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The emergence and spread of electricity profoundly shaped the “long New South.” This dissertation traces the electrification of the US South from the 1880s to the 1970s. Focusing primarily on the Atlanta-based Georgia Power Company, it emphasizes that electricity’s rise was not simply the result of technological innovation. It was a multifaceted process that deeply influenced, and was influenced by, environmental alterations, political machinations, business practices, and social and cultural matters. Although it hewed to national and global patterns in many respects, southern electrification charted a distinctive and instructive path. Its story speaks to the ways the South’s experiences with electrification shaped larger American models of energy transitions and economic development, but also the ways it wrought dramatic changes in the fabric of everyday life.

Economia e Gestão do Ambiente / Master in Environmental Economics and Management / First and foremost, this research project develops a framework for analyzing electric system operators ( ESOs ). A deep literature survey is invoked to inventory the responsibilities of these institutions; then, a graphical model is developed so as any type of operator can be represented. This framework is useful to create comparisons between operators and understand the different nature of the responsibilities they are charged with, in connection with the particularities of their electric sectors. This framework was developed with the precise aim to benchmark the Brazilian operator against similar entities, yet it can be used for any country with an at least functionally unbundled ESO. Canada, Norway and Colombia were chosen due to the high percentage of hyroelectricity in their electricity generation capacity and production matrixes, a characteristic that is similar to the Brazilian case. Nevertheless, the study finds that the Brazilian operator s particularities owe mainly to the uniqueness of the electricity context, despite a few transaction costs between institutions than can possibly be reduced.

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O desenvolvimento de projetos hidrelétricos, e a implantação dos empreendimentos com a autorização dos órgãos competentes, vêm ocorrendo no Brasil de forma a aproveitar o potencial hidrelétrico que cada região apresenta. O estado do Tocantins devido ao Sistema Hidrográfico Araguaia/Tocantins, apresenta um vasto potencial hidrelétrico e vem sendo alvo dos grandes empreendedores do setor elétrico, com empreendimentos de pequeno a grande porte, implantados em várias regiões do estado. A cada ano que se passa novos barramentos são feitos, formando geralmente grandes reservatórios artificiais. Independente dos impactos ocasionados pela construção destas grandes obras, estes empreendimentos são respaldados por documentos que os dão o direito de atingir seus objetivos, produzir energia elétrica. Para gerar energia elétrica, várias etapas são realizadas, desde os estudos de viabilidade ambiental, conhecidos como estudos de impacto ambiental, até a execução de programas básicos ambientais visando à minimização dos impactos negativos ocasionados pelo projeto. Um dos grandes problemas na proposição de novos projetos é a falta de qualidade nos estudos ambientais realizados, onde o principal objetivo seria elaborar um cenário mais realista possível, para que as autoridades ambientais possam tomar decisões sobre a possível implantação dos empreendimentos. Neste sentido, os problemas podem ir desde as equipes que executam os estudos, até deficiências na estrutura de quem analisa os estudos protocolados. Os estudos ambientais realizados devem compreender variáveis biológicas, físicas e socioeconômicas, o que a partir de análises condizentes, deveriam fornecer resultados apropriados para a correta tomada de decisão. Aliado a isso, poucos estados brasileiros, apresenta informações integradas e atualizadas sobre a real situação do licenciamento ambiental destes empreendimentos, e a qualidade empregada na execução dos estudos ambientais utilizados em seus processos de licenciamento. O objetivo deste pesquisa foi caracterizar e avaliar a situação atual da hidroeletricidade no estado do Tocantins, verificando como se encontram distribuídos os empreendimentos no estado, ao longo do tempo e do espaço, considerando a qualidade dos estudos de licenciamento ambiental de cada empreendimento e a fase que se encontram (prévia, instalação ou operação). Foram avaliados os estudos ambientais presentes nos processos de licenciamento das Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas identificadas para o estado do Tocantins, sendo que a variável utilizada para avaliação como indicadora da qualidade dos estudos ambientais foram às informações sobre a fauna de mamíferos silvestres, (mastofauna) presente nos capítulos sobre o meio biológico. / The development of hydropower projects, and the implementation of projects with the permission of the competent bodies, taking place in Brazil in order to harness the hydroelectric potential that each region has. The state of Tocantins River System due to Araguaia / Tocantins, presents and a vast hydroelectric potential has been the subject of great entrepreneurs of the electricity sector, with projects from small to large, deployed in various regions of the state. As each passing year new buses are made, usually forming large artificial reservoirs. Regardless of the impacts caused by the construction of these great works, these developments are supported by documents that give them the right to achieve their goals, to produce electricity. To generate electricity, several steps are taken, since the environmental feasibility studies, known as environmental impact studies, through execution of basic environmental programs aimed at minimizing the negative impacts caused by the project. A major problem in proposing new projects is the lack of quality in environmental studies, where the main objective would be to develop a more realistic possible scenario for environmental authorities to make decisions on the possible implementation of the projects. In this sense, the problems can range from teams that run the study by structural deficiencies in those analyzes filed studies. Environmental studies should understand biological, physical and socioeconomic variables, which from consistent analysis should provide appropriate for correct decision making results. Allied to this, few Brazilian states, has integrated and updated information on the actual situation of environmental licensing these businesses, and quality employed in the implementation of environmental studies used in the process of licensing. The objective of this research was to characterize and evaluate the current situation of hydroelectricity in the state of Tocantins, checking how the projects are distributed in the state, over time and space, considering the quality of studies of environmental licensing of each development phase and are (prior, installation or operation). Environmental studies presente in the licensing process for the Small Hydropower identified for the state of Tocantins, which were evaluated with the variable used as na indicator for assessing the quality of environmental studies were to information on the fauna of wild (mammals) presente in chapters on the biological environment.

