This thesis summarizes three novel and general reaction protocols for the synthesis of diaryliodonium salts. All protocols utilize mCPBA as oxidant and the acids used are either TfOH, to obtain triflate salts, or BF3•Et2O that gives the corresponding tetrafluoroborate salts in situ. Chapter two describes the reaction of various arenes and aryl iodides, delivering electron-rich and electron-deficient triflates in moderate to excellent yields. In chapter three, it is shown that the need of aryl iodides can be circumvented, as molecular iodine can be used together with arenes in a direct one-pot, three-step synthesis of symmetric diaryliodonium triflates. The final and fourth chapter describes the development of a sequential one-pot reaction from aryl iodides and boronic acids, delivering symmetric and unsymmetric, electron-rich and electron-deficient iodonium tetrafluoroborates in moderate to excellent yields. This protocol was developed to overcome mechanistic limitations existing in the protocols described in chapter two and three. The methodology described in this thesis is the most general, efficient and high-yielding existing up to date, making diaryliodonium salts easily available for various applications in synthesis.

La chimie des dérivés à base d’iode hypervalent, également appelés iodanes, connaît depuis la fin des années 1990 un essor important qui s’explique par leurs conditions d’utilisation douces et leur faible toxicité comparée à celle des réactifs à base de métaux lourds. Plus récemment, des versions chirales de ces réactifs font l’objet de nombreuses recherches. Dans ce contexte, une première partie de ces travaux de thèse a consisté à développer de nouveaux iodanes chiraux basés sur un squelette biarylique atropoiso-mériquement pur de type soit 1,1’-binaphtyle, soit 5,5’,6,6’,7,7’,8,8’-octahydro-1,1’-binaphtyle. Plusieurs iodobiaryles ont été synthétisés, puis oxydés efficacement et sélectivement au 3,3-diméthyldioxirane (DMDO) pour donner, après une simple filtration, les iodanes correspondants purs. Le degré d’oxydation de l’atome d’iode de chacun de ces composés a été déterminé par spectroscopie RMN 13C : des iodanes-λ3 ont été isolés dans le cas des systèmes binaphtyliques ou substitués par une fonction acide carboxylique en ortho de l’atome d’iode, tandis que des iodanes-λ5 ont été obtenus pour les composés basés sur un squelette octahydro-1,1’-binaphtyle. Dans une seconde partie, ces iodanes ont été appliqués à des réactions d’oxygénation et plus particulièrement à la désaromatisation hydroxylante asymétrique de 2-alkylarénols. Le 2-méthylnaphtol a été converti en son ortho-quinol avec un excès énantiomérique (ee) atteignant 73 %. Des phénols naturels comme le carvacrol et le thymol ont conduit aux cyclodimères [4+2] d’ortho-quinols, le biscarvacrol et le bisthymol, avec des résultats encore meilleurs, respectivement 74 % ee et 94 % ee. / The chemistry of hypervalent organoiodine compounds, also referred to as iodanes, has experienced an impressive development since the 1990s due to their mild oxidizing conditions and their low toxicity compared to heavy metal-based reagents. Recently, chiral versions of iodanes have been focusing several research efforts. In this context, the first part of this work was dedicated to the development of new chiral iodanes with an atropisomerically pure biarylic structure, either 1,1’-binaphthyl or 5,5’,6,6’,7,7’,8,8’-octahydro-1,1’-binaphthyl. Many iodobiaryls were synthesized, and then efficiently and selectively oxidized with 3,3-dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) to furnish the corresponding pure iodanes by simple filtration. The oxidation state of the iodine atom of each compound was determined by 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis: λ3-iodanes were isolated in the case of binaphthylic structures or when the iodoarene bears a carboxylic acid function ortho to the iodine atom, whereas λ5-iodanes were obtained for octahydro-1,1’-binaphthylic compounds. These iodanes were next applied to oxygenation reactions and in particular to asymmetric hydroxylative dearomatization of 2-alkylarenols. 2-Methylnaphthol was converted into its ortho-quinol with up to 73 % enantiomeric excess (ee). Natural phenols such as carvacrol and thymol gave the corresponding ortho-quinol-based [4+2] cyclodimers, biscarvacrol and bisthymol, with even better results of 74 % ee and 94 % ee, respectively.

