Flotation is regarded as the best available separation method for the recovery of valuable minerals such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), sphalerite (ZnS), etc., from mined ores. Practically all metals humans use today are produced by flotation. The process relies on controlling the stability of the thin liquid films (TLFs) of water formed between minerals and air bubbles (wetting film), air bubbles (foam film), and mineral particles (colloid films). In flotation, a desired mineral is rendered hydrophobic by surfactant coating as a means to destabilize the TLFs, so that they can be attached to the hydrophobic air bubbles. A TLF ruptures when the disjoining pressure (or surface forces per unit area) of the film becomes negative, i.e., Π < 0. Thermodynamically, a wetting film can rupture when the contact angle (θ) of a mineral surface is larger than zero. It would, therefore, be reasonable to consider the roles of the surface forces to better understand the fundamental mechanisms involved in flotation. The surface forces considered in the present work included the electric double layer (EDL), van der Waals (vdW), and attractive hydrophobic (HP) forces. A flotation model has been developed by using the hydrophobic force as a kinetic parameter, which made it possible to track the fates of mineral particles of different of size, surface liberation, and contact angle to predict both recovery and grades for the first time. The model has been validated against the plant survey data obtained from an operating copper flotation plant. The simulation results obtained using the first principles model have been utilized to address the limitations of current flotation practices. One such limitation is the presence of slow-floating target minerals present in the cleaner-scavenger tails (CST) that are routinely recycled back to the rougher flotation bank as circulating loads (CLs) to allow longer retention times for the slow-floating particles for additional recovery. The simulation results show also that opening a flotation circuit by treating the CST streams separately in an advanced circuit can substantially improve the plant performance. One of the major limitations of flotation is that the coarse particles in a feed stream are difficult to recover due to the low hydrophobicity associated with poor surface liberation. A new flotation model developed in the present work suggests various ways to address the problem. One is to increase the hydrophobicity of the composite (poorly liberated) particles using the Super Collectors that can increase the contact angles to 150 -170o. Simulation results obtained using the model developed in the present work show significant financial benefits of using Super Collectors. Flotation is controlled by surface forces as noted above. As particle size becomes larger than 150 µm, however, the gravitational force comes into the picture and can override the surface forces. A new flotation cell has been developed to mitigate the effects of the extraneous force by decreasing the effective specific gravity (SG) by attaching air bubbles to facilitate levitation and by creating a pulsation to allow particles to move according to SGs independent of particle size, which should help increase the upper particle size limit of flotation. Surface forces in foam and oil-in-water emulsion films have been measured at different temperatures to determine the changes in thermodynamic properties of the thin liquid films (TLFs) of water confined between two bubbles and two oil drops. The results show that the films are destabilized by the attractive hydrophobic forces created during the course of building H-bonded structures in confined spaces, which entails decreases in enthalpy (H < 0) and entropy (TS < 0), the second term representing the thermodynamic cost of building the structures. / Doctor of Philosophy / Flotation is a kinetic process designed to separate valuable minerals from mined ores. This process depends on several hydrodynamic and surface chemistry parameters making it hard to model. A U.S. patent was awarded to Sulman and Picard in 1905 for using air bubbles to selectively collect hydrophobic particles from the aqueous phase, leaving hydrophilic particles behind. Since then, the separation process known as flotation has been used to produce practically all metals humans use. Many investigators developed flotation models using hydrodynamic parameters, e.g., particle size, bubble size, energy dissipation rate, etc., but without a reference to particle hydrophobicity. Therefore, the models were successful in predicting recoveries but not product grades. Derjaguin and Dukhin (1961) were the first to model flotation using surface forces but without due consideration of the role of hydrophobic force in flotation. Therefore, it also failed to predict product grades. In the current work, a new flotation model has been developed using the hydrophobic force as a kinetic parameter. This approach made it possible to predict both recoveries and grades for the first time. The model has been reduced to a simple form mimicking the Arrhenius equation so that it can be used to delineate the different conditions required for optimizing coarse and fine particle flotation. The model has been derived by considering the surface forces in the thin liquid films (TLFs) of water confined between bubbles, and bubbles and particles. It has been found that the hydrophobic force plays a decisive role in destabilizing a wetting film and inducing bubble-particle attachment. The surface forces measured in the present work show that the hydrophobic interactions in macroscopic scales are controlled by enthalpy rather than entropy, which is contrary to the nanoscale hydrophobic interactions. The model has been validated against a full-scale plant operation and demonstrated predictive capabilities. The simulation results have been analyzed to determine the limitations of the current flotation practices. It was found that coarse particle flotation is difficult either due to the presence of composite particles reducing the particle contact angle or due to their poor hydrodynamic properties. Utilizing the insights from the model, various methods of alleviating these limitations have been developed and presented in the current work. References Derjaguin, B.V., Dukhin, S.S., 1961. Theory of flotation of small and medium-size particles. Inst. Min. Metall. 241–267. Sulman, H.L., and Kirkpatrick-Picard (1905). U.S. Patent No. 793,808.