Nessa dissertação foram analisados os Relatórios de Impacto Ambiental Rima de Belo Monte (PA) e das Centrais Eólicas de Guajirú, Mundaú e Estrela , no litoral cearense. Essa análise foi feita com o objetivo de se levantar os impactos que foram negligenciados pelos estudos de forma demonstrar que independentemente da natureza, localização e dimensão os empreendimentos elétricos compartilham uma lógica em comum de como eles se relacionam com a sociedade e ambiente, nos quais estão inseridos. Para isso, além dos Rimas foram usadas fontes secundárias e se realizou entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes das comunidades atingidas pelas Centrais Eólicas de Trairi a única central eólica desse complexo que não foi considerada nesse estudo foi a de Flecheiras I que se encontra distante das comunidades, o que inviabiliza o levantamento de fontes primárias para a análise. A escolha desses casos se deveu à natureza, dimensão e localização diferentes dos empreendimentos, além da disponibilidade de Rimas das centrais eólicas do Ceará, já que pela dimensão reduzida dos empreendimentos eólicos em muitos estados brasileiros não há a necessidade da elaboração desse tipo de documentos. Para se atingir os objetivos propostos o trabalho se dividiu em duas partes, nas quais se pontuam e se analisam os impactos em cada um dos Rimas dos casos analisados, para em seguida, na conclusão, serem relacionados de forma a evidenciar a existência de uma lógica de posicionamentos. Dentre os impactos analisados percebe-se uma sistemática de exclusão de grupos populacionais, como os ribeirinhos, grupos indígenas em Belo Monte, e as comunidade circunvizinhas em Trairi. Além dessas exclusões, foi percebida a presença de lacunas metodológicas em relação aos levantamentos dos impactos em relação a fauna. Nessa fase da análise foram encontrados problemas nos levantamentos em relação as populações de quirópteros morcegos , em Trairi, e de quelônios, em Belo Monte. A partir dessa análise percebeu- se que há um expediente de negligenciamento dos impactos sobre a fauna, já que se verificou falhas metodológicas que impedem que se cheguem a conclusões em linha com o verificado em estudos que consideraram de um número de indivíduos maior. Isso pode ser verificado no caso dos impactos sobre a ictiofauna, no qual o Rima de Belo Monte considera espécies de peixes que só são encontradas em outras regiões do Brasil o que acaba inflando o número de espécies encontradas no rio Xingu. Outro ponto que se levanta é em relação ao patrimônio arqueológico que em todos os casos analisados sofrem de ausência de ações mitigatórias e deficiências na metodologia usada. Posto isso, podemos pontuar que apesar da natureza, localidade e dimensão diferente os casos analisados apresentam características semelhantes no tratamento da sociedade e ambiente que excluem e negligenciam impactos visando a redução de possíveis custos de mitigação e facilitação na obtenção das licenças necessárias para a instalação e operação dos empreendimentos. / In this dissertation, the Environmental Impact Reports Rima of Belo Monte (PA) and the wind energy power plants of Guajirú, Estrela and Mundaú, were analyzed in the Ceará coast. This analysis was done with the aim of raising the impacts that were neglected by studies to demonstrate that regardless of the nature, location and dimension of electrical ventures share a common logic of how they relate to society and environment, in which they are inserted. In addition to the Rimas, secondary sources were used, and was carried out with a few structured interviews with representatives of the communities affected by the Trairi the only wind central of this complex which was not considered in this study was that of Flecheiras I that is distant from the communities, which makes it impossible to survey primary sources for analysis. The choice of these cases was due to the different nature, size and location of the ventures, as well as the availability of Rimas from the wind power plants of Ceará, since by the reduced size of the wind farms in many Brazilian states there is no need for the elaboration of that type of documents. To achieve the proposed goals the work was divided in two parts, in which they score and analyse the impacts on each of the Rimas of the analyzed cases, then, in conclusion, to be related in order to highlight the existence of a logic of positioning. Among the impacts analyzed a systematic exclusion of population groups, such as the beiradeiros, indigenous groups in Belo Monte, and the surrounding community in Trairi. In addition to these exclusions, there was a perceived presence of methodological gaps in relation to the withdrawals of the impacts on fauna. At this stage, problems were encountered in the surveys of the populations of Chiroptera bats in Trairi, and turtles in Belo Monte. From this analysis it has been realized that there is a expedient disregard of the impacts on the fauna, since there has been a methodological flaw that prevents it from reaching conclusions in