In the first section this thesis includes the reactivity of various oxygen-containing benzofused cyclic alkenes with HTIB (Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene). Instead of getting ring contraction products, 2H-chromene resulted in 4H-chromenes together with trans-addition products. Only cis-addition products were isolated from 4-methyl-2H-chromene. Ring contraction was observed in dihydrobenzoxepines and 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromenes giving functionalized chromanes and benzofurans, respectively. In the second part, the ring contraction of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes using HTIB was expanded to substrates bearing oxygen and nitrogen substituents in the aromatic ring. The N-protecting groups Fmoc and Bz are stable under the reaction conditions giving indanes in 64-77% yield. The Ts-protected substrate gave only addition products. Acetoxy and benzoyloxy alkenes afforded indanes in 60-71% yield. A new and efficient method for the oxidative rearrangement (ring contraction and expansion) of alkenes using in situ generated iodine(III) is described in the third section. The protocol uses inexpensive and stable chemicals (PhI, mCPBA and TsOH) furnishing rearrangement products in yields comparable to those obtained using commercially available iodine(III). Additionally, a new route for the one step transformation of 4-methyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene into 1-methyl-2-tetralone using mCPBA and TsOH was developed. In the last section is presented the reactivity of chiral iodine(III) with 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes. The hypervalent iodine species is generated in situ from chiral aryl iodide, which is prepared in one high yield step from inexpensive starting materials. Protected (Ac, Bz and Fmoc) amine alkenes gave indanes in 60-75% and 58-64% ee. In the same way, oxygenated substrates afforded acetal in 41-61% yield and 54-78% ee. Ring contraction products were obtained in 77-88% yield and 34-40% ee when 1-methyl and aryl substituted alkenes were utilized. / A primeira parte desta tese inclui a reatividade de vários alquenos benzofundidos cíclicos contendo oxigênio com HTIB (Hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno). Em vez de obter os produtos de contração de anel, 2H-cromeno resultou em 4H-cromenos, juntamente com produtos trans-adição. Apenas produtos de adição de cis foram isolados a partir de 4-metil-2H-cromeno. Contração do anel foi observada em di-hidrobenzoxepinas e 2,2-dimetil-2H-cromenos dando cromanos funcionalizados e benzofuranos, respectivamente. Na segunda parte, a contração de anel de 1,2-di-hidronaftalenos usando HTIB foi expandida para substratos contendo substituintes de oxigênio e de nitrogênio no anel aromático. Os grupos N-protetores Fmoc e Bz são estáveis sob as condições de reação fornecendo indanos em 64-77% de rendimento. O substrato protegido com Ts deu apenas os produtos de adição. Acetóxi e benzoilóxi alquenos geraram indanos em 60-71% de rendimento. Um método novo e eficiente para o rearranjo oxidativo (contração e expansão do anel) de alquenos utilizando iodo(III) gerado in situ é descrito na terceira parte. O protocolo utiliza reagentes baratos e estáveis (PhI, mCPBA e TsOH) fornecendo produtos de rearranjo com rendimentos comparáveis aos obtidos utilizando iodo(III) disponível comercialmente. Além disso, um método para a transformação em uma etapa de 4-metil-1,2-di-hidronaftaleno em 1-metil-2-tetralona utilizando mCPBA e TsOH foi desenvolvido. Na última parte é apresentada a reatividade de iodo(III) quiral com 1,2-di-hidronaftalenos. A espécie de iodo hipervalente é gerada in situ a partir de iodeto de arila quiral, o qual é preparado em uma etapa em rendimento elevado a partir de materiais de partida baratos. Amino alquenos protegidos (Ac, Bz e Fmoc) deram indanos em 60-75% de rendimento e 58-64% ee. Da mesma forma, os substratos oxigenados proporcionram acetais em 41-61% de rendimento e 54-78% de ee. Produtos de contração de anel foram obtidos em 77-88% de rendimento e 34-40% de ee quando alquenos 1-metil e aril substituídos foram utilizados.

