guara.pdf: 4345654 bytes, checksum: 76773f0a6cc1d17c5e1162955ff8879a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T19:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_ec_me_guara.pdf: 4345654 bytes, checksum: 76773f0a6cc1d17c5e1162955ff8879a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Os estudos relacionados a máquinas rotativas são muito importantes no apoio e manutenção da operação de máquinas de grande porte, tais como turbo compressores ou turbinas. Modelos analíticos e numéricos têm sido aplicados por anos, entretanto, eles nem sempre apresentam as condições reais dessas máquinas. Por isso, o uso de procedimentos experimentais para a avaliação e validação de resultados de máquinas rotativas é importante para a etapa de projeto mecânico. O uso de modelos em escala, por exemplo, turbinas hidráulicas ou turbinas a vapor, tem sido comum nesta área. Um rotor é dividido em várias partes, sendo uma delas os elementos de suporte, mais especificamente os mancais. Os mancais podem ser divididos em vários tipos, os mais utilizados são os do tipo rolamento e tipo hidrodinâmico. Devido este último ser o mais encontrado em máquinas pesadas, seu estudo é muito importante. Este trabalho objetiva apresentar o projeto de um protótipo de um mancal hidrodinâmico e sua avaliação experimental. O mancal desenvolvido consiste de uma bucha de bronze montada sobre uma casa de mancal de alumínio e sistemas de vedação para o óleo lubrificante. As geometrias das buchas e as propriedades dos fluidos foram analisadas pela medição do comportamento dinâmico de um rotor apoiados por esses mancais. Esta avaliação foi baseada na medição de uma bancada do tipo Jeffcott apoiada em um par de mancais hidrodinâmicos em condições diversas, incluindo combinações entre mancais do tipo rolamento e hidrodinâmico, variação da geometria interna da bucha de bronze e uso de mancal de material compósito com lubrificação de contorno. Podendo concluir que mancais com buchas de geometria fixa e cilíndrica mostram um comportamento anisotrópico, causado pela diferença de rigidez entre os planos horizontal e vertical. Ao variar para mancais de geometria assimétrica (Elíptico e Offset-halves), buchas de material compósito e modificação do tipo de lubrificação este fenômeno de anisotropia é reduzido, levando a condição de apoio para mais próxima de isotrópica. A combinação entre diferentes mancais (rolamento e hidrodinâmico) levou à observação da análise de mancais montados próximo a região do acoplamento de torque e também a importância do sentido da rotação do rotor para a formação do filme de óleo e evitar o seu sobreaquecimento. / Studies related to rotary machines are very important to support and keep the operation of large machines such as turbochargers or turbines. Analytical and numerical models have been applied for years, however, they do not always present the real condition of these machines. Therefore, the use of experimental procedures for the evaluation and validation of rotating machine results is important for mechanical design step. The use of scale models, for example, hydraulic turbines or steam turbines, has been very common in this area. A rotor is divided into several parts, one of which is the support elements, more specifically the bearings. The bearings can be divided into several types, the most common are the ball/roller bearing and the hydrodynamic bearing. Due to the latter be the most applied in heavy machinery, his study is very important. This work aims to show the design of a prototype of a hydrodynamic bearing and its experimental evaluation. The developed bearing consists of a bronze bushing mounted on an aluminum bearing housing and sealing systems for lubricating oil. The bushing geometries and the properties of the fluids are analyzed by measuring the dynamic behavior of a rotor supported by these bearings. This evaluation was based on the measurement of a Jeffcott rotor test bench supported by hydrodynamic bearings under a variety of conditions, including combinations of rolling and hydrodynamic type bearings,variation of the internal geometry of the bronze bushing and use of composite material bearing for the bush with contour lubrication. It may be concluded that bearings with fixed and cylindrical geometry bearings show an anisotropic behavior caused by the difference in rigidity between the horizontal and vertical planes. When the bush is changed for asymmetric geometries (Elliptical and Offset-halves), composite material bushings and modification of the lubrication type, the anisotropy phenomenon is reduced, leading to a supportive condition closer to isotropic. The combination of different bearings (ball/roller bearing and hydrodynamic bearing) led to the observation the analysis of mounted bearings near a torque coupling region and also the importance of the direction of rotation for oil film formation and to avoid his overheating.