line with the verified studies that have considered a number of larger individuals. This can be verified in the case of the impacts on the Ichthyofauna, in which the Rimas of Belo Monte considers fish species that are only found in other regions of Brazil, which ends up inflating the number of species found in the Xingu River. Another point that arises is relative to the archaeological heritage that in all cases analyzed on the absence of Mitigating actions and deficiencies in the methodology used. With that, we can punctuate that despite the nature, locale and different dimension the analyzed cases have similar characteristics in the treatment of society and environment that exclude and neglect impacts aiming at reducing possible mitigation costs and facilitation in obtaining the necessary licenses for the installation and operation of the enterprises.

Nessa dissertação foram analisados os Relatórios de Impacto Ambiental Rima de Belo Monte (PA) e das Centrais Eólicas de Guajirú, Mundaú e Estrela , no litoral cearense. Essa análise foi feita com o objetivo de se levantar os impactos que foram negligenciados pelos estudos de forma demonstrar que independentemente da natureza, localização e dimensão os empreendimentos elétricos compartilham uma lógica em comum de como eles se relacionam com a sociedade e ambiente, nos quais estão inseridos. Para isso, além dos Rimas foram usadas fontes secundárias e se realizou entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes das comunidades atingidas pelas Centrais Eólicas de Trairi a única central eólica desse complexo que não foi considerada nesse estudo foi a de Flecheiras I que se encontra distante das comunidades, o que inviabiliza o levantamento de fontes primárias para a análise. A escolha desses casos se deveu à natureza, dimensão e localização diferentes dos empreendimentos, além da disponibilidade de Rimas das centrais eólicas do Ceará, já que pela dimensão reduzida dos empreendimentos eólicos em muitos estados brasileiros não há a necessidade da elaboração desse tipo de documentos. Para se atingir os objetivos propostos o trabalho se dividiu em duas partes, nas quais se pontuam e se analisam os impactos em cada um dos Rimas dos casos analisados, para em seguida, na conclusão, serem relacionados de forma a evidenciar a existência de uma lógica de posicionamentos. Dentre os impactos analisados percebe-se uma sistemática de exclusão de grupos populacionais, como os ribeirinhos, grupos indígenas em Belo Monte, e as comunidade circunvizinhas em Trairi. Além dessas exclusões, foi percebida a presença de lacunas metodológicas em relação aos levantamentos dos impactos em relação a fauna. Nessa fase da análise foram encontrados problemas nos levantamentos em relação as populações de quirópteros morcegos , em Trairi, e de quelônios, em Belo Monte. A partir dessa análise percebeu- se que há um expediente de negligenciamento dos impactos sobre a fauna, já que se verificou falhas metodológicas que impedem que se cheguem a conclusões em linha com o verificado em estudos que consideraram de um número de indivíduos maior. Isso pode ser verificado no caso dos impactos sobre a ictiofauna, no qual o Rima de Belo Monte considera espécies de peixes que só são encontradas em outras regiões do Brasil o que acaba inflando o número de espécies encontradas no rio Xingu. Outro ponto que se levanta é em relação ao patrimônio arqueológico que em todos os casos analisados sofrem de ausência de ações mitigatórias e deficiências na metodologia usada. Posto isso, podemos pontuar que apesar da natureza, localidade e dimensão diferente os casos analisados apresentam características semelhantes no tratamento da sociedade e ambiente que excluem e negligenciam impactos visando a redução de possíveis custos de mitigação e facilitação na obtenção das licenças necessárias para a instalação e operação dos empreendimentos. / In this dissertation, the Environmental Impact Reports Rima of Belo Monte (PA) and the wind energy power plants of Guajirú, Estrela and Mundaú, were analyzed in the Ceará coast. This analysis was done with the aim of raising the impacts that were neglected by studies to demonstrate that regardless of the nature, location and dimension of electrical ventures share a common logic of how they relate to society and environment, in which they are inserted. In addition to the Rimas, secondary sources were used, and was carried out with a few structured interviews with representatives of the communities affected by the Trairi the only wind central of this complex which was not considered in this study was that of Flecheiras I that is distant from the communities, which makes it impossible to survey primary sources for analysis. The choice of these cases was due to the different nature, size and location of the ventures, as well as the availability of Rimas from the wind power plants of Ceará, since by the reduced size of the wind farms in many Brazilian states there is no need for the elaboration of that type of documents. To achieve the proposed