Fine particle separation is a grand challenge in the mining and mineral processing industry. The industry standard process, froth flotation, is extremely robust and adaptable; however, it is inefficient for particles less than 20 microns. Owing to this limitation, some mining sectors, such as coal, opt to discard the ultrafine particles to waste impoundments as the costs to recover and dewater these materials are prohibitive. The Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Process (HHS) is one alternative to flotation that uses a recyclable solvent, rather than air bubbles, to selectively recover fine hydrophobic particles. Prior laboratory, proof-of-concept, and demonstration-scale testing has shown that the HHS process is extremely efficient, having no effective size limitation. The purpose of this research was to continue the development and improvement of the HHS process, through the design, construction, and testing of a mobile pilot plant. The pilot plant would in turn be used to demonstrate the robustness of the HHS process through a systemic study of multiple coal sources and ranks. In addition, the pilot plant would serve as a testbed for inquiry-based process intensification, the development and evaluation of design criteria for the various unit operation. Through the course of this research, a 50 lb./hr. (product rate) pilot plant was constructed and commissioned. Initial investigations focused on the shakedown and design of key unit operations, including the agglomeration and de-emulsification (i.e. Morganizing) steps. Studies showed that the initial design of these units, namely pump induced mixing in agglomeration and packed bed emulsification in the Morganizer, were not adequate to meet production demands, and as such, these stages were redesigned after appropriate fundamental evaluations. After implementing the design changes, the pilot plant was successfully operated over a 7-month period, routinely producing bituminous products with less than6% ash and less than 10% moisture as well as anthracite products with less than 3% ash and less than 4% moisture. This study also evaluated a new approach to de-emulsification using a jig based Morganizer in place of the standard oscillating column Morganizer. The jig utilizes a pulsing mechanism to move liquid to break up agglomerates versus the mechanical disk stack. Preliminary results showed that the jig Morganizer was comparable to the oscillating unit at more than half the size. This new design provides a pathway for reduced cost, footprint, and improved scalability. Lastly, this study evaluated both the HHS process and dual-scan X-ray based particle sorting as means of increasing the REE content of coal-based materials. Data from a pilot-scale x-ray sorter showed the unit was capable of preconcentrating REEs to over 300 ppm, while data from the HHS similarly showed the process was capable of REE recoveries of 85-90% and of preconcentrating REEs above 300 ppm. Altogether, these results indicate That both of these technologies are capable of efficiently and cost effectively preconcentrate REEs from wastes streams at operating coal preparation plants. / Doctor of Philosophy / The mining sector has traditionally been a large producer of waste, with the vast majority of this waste being ultrafine particles that are unable to be recovered using conventional technologies. These particles are often disposed of in large surface impoundments, which are an environmental and social liability in many mining districts. This study has evaluated a novel method of fine particle separation, the hydrophobic-hydrophilic separation (HHS) process. The HHS process uses a recyclable oil to selectively agglomerate fine particles, which are subsequently dispersed and recovered. The oil is then filtered and recycled within the process creating an approach that is both efficient and environmentally friendly. In this study, a mobile pilot HHS plant was constructed and tested, with the results showing that the HHS can effectively recover fine carbon from waste coals, thus turning an environmental liability into a potential value stream for high-end applications. In addition, the study showed that the process can be further improved to reduce costs while improving overall efficiency. Overall, this study has provided the data needed to further commercialize the HHS process. If widely deployed, the HHS process has the potential to both reduce the current amount of waste fines being generated and reclaim the existing impoundments.

