This paper presents new concepts in the use of infinite and infinitesimal numbers in real analysis. theory is based upon the hyperreal number system developed by Abraham Robinson in the 1960's in his invention of "nonstandard analysis". paper begins with a short exposition of the construction of the hyperreal nU1l1ber system and the fundamental results of nonstandard analysis which are used throughout the paper. The new theory which is built upon this foundation organizes the set hyperreal numbers through structures which on an infinite base logarithm. Several new relations are introduced whose properties enable the simplification of calculations involving infinite and infinitesimal The paper explores two areas of application of these results to standard problems in elementary calculus. The first is to the evaluation of limits which assume indeterminate forms. The second is to the determination of convergence of infinite series. Both applications provide methods which greatly reduce the amount of con1putation necessary in many situations. / Master of Science

A área conhecida como Análise Não Standard consiste na aplicação dos métodos da Teoria dos Modelos e da Teoria dos Ultrafiltros para a obtenção de extensões peculiares de sistemas matemáticos infinitos. As novas estruturas construídas segundo esse procedimento satisfazem ao Princípio da Transferência, uma propriedade de suma importância e influência a qual afirma que as mesmas sentenças de primeira ordem com quantificadores limitados são verdadeiras para o sistema original e a sua extensão. Concebida em 1961 por Abraham Robinson e aprimorada por vários matemáticos nos anos subsequentes, tal área de pesquisa provou ser bastante proveitosa e esclarecedora para diversas outras partes da Matemática, como a Topologia, a Teoria das Probabilidades, a Análise Funcional e a Análise Complexa. Manifesta-se uma reavaliação da Teoria dos Domínios Ordenados seguida de um tratamento completo e gradual das fundações da Análise Não Standard assumindo a perspectiva dos Monomorfismos Não Standard, onde adota-se como metateoria a teoria dos conjuntos de Neumann-Bernays-Gödel com o Axioma da Escolha. A fim de impulsionar a assimilação da metodologia abordada, o estudo explora as propriedades do corpo não arquimediano dos números hiper-reais de maneira intuitiva e informal, utilizando-se destas para revelar demonstrações alternativas e relativamente diretas de alguns dos principais resultados do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral, como o Teorema do Valor Intermediário, o Teorema de Bolzano-Weierstrass, o Teorema do Ponto Crítico, o Teorema da Função Inversa e o Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo. / The field known as Non-standard Analysis consists in the application of the methods of Model Theory and Ultrafilter Theory to the attainment of peculiar extensions of infinite mathematical systems. The new structures produced under that procedure satisfy the Transfer Principle, a property of the utmost importance and influence which states that the same first-order sentences with bounded quantifiers are true for the original system and its extension. Conceived in 1961 by Abraham Robinson and improved by a number of mathematicians in the following years, such area of research has proved to be very fruitful and illuminating to many other parts of Mathematics, such as Topology, Probability Theory, Functional Analysis and Complex Analysis. The work presents a reexamination of the Theory of Ordered Domains followed by a thorough and gradual treatment of the foundations of Non-standard Analysis under the perspective of Non-standard Monomorphisms, where Neumann-Bernays-Gödels set theory with the Axiom of Choice is adopted as metatheory. In order to boost the assimilation of the methodology put forward, the study explores the properties of the non-archimedean field of hyperreal numbers in an intuitive and informal fashion, employing them to reveal alternative and relatively direct proofs of some of the main results of Differential and Integral Calculus, such as the Intermediate Value Theorem, the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, the Extreme Value Theorem, the Inverse Function Theorem and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

A área conhecida como Análise Não Standard consiste na aplicação dos métodos da Teoria dos Modelos e da Teoria dos Ultrafiltros para a obtenção de extensões peculiares de sistemas matemáticos infinitos. As novas estruturas construídas segundo esse procedimento satisfazem ao Princípio da Transferência, uma propriedade de suma importância e influência a qual afirma que as mesmas sentenças de primeira ordem com quantificadores limitados são verdadeiras para o sistema original e a sua extensão. Concebida em 1961 por Abraham Robinson e aprimorada por vários matemáticos nos anos subsequentes, tal área de pesquisa provou ser bastante proveitosa e esclarecedora para diversas outras partes da Matemática, como a Topologia, a Teoria das Probabilidades, a Análise Funcional e a Análise Complexa. Manifesta-se uma reavaliação da Teoria dos Domínios Ordenados seguida de um tratamento completo e gradual das fundações da Análise Não Standard assumindo a perspectiva dos Monomorfismos Não Standard, onde adota-se como metateoria a teoria dos conjuntos de Neumann-Bernays-Gödel com o Axioma da Escolha. A fim de impulsionar a assimilação da metodologia abordada, o estudo explora as propriedades do corpo não arquimediano dos números hiper-reais de maneira intuitiva e informal, utilizando-se destas para revelar demonstrações alternativas e relativamente diretas de alguns dos principais resultados do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral, como o Teorema do Valor Intermediário, o Teorema de Bolzano-Weierstrass, o Teorema do Ponto Crítico, o Teorema da Função Inversa e o Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo. / The field known as Non-standard Analysis consists in the application of the methods of Model Theory and Ultrafilter Theory to the attainment of peculiar extensions of infinite mathematical systems. The new structures produced under that procedure satisfy the Transfer Principle, a property of the utmost importance and influence which states that the same first-order sentences with bounded quantifiers are true for the original system and its extension. Conceived in 1961 by Abraham Robinson and improved by a number of mathematicians in the following years, such area of research has proved to be very fruitful and illuminating to many other parts of Mathematics, such as Topology, Probability Theory, Functional Analysis and Complex Analysis. The work presents a reexamination of the Theory of Ordered Domains followed by a thorough and gradual treatment of the foundations of Non-standard Analysis under the perspective of Non-standard Monomorphisms, where Neumann-Bernays-Gödels set theory with the Axiom of Choice is adopted as metatheory. In order to boost the assimilation of the methodology put forward, the study explores the properties of the non-archimedean field of hyperreal numbers in an intuitive and informal fashion, employing them to reveal alternative and relatively direct proofs of some of the main results of Differential and Integral Calculus, such as the Intermediate Value Theorem, the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem, the Extreme Value Theorem, the Inverse Function Theorem and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

We propose preferential and trust-based frameworks for Information Retrieval and Recommender Systems, which utilize the power of Hyperreal Numbers. In the first part of our research, we propose a preferential framework for Information Retrieval which enables expressing preference annotations on search keywords and document elements, respectively. Our framework is flexible and allows expressing preferences such as “A is infinitely more preferred than B,” which we capture by using hyperreal numbers. Due to widespread use of XML as a standard for representing documents, we consider XML documents in this research and propose a consistent preferential weighting scheme for nested document elements. We show how to naturally incorporate preferences on search keywords and document elements into an IR ranking process using the well-known TF-IDF (Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency) ranking measure. In the second part of our research we propose a novel recommender system which enhances user-based collaborative filtering by using a trust-based social network. Again, we use hyperreal numbers and polynomials for capturing natural preferences in aggregating opinions of trusted users. We use these opinions to “help” users who are similar to an active user to come up with recommendations for items for which they might not have an opinion themselves. We argue that the method we propose reflects better the real life behaviour of the people. Our method is justified by the experimental results; we are the first to break a stated “barrier” of 0.73 for the mean absolute error (MAE) of the predicted ratings. Our results are based on a large, real life dataset from Epinions.com, for which, we also achieve a prediction coverage that is significantly better than that of the state-of-the-art methods.