goals the work was divided in two parts, in which they score and analyse the impacts on each of the Rimas of the analyzed cases, then, in conclusion, to be related in order to highlight the existence of a logic of positioning. Among the impacts analyzed a systematic exclusion of population groups, such as the beiradeiros, indigenous groups in Belo Monte, and the surrounding community in Trairi. In addition to these exclusions, there was a perceived presence of methodological gaps in relation to the withdrawals of the impacts on fauna. At this stage, problems were encountered in the surveys of the populations of Chiroptera bats in Trairi, and turtles in Belo Monte. From this analysis it has been realized that there is a expedient disregard of the impacts on the fauna, since there has been a methodological flaw that prevents it from reaching conclusions in line with the verified studies that have considered a number of larger individuals. This can be verified in the case of the impacts on the Ichthyofauna, in which the Rimas of Belo Monte considers fish species that are only found in other regions of Brazil, which ends up inflating the number of species found in the Xingu River. Another point that arises is relative to the archaeological heritage that in all cases analyzed on the absence of Mitigating actions and deficiencies in the methodology used. With that, we can punctuate that despite the nature, locale and different dimension the analyzed cases have similar characteristics in the treatment of society and environment that exclude and neglect impacts aiming at reducing possible mitigation costs and facilitation in obtaining the necessary licenses for the installation and operation of the enterprises.

Orientadores: Ennio Peres da Silva, João Carlos Camargo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:36:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GaleanoEspinola_MichelOsvaldo_D.pdf: 2380684 bytes, checksum: 237fb5f4242c156304a4744f7de92a00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho faz, a partir da determinação do mercado paraguaio atual de hidrogênio usado como insumo químico, uma análise técnico-econômica da viabilidade de atender este mercado a partir do hidrogênio eletrolítico produzido com o uso da disponibilidade existente de eletricidade. Para isso, dois modos de operação da planta de produção industrial de hidrogênio eletrolítico, para os quais foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático para o dimensionamento deles, no qual foram consideradas as principais características e eficiências dos equipamentos que compõem as plantas industriais. Segundo os resultados do levantamento do mercado paraguaio atual de hidrogênio, os principais setores consumidores são os de síntese de ureia para uso agrícola e de metanol. A seguir foi realizada uma análise econômica da produção industrial desses produtos a partir de hidrogênio eletrolítico tendo sido verificado que a instalação de uma planta industrial de ureia para uso agrícola de 600 mil t?ano de capacidade visando atender o MERCOSUL oferece viabilidade econômica com TIR = 14%, VPL = US$ 28.691.471 e IL = 1,10 e TIR = 16%, VPL = US$ 31.560.620 e IL = 1,76 para os dois modos de operação da planta de amônia eletrolítica, respectivamente. Porém, a instalação de uma planta industrial de metanol sintético de 66 mil t?ano a partir de hidrogênio eletrolítico para atender os mercados paraguaio e brasileiro não oferece potencial econômico no Paraguai no momento para os dois modos de operação da planta de hidrogênio eletrolítico tendo sido verificado que o projeto tornar-se-á viável se o custo de produção do hidrogênio eletrolítico for US$ 1,50?kg ou a capacidade de produção da planta industrial de metanol for o dobro, ou seja, superior a 132 mil t?ano de metanol verificando-se que acima desse valor o custo de produção do hidrogênio eletrolítico cai consideravelmente correspondendo a um ganho de escala significativo / Abstract: From the evaluation of the current Paraguayan hydrogen market, this work aims to present a technical-economic feasibility analysis to satisfy this market with electrolytic hydrogen produced from available hydroelectricity. First of all, two operation modes of electrolytic hydrogen facility were proposed and a mathematical model was established considering the main features and efficiencies of the equipment that compose the industrial facilities. According to results of current Paraguayan hydrogen market evaluation, the main industrial sectors that consume hydrogen were urea and methanol synthesis. Secondly, an economic analysis of industrial production of those products from electrolytic hydrogen was carried out. The installation of a 600 thousands ton?year urea production facility using electrolytic hydrogen to supply the MERCOSUR market is economically feasible with IROR = 14%, NPV = US$ 28,691,471, PI = 1.10 and IROR = 16%, NPV = US$ 31.560.620, PI = 1.76 for both operation modes of electrolytic ammonia facilities, respectively. Nevertheless, the installation of a 