In 1982, Israelachvili and Pashley reported the first measurements of a hitherto unknown attractive force between two mica surfaces hydrophobized in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solutions. Follow-up experiments conducted by many investigators confirmed their results, while others suggested that the "hydrophobic force" is an artifact due to nanobubbles (or cavitation). Evidences for the latter included the discontinuities (or steps) in the force versus distance curves and the pancake-shaped nano-bubbles seen in atomic force microscopic (AFM) images. Recent measurements conducted in degassed water showed, however, smooth force versus distance curves, indicating that the hydrophobic force is not an artifact due to nanobubbles.1, 2 Still other investigators3, 4 suggested that the long-range attraction observed between hydrophobic surfaces is due to the correlation between the patches of adsorbed ionic surfactant and the patches of unoccupied surface. For this theory to work, it is necessary that the charged patches be laterally mobile to account for the strong attractive forces observed in experiment. In an effort to test this theory, AFM force measurements were conducted with gold substrates hydrophobized by self-assembly of alkanethiols and xanthates of different chain lengths. The results showed long-range attractions despite the fact that the hydrophobizing agents chemisorb on gold and, hence, the adsorption layer is immobile. When the gold surfaces were hydrophobized in a 1 Ã 10-3 M thiol-in-ethanol solution for an extended period of time, the force curves exhibited steps. These results indicate that the long-range attractions are caused by the coalescence of bubbles, as was also reported by Ederth.5 The steps disappeared, however, when the species adsorbed on top of the chemisorbed monolayer were removed by solvent washing, or when the gold substrates were hydrophobized in a 1 Ã 10-5 M solution for a relatively short period of time. AFM force measurements were also conducted between gold substrates coated with short-chain thiols and xanthates to obtain hydrophobic surfaces with water contact angles (ï ±) of less than 90o. Long-range attractions were still observed despite the fact that cavitation is thermodynamically not possible. Having shown that hydrophobic force is not due to coalescence of pre-existing bubbles, cavitation, or correlation of charged patches, the next set of force measurements was conducted in ethanol-water mixtures. The attractive forces became weaker and shorter-ranged than in pure water and pure ethanol. According to the Derjaguin's approximation6, an attractive force arises from the decrease in the excess free energy (ï §f) of the thin film between two hydrophobic surfaces.7 Thus, the stronger hydrophobic forces observed in pure water and pure ethanol can be attributed to the stronger cohesive energy of the liquid due to stronger H-bonding. Further, the increase in hydrophobic force with decreasing separation between two hydrophobic surfaces indicates that the H-bonded structure becomes stronger in the vicinity of hydrophobic surfaces. The force measurements conducted at different temperatures in the range of 10-40C showed that the hydrophobic attraction between macroscopic surfaces causes a decrease in film entropy (Sf), which confirms that the hydrophobic force is due to the structuring of water in the thin film between two hydrophobic surfaces. The results showed also that the hydrophobic interaction entails a reduction in the excess film enthalpy (Hf), which may be associated with the formation of partial (or full) clathrates formed in the vicinity of hydrophobic surfaces. The presence of the clathrates is supported by the recent finding that the density of water in the vicinity of hydrophobic surfaces is lower than in the bulk.8 / Ph. D.

Flotation is a process of separating particulate materials of different surface properties in a hydrodynamic environment, and is used extensively for separating different minerals from each other in the mining industry. In this process, air bubbles are introduced at the bottom of a particulate suspension (pulp), so that bubbles coated with hydrophobic particles rise to the top and form a froth phase while hydrophobic particles stay in suspension. The selectivity of the flotation process is determined by the hydrophobicity of the particulate materials involved, while the kinetics of the process is controlled by the hydrodynamic conditions and the disjoining pressures in the thin aqueous films between air bubbles and particles. In the present work, a mathematical model for the flotation process has been developed by considering both the hydrodynamic and surface chemical parameters. The model can describe the events occurring in both the pulp and froth phases of a mechanically-agitated flotation cell. The pulp-phase model is based on predicting the kinetics of bubble-particle attachment using the DLVO extended to include contributions from hydrophobic force and the theory of turbulent collision. The froth-phase model is based on predicting the rate of bubble-particle detachment by considering bubble coarsening and water recovery. The predictions from the overall flotation model are in general agreement with the results obtained in single-bubble flotation experiments and the flotation test results reported in literature. Since the model has been developed largely from first principles, it has predictive and diagnostic capabilities. / Ph. D.