Orientador: Katia Lucchesi Cavalca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T19:28:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel_GregoryBregion_M.pdf: 2663262 bytes, checksum: f7c1b338ec3a0dad168c82dc8c8d2fc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho visa analisar o comportamento dinâmico do sistema pino pistão. Por esse motivo, foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático para o mecanismo biela-manivela, considerando a influência do mancal hidrodinâmico da junção biela-pistão. As análises dinâmicas desse sistema foram realizadas utilizando dois modelos distintos. O primeiro modelo foi usado para representar o sistema quando o pino pistão está em contato com a superfície do mancal, assumindo, nesta condição, um comportamento similar aos mancais rígidos (sem folga). O segundo modelo foi empregado para representar o sistema quando o pino pistão está em lubrificação hidrodinâmica. Nesta condição, o pino pistão tem um movimento relativo à biela, o que torna este sistema um problema de múltiplos graus de liberdade. Diante disso, o primeiro modelo foi desenvolvido através da Equação de Movimento de Eksergian, sendo o segundo modelo, desenvolvido a partir do método de Lagrange. O modelo matemático de lubrificação hidrodinâmica foi introduzido com o intuito de obter resultados mais realísticos sobre o comportamento dinâmico do sistema. Este modelo de lubrificação considera as mesmas suposições básicas da teoria de lubrificação de Reynolds. A partir do modelo desenvolvido neste trabalho foram obtidas as orbitas do pino pistão, as distribuições de pressão e as velocidades e acelerações do mecanismo biela-manivela, o que permitiu realizar uma análise preliminar do comportamento dinâmico desse sistema. / Abstract: This work aims to analyze the dynamic behavior of the piston pin system. For this reason, a mathematical model for the slider-crank mechanism was developed, considering the influence of the hydrodynamic bearing of the piston-connecting rod joint. The dynamic analyses of the system applied two distinct models. The first represented the system when the piston pin was in contact with the bearing surface, assuming, in this condition, a similar behavior of rigid bearings (without clearance). The second model represented the system when the piston pin was in hydrodynamic lubrication. Under this condition, the piston pin presented a relative motion to the conrod, what turns this system into a multidegrees of freedom problem. Therefore, the first model was developed by Eksergian's Equation of Motion and the second model was developed by Lagrange method. The mathematical model of hydrodynamic lubrication was introduced to obtain more realistic results under the system's dynamic behavior. This lubrication model considers one of the basic assumptions of the Reynolds lubrication theory. From the model developed in this work were obtained the orbits of the piston pin, the pressure distributions and the velocities and accelerations of the slider-crank mechanism, what allows a preliminary analysis of the dynamic behavior of this system. / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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Les problèmes vibratoires sont l'une des principales causes des maintenances effectuées sur les turbines de barrages hydroélectrique en France. Dans cette thèse CIFRE, subventionnée par la Division Technique Générale d’Électricité de France à Grenoble, nous voulons étudier numériquement les phénomènes physiques en jeu.Pour cela, chaque partie composant ce type de machine tournante est modélisée : la ligne d'arbre, les accouplements rigides, les paliers hydrodynamiques, la butée hydrodynamique à patins oscillants, les étanchéités et les efforts électromagnétiques. Celui du rotor est basé sur une approche classique 1D, prenant en compte des défauts d'accouplement rigide. Les paliers hydrodynamiques peuvent être alimentés par des rainures hélicoïdales : ceci est pris en compte dans la modélisation des paliers via un changement de variable dans l'équation de Reynolds. Concernant la butée hydrodynamique à patins oscillants, l'équation de Reynolds est explicitée en fonction des paramètres du système (rotor et patins). Un cas test est également présenté afin d'évaluer les différentes approches possibles pour l'intégration dans la modélisation du rotor et pour mieux appréhender la réponse dynamique d'une butée. Les joints d'étanchéités sont modélisés en linéarisant les efforts hydrauliques gouvernés par les équations du "bulk-flow" et sont donc représentés par des coefficients dynamiques de masse, d'amortissement et de raideur. Les efforts électromagnétiques au niveau de l'alternateur sont pris en compte via une formulation analytique des forces d'attraction sur chaque paire de pôles. Cela permet de gérer, par exemple, des défauts d'ovalisation ou de positionnement du stator.Une seconde partie est consacrée à l'étude d'une turbine complète. Y sont présentées différentes études de sensibilités des défauts les plus courants sur ce type de machine, le but étant d'en connaître l'influence sur le comportement dynamique de l'ensemble du rotor. / Vibration problems are one of the main causes leading to maintenances performed on the turbines of hydroelectric power generation systems in France. In this CIFRE dissertation, financed by Division Technique Générale d'Électricité de France in Grenoble, we shall numerically study the physical phenomena involved in turbine vibrations of this kind.Hence, each component of this type of rotating machinery is modeled: the rotor, the rigid coupling, the hydrodynamic bearings, the hydrodynamic tilting pad thrust bearing, the annular seals and the electromagnetic forces. The model of the rotor is based on classical 1D approach taking into account the defects of the rigid coupling. The hydrodynamic bearings can be fed by helicoidally grooves. This feature is taken into account in the numerical model of journal bearing by applying a variable transformation to the Reynolds equation. For the tilting pad thrust bearing, the Reynolds equation takes into account the displacements and the velocities of both the pads and the rotor. A test case is presented for evaluating the different numerical approaches of the tilting pad thrust bearing that can be integrated in a rotordynamic analysis. The annular seals are modeled by using linearized hydraulic efforts (i.e. stiffness, damping and added mass dynamic coefficients) modeled by the "bulk flow" system of equations. The electromagnetic efforts in the alternator are taken into account by using an analytic model of the forces of each pair of poles. This enables to tackle ovalisation or eccentricity defects of the stator.A second part is dedicated to the numerical study of a complete turbine. Different studies dealing with sensitivity analyses of most often-encountered defects of this type of rotating machinery are presented, the goal being to underline their influence on the dynamic behavior of the whole rotor.