66 thousands ton?year methanol production facility using electrolytic hydrogen to supply Paraguayan and Brazilian markets did not offer economic potential at the moment. To turn that project feasible, electrolytic hydrogen production cost should to be US$ 1.50?kg or methanol production capacity should to be higher than 132 thousands ton?year to decrease electrolytic hydrogen production cost due to economy of scale / Doutorado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Hydroelectricity is an energy resource which for a long time has been consideredenvironmentally neutral regarding greenhouse gas emission. During the last years this viewhas changed. Studies have shown that reservoirs connected to hydroelectric power plants emitmethane (CH4) and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, especially in the tropicalregions where the emission level of CH4 is the highest. The purpose of this thesis was toinvestigate the variations of CH4 emissions in Funil reservoir, Santo Antônio reservoir andTrês Marias reservoir and to identify variables that increase the CH4 emissions.The CH4 emissions were measured by floating static chambers positioned on the surface atseveral locations within each reservoir. A gas sample was collected after 10, 20 and 30minutes from each chamber. The samples were analyzed through gas chromatography toobtain the concentration of CH4 in each sample. Calculations of the change in CH4concentration over time were used to establish the flux of CH4 at each location.The obtained result from Funil reservoir showed CH4 fluxes in the range of -0.04 to 13.16mmol/m2/day with significantly different fluxes between sites (p < 0.05). The CH4 fluxes inSanto Antonio reservoir were within the range of -0.33 to 72.21 mmol/m2/day. In thisreservoir fluxes were not significantly different between sites (p <0.05). The results obtainedfrom Três Marias showed CH4 fluxes in the range of -0.31 to 0.56 mmol/m2/day withsignificantly different fluxes between sites (p < 0.05). The highest fluxes were found in SantoAntônio which were significantly different from the CH4 fluxes in Três Marias (p <0.05).The CH4 flux was positively correlated with CO2 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) andnegatively correlated with O2 and depth in Santo Antônio. The same correlations were evidentfor the whole data set. In total the measured fluxes from the three reservoirs ranged from -0.33 to 72. 21 mmol/m2/day and the mean flux was 2.31 mmol/m2/day. These fluxes are lowcompared to earlier results. The variation in CH4 flux within and between the reservoirs wassignificantly different in a major part of the comparisons. Even though the majority of thefluxes were different, variables that increase the CH4 emission rate were illuminated. A lowdepth and low O2 concentration increase the CH4 emission rate. A high concentration of DOCand CO2 indicates that a high amount of organic carbon was available for the production ofCH4, leading to an increased CH4 emission rate. / BALCAR (Balanço de Carbono)

This thesis employs twentieth-century hydroelectric development ventures in the Highlands of Scotland as a means of exploring conflicting demands of socio-economic development and landscape protection in cherished places. In Scotland, twentieth-century landscape protection ideals were founded upon a landscape aesthetic shaped by the principles and objectives of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Romanticism. The concept that the ‘natural’ world somehow existed separately from the world of humans, as a potential refuge from a rapidly industrialising European society, meant that the Romantic landscape aesthetic left little or no room for the incorporation of visible elements of industrialisation. This aesthetic has seen only limited change over time. As a result, satisfactory compromises between land-use and landscape protection have seldom been reached: a situation thrown into sharp relief by efforts to develop Highland water systems for the generation of hydroelectric energy during the period 1919 to 1980. The debate over hydroelectric development in the Highlands is instructive for a number of reasons, not least its parallels with the current focus on the placement of wind turbines in significant landscapes. Thanks to the Romantic legacy, attempts to modify landscapes as valued as those of the Highlands are fraught with complexity, even when development is undertaken in the interests of socio-economic enhancement. The thesis outlines the progression of both sides of the argument, assesses the significance of the compromises attempted and evaluates the lessons learned from nearly six decades of policymaking initiatives in this sphere. Core aesthetic ideals broadened, but did not change. Landscape protection progressed on the basis of protectionists’ ability to adjust the focus of their opposition; increased articulation of the idea of the collective ownership of important landscapes superseded the need to confront the viability of entrenched aesthetic orthodoxies.