Esta dissertação está dividida em duas partes, intituladas: 1) reações de expansão de anel promovidas por iodo(III) e 2) estudos visando à oxidação de octalinas e metileno-ciclo-hexanos. Na primeira parte foram estudadas reações de expansão de anel de álcoois alílicos protegidos com TMS (trimetilsilano) e de benzo-metilenos com iodo(III). O principal reagente de iodo hipervalente utilizado foi o hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno (HTIB). O comportamento de cinco álcoois alílicos protegidos foi investigado: dois contendo metoxilas no anel aromático, um contendo bromo no anel aromático, um derivado de tetra-hidroquinolina e um derivado de benzofurano. Verificou-se a formação de produtos com anéis de sete membros em rendimentos de cerca de 70%. As condições reacionais empregadas foram: temperaturas de -72 a 50 °C, MeOH ou mistura MeOH/AcOEt e tempos de reação de 2-6 h. É importante frisar a formação de uma benzo-azepina. Além disso, empregando um substrato aromático rico em elétrons, obtivemos um produto de desaromatização, em uma reação pouco usual para as condições empregadas. Nas reações dos benzo-metilenos com iodo(III) foram testados quatro substratos: um derivado de benzo-furano, um derivado de indol, um benzo-pirano e uma benzoxepina. As reações foram realizadas em MeOH, à t.a., em 20-60 min. Os produtos de expansão de anel heterocíclicos foram formados em rendimentos de aproximadamente 60%, sendo destaque a obtenção de anéis de oito membros com oxigênio. Finalmente, na segunda parte do trabalho, foram realizados estudos visando à contração de anel de uma cis-octalina e à expansão de um metileno-ciclo-hexano utilizando HTIB. Os testes apontaram para a formação de produtos de adição e de contração de anel em quantidade de traço. / This Master\'s Thesis is divided in two parts, titled: 1) ring expansion reactions promoted by iodine(III) and 2) studies toward the oxidation of octalins and methylenecyclohexanes. On the first part, ring expansion reactions of TMS (trimethylsilane) protected allylic alcohols and benzomethylenes promoted by iodine(III) were studied. The main hypervalent iodine reagent employed was hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene (HTIB). Five protected allylic alcohols were explored: two containing methoxy groups on the aromatic ring, one containing a bromine on the aromatic ring, one tetrahydroquinoline derivative, and one benzofurane derivative. Seven-membered ring compounds were formed in nearly 70% yield. Reaction conditions were: temperature from -72°C to 50 °C, MeOH or MeOH/AcOEt as solvent and reaction time of 2-6 h. The formation of a benzoazepine needs to be highlighted. In addition, using an electron-rich aromatic substrate, a dearomatization product was obtained. This is an unusual result considering the conditions used. Regarding reactions of benzomethylenes with iodine(III), the behavior of four substrates was studied: a benzofuran derivative, an indole derivative, a benzopyran and a benzoxepin. Reactions were performed in MeOH, at r.t. in 20-60 min. The ring expanded products were obtained with yields of approximately 60%. The formation of eight-membered rings O-heterocycle was achieved. Finally, on the second part of this work, reactions of HTIB with a cis-octalin and with a methylenecyclohexane were studied aiming ring contraction and expansion products, respectively. Tests showed the formation of addition and ring contraction products as traces

A primeira parte deste trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese da (+)-baquenolida A empregando uma reação de contração de anel como etapa chave. A molécula alvo foi alcançada diastereosseletivamente em 15 etapas e com rendimento global de 6,2% a partir da cetona de Wieland-Miescher opticamente ativa, que foi preparada por meio de uma reação de anelação de Robinson assimétrica. Estudos realizados para a otimização da etapa chave exibiram melhores resultados quando trinitrato de tálio (TTN) foi empregado como oxidante. Contudo, o reagente de iodo(III) (diacetóxi)iodobenzeno (DIB) também pôde ser empregado para realizar esta transformação na presença de ácido ou quantidade catalítica de TTN, mas com baixos rendimentos. Foi estudada a oxidação de cis-octalinas e derivados com TTN em acetonitrila. A reação de diversos derivados de cis-octalinas com tálio(III) levou a diferentes produtos, dependendo principalmente do padrão de substituição do substrato. Os resultados mais promissores foram a obtenção de cis-hidrindanos funcionalizados a partir dos substratos 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro- 4a-metilnaftaleno e 