This dissertation describes new methods for measuring surface forces using evanescent waves, and applications to non-DLVO forces. An evanescent wave, generated at a solid-liquid interface, is scattered by AFM tips or particles attached to AFM cantilevers. The scattering of this wave is used to determine absolute separation between surfaces and/or the refractive index as a function of separation in AFM measurements. This technique is known as evanescent wave atomic force microscopy (EW-AFM). The scattering of an evanescent wave by Si3N4 AFM tips is large and decays exponentially with separation from a refractive index boundary. Thus, scattering is a useful method for measuring the separation between a Si3N4 tip and sample. This method has been used to measure the absolute separation between a tip and sample in the presence of an irreversibly adsorbed polymer film. Measurement of the film thickness and time response of the polymer to applied loads has also been studied. These measurements are not possible using current AFM techniques. In addition to measurements in polymer systems, the simple scattering profile from Si3N4 tips was used to re-examine short range hydration forces between hydrophilic surfaces. Results presented in this thesis suggest this force does not depend on the hydrated radius of the ion between glass and silicon nitride. The scattering generated by a Si3N4 tip has also been used to measure the refractive index of bulk fluids and thin films between hydrophobic surfaces. Based on these results, I have shown that a long-range attraction between hydrophobic surfaces is accompanied by an increase in the refractive index between the tip and surface. From this I have concluded that the attractive force, measured in this study, is the result of an increase in the concentration of organic material between surfaces. Finally, I have shown that the scattering profile depends on the material and size of the scattering object. Scattering from silicon nitride tips is exponential with separation. In contrast, the scattering profile from silicon tips, which are similar in size and geometry, is not a simple exponential. The scattering profile of larger spherical particles attached to cantilevers is also not exponential. It is approximately the sum of two exponentials. The functional form of the scattering profile with separation is consistent with the transmission of evanescent light through flat planar films. This result would suggest that a re-examination of the separation-dependence of scattering in TIRM measurements is necessary. / Ph. D.

Superhydrophobic and lubricant-infused porous surfaces are two classes of non-wetting surfaces that are inspired by the adaptation of natural surfaces such as lotus leaves, pond skater legs, butterfly wings, and Nepenthes pitcher plant. This dissertation focuses on fabrication and in depth study of bioinspired functional metallic surfaces for applications such as power plant condensers and marine applications. Toward that, first, facile and scalable methods are developed for the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) and lubricant-infused surfaces (LIS). Second, the corrosion inhibition mechanism of SHS was systematically studied and modeled via electrochemical methods to elucidate the role of superhydrophobicity and other parameters on corrosion inhibition. The anti-corrosion properties of SHS and LIS were systematically studied over a range of temperatures (23°C–90°C) to simulate an actual condenser environment. Moreover, the environment of application often involves using harsh cleaning chemicals. The fabricated non-wetting surfaces were examined over a wide range of acidity and basicity (pH=1 to pH=14). Third, the durability of SHS and LIS is systematically assessed using a set of testing protocols including water impingement tests, scratch wear tests, and accelerated chemical corrosion tests. Considering that industrial environments of application are often turbulent, in addition to static long term corrosion tests, long term dynamic durability was studied in a simulated turbulent condition. Fourth, the performance of the fabricated nonwetting surfaces was systematically studied against calcium sulfate scaling in turbulent conditions and different temperatures. An analytical relationship based on the Hill-Langmuir model is proposed for the prediction of fouling on nonwetting and conventional surfaces alike in dynamic conditions. Overall 1048 individual samples were studied via over 3000 measurements in this dissertation to establish a comprehensive fundamental knowledge base on fabrication and anti fouling characteristics of metallic nonwetting surfaces, which profoundly helps to design appropriate surfaces and fabrication methods based on the use environment. / Doctor of Philosophy / Metallic surfaces such as copper, brass, and aluminum are everywhere in our daily lives. From tumblers, household pipes to the bank of tubes in power plants condensers. Fouling of these surfaces has significant performance and economic impact. Scaling is a type of crystallization fouling like the familiar limescale everyone is familiar to see around the surface of a house kettle. Corrosion is another type of fouling and is detrimental to metallic surfaces. For example, 50% of water consumption in the U.S. is being used in thermo-electric power plants where fouling of metallic surfaces will impede the flow of working fluid, therefore increasing power needed for pumping, decrease efficiency, and decrease ultimate lifetime. One study in 2019 shows corrosion costs 3% of the gross national products of China and it is already known to be similar for other major economies like the USA, which is a hefty cost. Nature has inspired a lot of solutions for mankind. In this work, inspired by natural surfaces such as lotus leaves, butterfly wings, and pond skater legs, a class of superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) was fabricated. Moreover, a closer look at how the complex human body puts everything in order exposes one of its most striking and essential characteristics: how wet and lubricated its interfaces are. Our lungs, eyes, joints, intestine, bones; either hairy or porous, all are lined wet surfaces that work as fouling inhibitors and defect free surfaces. This also have been observed elsewhere such as on Nepenthes pitcher plant. Inspired by these, another class of non-wetting surfaces, lubricant-infused surfaces (LIS) was fabricated. This dissertation for the first time investigates a rational methodology in the fabrication of metallic SHS and LIS and their anti-scaling and anti-corrosion properties in different environments of application, including a range of temperature (23°Câ€"90°C), various solutions (pH=1 to pH=14), and long-term static and dynamic (turbulent condition) durability. It is believed that this work would profoundly help to identify appropriate nonwetting metallic surfaces based on the intended use environment.