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro-4a,7-dimetilnaftaleno. Considerando que o grupo metoxila é muito estável e mesmo assim a reação do substrato 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro-1- metóxi-6,8a-dimetilnaftaleno com TTN levou ao produto de contração em baixo rendimento, concluímos que a presença de grupos funcionais contendo oxigênio na posição C-1 prejudica o rearranjo oxidativo para a formação do produto de contração. A utilização de acetonitrila como solvente nas reações de oxidação de 1,2-dihidronaftalenos mediadas por TTN proporcionou a obtenção de produtos de contração a partir de substratos contendo ligação dupla trissubstituída. Uma vez que produtos de contração são isolados nas reações de di-hidronaftalenos trissubstituídos com tálio(III) ou com iodo(III) em acetonitrila, mas são obtidos apenas produtos de adição nas reações em metanol ou trimetilortoformiato, podemos concluir que o sucesso da reação de contração depende essencialmente da natureza do solvente. Finalmente, este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos durante a preparação do reagente de Koser [hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno, HTIB] e derivados a partir de iodo molecular e arenos ou iodoarenos. O emprego de um procedimento \"one-pot\" em duas etapas foi uma boa alternativa para a preparação do HTIB a partir de benzeno, mas forneceu piores resultados que o procedimento em uma única etapa quando arenos contendo grupos doadores de elétrons foram utilizados como substratos. Não foi possível preparar derivados do reagente de Koser a partir de arenos contendo grupos retiradores de elétrons. De acordo com os resultados obtidos para a preparação de derivados do reagente de Koser a partir de iodoarenos, verificamos a promissora utilização de 1,1,1-trifluoroetanol (TFE) como co-solvente / The first part of this work aimed the synthesis of (+)-bakkenolide A employing a ring contraction reaction as key step. The target molecule was achieved, with high diastereoselectivity, in 15 steps and in 6.2% overall yield from the optically active Wieland-Miescher ketone, which was prepared by an asymmetric Robinson annulation. Studies to optimize the key step showed better results when thallium trinitrate (TTN) was used as oxidant. However, the iodine(III) reagent (diacetoxy)iodobenzene (DIB) could also be employed to promote this transformation in the presence of acid or catalytic amounts of TTN, but with low yields. We studied the oxidation of cis-octalins and derivatives with TTN in acetonitrile. The reaction of several cis-octalins derivatives with thallium(III) furnished different products, depending mainly on the substitution pattern of the substrate. The most promising results were the preparation of functionalized cis-hydrindanes from 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4amethylnaphthalene and from 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4a,7-dimethylnaphthalene. Since methoxy group is one of the more stable protecting groups for alcohols and still the reaction of the 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-1-methoxy-6,8a-dimethylnaphthalene with TTN led to the ring contraction product in low yield, we conclude that the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups at the C-1 affect the oxidative rearrangement. The use of acetonitrile as solvent in TTN-mediated oxidation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes furnished ring contraction products from substrates containing trisubstituted double bond. Since ring contraction products are isolated in the reactions of trisubstituted dihydronaphthalenes either with thallium(III) or with iodine(III) in acetonitrile, but only addition products are obtained from reactions in methanol or in trimethylorthoformate, we concluded that the success of the ring contraction reaction dependes on the nature of the solvent. Finally, this thesis presents the results obtained during the preparation of the Koser\'s reagent [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene, HTIB] and derivatives from molecular iodine and arenes or iodoarenos. The use of a one-pot two-step procedure was a good alternative for the preparation of HTIB from benzene, but gave worse results than the procedure in one-step when arenes containing electron donor groups were used as substrates. We could not prepare Koser\'s reagent derivatives from arenes containing electron-withdrawing groups. According to the results obtained for the preparation of Koser\'s reagent derivatives from iodoarenos, we could observe the promising use of 1,1,1-trifluoroethanol (TFE) as co-solvent.

Esta dissertação está dividida em duas partes, intituladas: 1) reações de expansão de anel promovidas por iodo(III) e 2) estudos visando à oxidação de octalinas e metileno-ciclo-hexanos. Na primeira parte foram estudadas reações de expansão de anel de álcoois alílicos protegidos com TMS (trimetilsilano) e de benzo-metilenos com iodo(III). O principal reagente de iodo hipervalente utilizado foi o hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno (HTIB). O comportamento de cinco álcoois alílicos protegidos foi investigado: dois contendo metoxilas no anel aromático, um contendo bromo no anel aromático, um derivado de tetra-hidroquinolina e um derivado de benzofurano. Verificou-se a formação de produtos com anéis de sete membros em rendimentos de cerca de 70%. As condições reacionais empregadas foram: temperaturas de -72 a 50 °C, MeOH ou mistura MeOH/AcOEt e tempos de reação de 2-6 h. É importante frisar a formação de uma benzo-azepina. Além disso, empregando um substrato aromático rico em elétrons, obtivemos um produto de desaromatização, em uma reação pouco usual para as condições empregadas. Nas reações dos benzo-metilenos com iodo(III) foram testados quatro substratos: um derivado de benzo-furano, um derivado de indol, um benzo-pirano e uma benzoxepina. As reações foram realizadas em MeOH, à t.a., em 20-60 min. Os produtos de expansão de anel heterocíclicos foram formados em rendimentos de aproximadamente 60%, sendo destaque a obtenção de anéis de oito membros com oxigênio. Finalmente, na segunda parte do trabalho, foram realizados estudos visando à contração de anel de uma cis-octalina e à expansão de um metileno-ciclo-hexano utilizando HTIB. Os testes apontaram para a formação de produtos de adição e de contração de anel em quantidade de traço. / This Master\'s Thesis is divided in two parts, titled: 1) ring expansion reactions promoted by iodine(III) and 2) studies toward the oxidation of octalins and methylenecyclohexanes. On the first part, ring expansion reactions of TMS (trimethylsilane) protected allylic alcohols and benzomethylenes promoted by iodine(III) were studied. The main hypervalent iodine reagent employed was hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene (HTIB). Five protected allylic alcohols were explored: two containing methoxy groups on the aromatic ring, one containing a bromine on the aromatic ring, one tetrahydroquinoline derivative, and one benzofurane derivative. Seven-membered ring compounds were formed in nearly 70% yield. Reaction conditions were: temperature from -72°C to 50 °C, MeOH or MeOH/AcOEt as solvent and reaction time of 2-6 h. The formation of a benzoazepine needs to be highlighted. In addition, using an electron-rich aromatic substrate, a dearomatization product was obtained. This is an unusual result considering the conditions used. Regarding reactions of benzomethylenes with iodine(III), the behavior of four substrates was studied: a benzofuran derivative, an indole derivative, a benzopyran and a benzoxepin. Reactions were performed in MeOH, at r.t. in 20-60 min. The ring expanded products were obtained with yields of approximately 60%. The formation of eight-membered rings O-heterocycle was achieved. Finally, on the second part of this work, reactions of HTIB with a cis-octalin and with a methylenecyclohexane were studied aiming ring contraction and expansion products, respectively. Tests showed the formation of addition and ring contraction products as traces

Cette thèse se divise en trois parties. La première partie concerne nos approches vers la fonctionnalisation régiosélective d’imines, générées in situ dans le milieu réactionnel. En particulier, nous avons développé une méthode de synthèse d’α-amidosulfures qui furent ensuite utilisés comme plateforme pour accéder à des α-aryles amines aliphatiques par réaction de Friedel-Crafts déclenchée par du NIS. La seconde partie de ce travail rapporte la synthèse de spirobiindane rigides optiquement actifs, que nous avons ensuite utilisés comme plateforme pour former des organocatalyseurs de type acides phosphoriques. Ces derniers furent ensuite exploités dans le développement d’une réaction de cycloaddition [3+2] -optionnellement amorcée par du PIDA- donnant accès à des 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranes optiquement actifs. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, deux séquences réactionnelles furent développées, donnant accès à des iodoarènes iodés : les BINIs et SPINIs ortho-diarylés. Ces structures furent engagées en organocatalyse, et ont permis d’apporter une approche rationnelle aux mécanismes d’induction asymétrique impliquant des espèces iodés hypervalentes. / This thesis is divided in three parts. The first part deals with our approaches toward regioselective functionalization of in situ generated imines. In particular, we had developed a synthesis of α-amidosulfides, which were used as substrates to access aliphatics α-aryles amines through a NIS-triggered Friedel-Crafts reaction. Second part of this work describe the synthesis of spirobiindane-based organocatalysts, which were used in a [3+2] cycloaddition - optionally triggered with PIDA - leading to optically actives 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans. Finally, two synthetic pathways were developed to form new class of aryliodides: diaryls BINIs & SPINIs. Those scaffolds were exploited to bring a rational explanation of chirality transfer in reactions using hypervalent iodine species.