Froth floatation is an important process used in the mining industry for separating minerals from each other. The separation process is based on rendering a selected mineral hydrophobic using an appropriate hydrophobizing reagent (collector), so that it can selectively attach onto the surfaces of a rising stream of air bubbles. Thus, controlling the hydrophobicity of the minerals to be separated from each other is of critical importance in flotation. If one wishes to separate plastics from each other by flotation, however, it would be necessary to render a selected plastic hydrophilic and leave the others hydrophobic. In the present work, the possibility of separating common plastics from each other by flotation has been explored. While water contact angle is the most widely used measure of the hydrophobicity of a solid, it does not give the information on the kinetics of flotation. Therefore, the forces acting between the surfaces coated with different hydrophobic polymers (or plastics) in water were measured using the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The results obtained with polystyrene, polymethylmethacryrate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), and Teflon showed the existence of long-range attractive forces (or hydrophobic force) that cannot be explained by the classical DLVO theory. The surface force measurements were conducted in pure water and in solutions of surfactant (alkyltrimethylammonium chloride) and a salt (NaCl). In pure water, the attractive forces were much stronger than van der Waals force. In the presence of the surfactant and NaCl, the long-range attraction decreased with increasing concentration and the alkyl chain length. A series of contact angle measurements were conducted to determine the hydrophobicity of polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chlorite (PVC), and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in the presence of different wetting agents (surfactants). The results show the possibility of separating plastics from each other by flotation, and a series of microflotation tests conducted on PS and PVC showed promising results. / Master of Science

Surface force measurements previously conducted with thiolated gold surfaces showed a decrease in excess film entropy (£GSf), suggesting that hydrophobic force originates from changes in the structure of the medium (water) confined between hydrophobic surfaces. As a follow-up to the previous study, surface force measurements have been conducted using an atomic force microscope (AFM) with hydrophobic silica surfaces at temperatures in the range of 10 to 40¢XC. The silica sphere and silica plate were treated by both chemisorption of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and physical adsorption of octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (C18TACl). A thermodynamic analysis of the results show similar results for both of the samples, that both ""Sf and excess film enthalpy ("Hf) become more negative with decreasing thickness of the water layer between the hydrophobic surfaces and decreasing temperature. |"Hf | > |T"Sf| represents a necessary condition for the excess free energy change ("Gf ) to be negative and the hydrophobic interaction to be attractive. Thus, the results obtained with both the silylated and C18TACl-adosrbed silica surfaces in the present work and the thiolated gold suefaces reported before show hydrophobic forces originate from structural changes in the medium. Thermodynamic analysis of SFA force measurements obtained at various temperatures revealed that "Sf were much more negative in the shorter hydrophobic force ranges than in the longer ranges, indicating a more significant degree of structuring in the water film when the two hydrophobic surfaces are closer together. It is believed that the water molecules in the thin liquid films (TLFs) of water form clusters as a means to reduce their free energy when they cannot form H-bonds to neighboring hydrophobic surfaces. Dissolved gas molecules should enhance the stability of structured cluster due to the van der Waals force between the entrapped gas molecules and the surrounding water molecules1, which may enhance the strength of the hydrophobic force. Weaker long-range attractive forces detected in degassed water than in air-equilibrated water was found in the present work by means of AFM force measurements, supporting the effect of dissolved gas on the structuring of water. At last, temperature effects on hydrophobic interactions measured in ethanol and the thermodynamic analysis revealed similar results as those found in water, indicating that the hydrophobic force originates from H-bond propagated structuring in the mediums. / Ph. D.