Ces travaux concernent le développement de nouveaux iodanes chiraux et leur application à des réactions d’oxygénation asymétriques. Ces réactifs à base d’iode hypervalent constituent une alternative intéressante aux réactifs à base de métaux lourds en termes de réactivité et de toxicité. La première partie de ce travail a été consacrée à la synthèse de nouvelles structures originales C 2 -symétriques énantiopures de type S alen. Un criblage de conditions oxydantes a ensuite montré que seul le 3,3-diméthyldioxirane (DMDO) permet une oxydation propre et sélective de ces iodoarènes en iodanes-λ5 correspondants, composés isolables par simple filtration et dont la nature a pu être déterminée sans ambiguïté par analyse spectroscopique RMN 13C. Dans un second temps, ces nouveaux iodanes-λ5 chiraux ont été appliqués à des réactions d’oxygénation asymétriques, et plus particulièrement à la désaromatisation hydroxylante (réaction HPD) de 2-alkylphénols tels que le carvacrol et le thymol. Les meilleurs excès énantiomériques (ee) sont obtenus lorsque la réaction HPD est réalisée à température ambiante dans un mélange 85:15 de dichlorométhane/ trifluoroéthanol. Le carvacrol est ainsi converti en son cyclodimère [4+2] d’ortho -quinol naturel, le biscarvacrol, avec 55% de ee, et le thymol en bisthymol avec 68% de ee. / This work focuses on the development of new chiral iodanes and their application to asymmetric oxygenation reactions. These hypervalent iodine-based reagents represent an interesting alternative to heavy metal-based reagents in terms of reactivity and toxicity. The first part of this work consisted in the synthesis of new enantiopure C 2 -symmetrical Salen-type structures. A screening of oxidizing conditions then showed that only 3,3-dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) is able to mediate a clean and selective oxidation of these iodoarenes into to the corresponding λ5-iodanes, which were isolated by simple filtration and further characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis. In a second part, these new chiral λ5-iodanes were applied to asymmetric oxygenation reactions, in particular the Hydroxylative Phenol Dearomatization reaction (HPD reaction) of 2-alkylphenols such as carvacrol and thymol. Best enantiomeric excesses (ee) where obtained when the HPD reaction was performed in a 85:15 mixture of dichloromethane/ trifluoroethanol. Carvacrol was converted into its natural ortho -quinol-based [4+2] cyclodimer biscarvacrol with ee up to 55%, and thymol into bisthymol with ee up to 68%.

Au cours de ce travail de nouvelles méthodes pour la formation de liaison C-N ont été développées. Dans la première partie de cette thèse une application de catalyse métal-ligand bifonctionnelle pour la réaction énantiosélective aza-Michael est démontrée. Dans la deuxième partie nous présentons le travail sur les cyclisations, en utilisant des alcaloïdes du quinquina facilement disponibles, comme catalyseurs des plus prometteurs, fournissant des β-amino-acides d’indoline avec jusqu'à 98% ee. Parmi eux, l’hydroquinidine ressort du lot comme étant le catalyseur donnant le meilleur excès énatiomérique. La troisième partie est liée à l'élaboration d'un nouveau processus intermoléculaires de diamination de styrènes, diènes et triènes, utilisant des bis-sulfonylimides comme source d'azote, en combinaison avec le diacétate de iodosobenzène, qui fournit une approche intéressante et efficace de diamines vicinales biologiquement et chimiquement important. La réaction peut être effectuée à température ambiante sans avoir besoin de protection par atmosphère inerte. / The concept of metal-ligand bifunctionality was successfully applied for an enantioselective aza-Michael reaction by employing well-defined ruthenium amido complexes. The catalyst was optimised and the corresponding chiral indoline β-amino acid derivatives were obtained with high enantioselectivities. Next, a straightforward enantioselective bifunctional organocatalytic approach was also developed. Employing hydroquinidine as catalyst the corresponding cyclic products were obtained in excellent enantioselectivities and quantitative yields. These compounds can be selectively deprotected and applied to peptide synthesis. Finally, we have developed unprecedented diamination reactions of styrenes, butadienes and hexatrienes employing easily accessible hypervalent iodine(III) reagents under robust reaction conditions. The first examples of the metal-free 1,2-diamination of butadienes were demonstrated and this oxidation methodology was further extended to the highly attractive 1,4 installation of two nitrogen atoms within a single step.

A primeira parte deste trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese da (+)-baquenolida A empregando uma reação de contração de anel como etapa chave. A molécula alvo foi alcançada diastereosseletivamente em 15 etapas e com rendimento global de 6,2% a partir da cetona de Wieland-Miescher opticamente ativa, que foi preparada por meio de uma reação de anelação de Robinson assimétrica. Estudos realizados para a otimização da etapa chave exibiram melhores resultados quando trinitrato de tálio (TTN) foi empregado como oxidante. Contudo, o reagente de iodo(III) (diacetóxi)iodobenzeno (DIB) também pôde ser empregado para realizar esta transformação na presença de ácido ou quantidade catalítica de TTN, mas com baixos rendimentos. Foi estudada a oxidação de cis-octalinas e derivados com TTN em acetonitrila. A reação de diversos derivados de cis-octalinas com tálio(III) levou a diferentes produtos, dependendo principalmente do padrão de substituição do substrato. Os resultados mais promissores foram a obtenção de cis-hidrindanos funcionalizados a partir dos substratos 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro- 4a-metilnaftaleno e 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro-4a,7-dimetilnaftaleno. Considerando que o grupo metoxila é muito estável e mesmo assim a reação do substrato 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro-1- metóxi-6,8a-dimetilnaftaleno com TTN levou ao produto de contração em baixo rendimento, concluímos que a presença de grupos funcionais contendo oxigênio na posição C-1 prejudica o rearranjo oxidativo para a formação do produto de contração. A utilização de acetonitrila como solvente nas reações de oxidação de 1,2-dihidronaftalenos mediadas por TTN proporcionou a obtenção de produtos de contração a partir de substratos contendo ligação dupla trissubstituída. Uma vez que produtos de contração são isolados nas reações de di-hidronaftalenos trissubstituídos com tálio(III) ou com iodo(III) em acetonitrila, mas são obtidos apenas produtos de adição nas reações em metanol ou trimetilortoformiato, podemos concluir que o sucesso da reação de contração depende essencialmente da natureza do solvente. Finalmente, este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos durante a preparação do reagente de Koser [hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno, HTIB] e derivados a partir de iodo molecular e arenos ou iodoarenos. O emprego de um procedimento \"one-pot\" em duas etapas foi uma boa alternativa para a preparação do HTIB a partir de benzeno, mas forneceu piores resultados que o procedimento em uma única etapa quando arenos contendo grupos doadores de elétrons foram utilizados como substratos. Não foi possível preparar derivados do reagente de Koser a partir de arenos contendo grupos retiradores de elétrons. De acordo com os resultados obtidos para a preparação de derivados do reagente de Koser a partir de iodoarenos, verificamos a promissora utilização de 1,1,1-trifluoroetanol (TFE) como co-solvente / The first part of this work aimed the synthesis of (+)-bakkenolide A employing a ring contraction reaction as key step. The target molecule was achieved, with high diastereoselectivity, in 15 steps and in 6.2% overall yield from the optically active Wieland-Miescher ketone, which was prepared by an asymmetric Robinson annulation. Studies to optimize the key step showed better results when thallium trinitrate (TTN) was used as oxidant. However, the iodine(III) reagent (diacetoxy)iodobenzene (DIB) could also be employed to promote this transformation in the presence of acid or catalytic amounts of TTN, but with low yields. We studied the oxidation of cis-octalins and derivatives with TTN in acetonitrile. The reaction of several cis-octalins derivatives with thallium(III) furnished different products, depending mainly on the substitution pattern of the substrate. The most promising results were the preparation of functionalized cis-hydrindanes from 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4amethylnaphthalene and from 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4a,7-dimethylnaphthalene. Since methoxy group is one of the more stable protecting groups for alcohols and still the reaction of the 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-1-methoxy-6,8a-dimethylnaphthalene with TTN led to the ring contraction product in low yield, we conclude that the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups at the C-1 affect the oxidative rearrangement. The use of acetonitrile as solvent in TTN-mediated oxidation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes furnished ring contraction products from substrates containing trisubstituted double bond. Since ring contraction products are isolated in the reactions of trisubstituted dihydronaphthalenes either with thallium(III) or with iodine(III) in acetonitrile, but only addition products are obtained from reactions in methanol or in trimethylorthoformate, we concluded that the success of the ring contraction reaction dependes on the nature of the solvent. Finally, this thesis presents the results obtained during the preparation of the Koser\'s reagent [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene, HTIB] and derivatives from molecular iodine and arenes or iodoarenos. The use of a one-pot two-step procedure was a good alternative for the preparation of HTIB from benzene, but gave worse results than the procedure in one-step when arenes containing electron donor groups were used as substrates. We could not prepare Koser\'s reagent derivatives from arenes containing electron-withdrawing groups. According to the results obtained for the preparation of Koser\'s reagent derivatives from iodoarenos, we could observe the promising use of 1,1,1-trifluoroethanol (TFE) as co-solvent.