Hydrophobic interaction plays an important role in biology, daily lives, and a variety of industrial processes such as flotation. While the mechanisms of hydrophobic interactions at molecular scale, as in self-assembly and micellization, is relatively well understood, the mechanisms of macroscopic hydrophobic interactions have been controversial. It is, therefore, the objective of the present work to study the mechanisms of interactions between macroscopic hydrophobic surfaces in H-bonding liquids, including water, ethanol, and water-ethanol mixtures. The first part of the present study involves the measurement of the hydrophobic forces in the thin liquid films (TLFs) confined between two identical hydrophobic surfaces of contact angle 95.3o using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The measurements are conducted in pure water, pure ethanol, and ethanol-water mixtures of varying mole fractions. The results show that strong attractive forces, not considered in the classical DLVO theory, are present in the colloid films formed with all of the H-bonding liquids tested. When an H-bonding liquid is confined between two hydrophobic surfaces, the vicinal liquid molecules form clusters in the TLFs and give rise to an attractive force. The cluster formation is a way to minimize free energy for the molecules denied of H-bonding with the substrates. Thus, solvophobic forces are the result of the antipathy between the CH2- and CH3-coated surface and H-bonding liquid confined in the film. A thermodynamic analysis of the solvophobic forces measured at different temperatures support this mechanism, in which solvophobic interactions entail decreases in the excess film enthalpy and entropy. The former represents the energy gained by building clusters, while the latter represents loss of entropy due to structure building. Thus, hydrophobic interaction may be a subset of solvophobic interaction. The solvophobic forces are strongest in pure water and pure ethanol, and decrease when one is added to the other. Adding a very small amount of ethanol to water sharply reduced the solvophobic force due to the adsorption of the former with an inverse orientation. An exposure of the OH-group toward the aqueous phase decreases the antipathy between the surface and H-bonding liquid and hence causes the hydrophobic (or solvophobic) forces to decrease. The second part of the study involves the measurement of the hydrophobic forces in the wetting films of water using the force apparatus for deformable surfaces (FADS). This new instrument recently developed at Virginia Tech is designed to monitor the deformation of bubbles to determine the surface forces in wetting films. In effect, an air bubble is used a force sensor. The measurements have been conducted with gold, chalcopyrite, and galena as substrates. The results obtained with all three minerals show that hydrophobic force increases with increasing water contact angle, suggesting that hydrophobic forces are inherent properties of hydrophobic surfaces rather than created from artifacts such as preexisting nanobubbles and/or cavitation. A utility of the intrinsic relationship between hydrophobic force and contact angle is to predict flotation kinetics from the hydrophobicity of the minerals of interest. / Ph. D.

The process of froth flotation relies on using air bubbles to collect desired mineral particles dispersed in aqueous media on the surface, while leaving undesirous mineral particles behind. For a particle to be collected on the surface of a bubble, the thin liquid films (or wetting films) of water formed in between must rupture. According to the Frumkin-Derjaguin isotherm, it is necessary that wetting films can rupture when the disjoining pressures are negative. However, the negative disjoining pressures are difficult to measure due to the instability and short lifetimes of the films. In the present work, two new methods of determining negative disjoining pressures have been developed. One is to use the modified thin film pressure balance (TFPB) technique, and the other is to directly determine the interaction forces using the force apparatus for deformable surfaces (FADS) developed in the present work. The former is designed to obtain spatiotemporal profiles of unstable wetting films by recording the optical interference patterns. The kinetic information derived from the spatiotemporal profiles were then used to determine the disjoining pressures using an analytical expression derived in the present work on the basis of the Reynolds lubrication theory. The technique has been used to study the effects of surface hydrophobicity, electrolyte (Al3+ ions) concentration, and bubble size on the stability of wetting films. Further, the geometric mean combining rule has been tested to see if the disjoining pressures of the wetting films can be predicted from the disjoining pressures of the colloid films formed between two hydrophobic surfaces and the disjoining pressures of the foam films formed between two air bubbles. The FADS is capable of directly measuring the interaction forces between air bubble and solid surface, and simultaneously monitoring the bubble deformation. The results were analyzed using the Reynolds lubrication theory and the extended DLVO theory to determine both the hydrodynamic and disjoining pressures. The FADS was used to study the effects of surface hydrophobicity and approach speeds. The results show that hydrophobic force is the major driving force for the bubble-particle interactions occurring in flotation. / Ph. D.