The rational construction of the house. The writings and projects of Giuseppe Pagano Description, themes and research objectives The research aims at analysing the architecture of Giuseppe Pagano, which focuses on the theme of dwelling, through the reading of 3 of his house projects. On the one hand, these projects represent “minor” works not thoroughly known by Pagano’s contemporary critics; on the other they emphasise a particular methodological approach, which serves the author to explore a theme closely linked to his theoretical thought. The house project is a key to Pagano’s research, given its ties to the socio-cultural and political conditions in which the architect was working, so that it becomes a mirror of one of his specific and theoretical path, always in a state of becoming. Pagano understands architecture as a “servant of the human being”, subject to a “utilitarian slavery” since it is a clear, essential and “modest” answer to specific human needs, free from aprioristic aesthetic and formal choices. It is a rational architecture in sensu stricto; it constitutes a perfect synthesis between cause and effect and between function and form. The house needs to accommodate these principles because it is closely intertwined with human needs and intimately linked to a specific place, climatic conditions and technical and economical possibilities. Besides, differently from his public and common masterpieces such as the Palazzo Gualino, the Istituto di Fisica and the Università Commerciale Bocconi, the house projects are representative of a precise project will, which is expressed in a more authentic way, partially freed from political influences and dogmatic preoccupations and, therefore, far from the attempt to research a specific expressive language. I believe that the house project better represents that “ingenuity”, freshness and “sincerity” that Pagano identifies with the minor architecture, thereby revealing a more authentic expression of his understanding of a project. Therefore, the thesis, by tracing the theoretical research of Pagano through the analysis of some of his designed and built works, attempts to identify a specific methodological approach to Pagano’s project, which, developed through time, achieves a certain clarity in the 1930s. In fact, this methodological approach becomes more evident in his last projects, mainly regarding the house and the urban space. These reflect the attempt to respond to the new social needs and, at the same time, they also are an expression of a freer idea of built architecture, closely linked with the place and with the human being who dwells it. The three chosen projects (Villa Colli, La Casa a struttura d’acciaio and Villa Caraccio) make Pagano facing different places, different customers and different economic and technical conditions, which, given the author’s biography, correspond to important historical and political conditions. This is the reason why the projects become apparently distant works, both linguistically and conceptually, to the point that one can define them as ”eclectic”. However, I argue that this eclecticism is actually an added value to the architectural work of Pagano, steaming from the use of a method which, having as a basis the postulate of a rational architecture as essence and logic of building, finds specific variations depending on the multiple variables to be addressed by the project. This is the methodological heritage that Pagano learns from the tradition, especially that of the rural residential architecture, defined by Pagano as a “dictionary of the building logic of man”, as an “a-stylistic background”. For Pagano this traditional architecture is a clear expression of the relationships between a theme and its development, an architectural “fact” that is resolved with purely technical and utilitarian aims and with a spontaneous development far from any aprioristic theoretical principle. Architecture, therefore, cannot be an invention for Pagano and the personal contribution of each architect has to consider his/her close relationship with the specific historical context, place and new building methods. These are basic principles in the methodological approach that drives a great deal of his research and that also permits his thought to be modern. I argue that both ongoing and new collaborations with younger protagonists of the culture and architecture of the period are significant for the development of his methodology. These encounters represent the will to spread his own understanding of the “new architecture” as well as a way of self-renewal by confronting the self with new themes and realities and by learning from his collaborators. Thesis’ outline The thesis is divided in two principal parts, each articulated in four chapters attempting to offer a new reading of the theory and work of Pagano by emphasising the central themes of the research. The first chapter is an introduction to the thesis and to the theme of the rational house, as understood and developed in its typological and technical aspects by Pagano and by other protagonists of the Italian rationalism of the 1930s. Here the attention is on two different aspects defining, according to Pagano, the house project: on the one hand, the typological renewal, aimed at defining a “standard form” as a clear and essential answer to certain needs and variables of the project leading to different formal expressions. On the other, it focuses on the building, understood as a technique to “produce” architecture, where new technologies and new materials are not merely tools but also essential elements of the architectural work. In this way the villa becomes different from the theme of the common house or from that of the minimalist house, by using rules in the choice of material and in the techniques that are every time different depending on the theme under exploration and on the contingency of place. It is also visible the rigorous rationalism that distinguishes the author's appropriation of certain themes of rural architecture. The pages of “Casabella” and the events of the contemporary Triennali form the preliminary material for the writing of this chapter given that they are primary sources to individuate projects and writings produced by Pagano and contemporary architects on this theme. These writings and projects, when compared, reconstruct the evolution of the idea of the rational house and, specifically, of the personal research of Pagano. The second part regards the reading of three of Pagano’s projects of houses as a built verification of his theories. This section constitutes the central part of the thesis since it is aimed at detecting a specific methodological approach showing a theoretical and ideological evolution expressed in the vast edited literature. The three projects that have been chosen explore the theme of the house, looking at various research themes that the author proposes and that find continuity in the affirmation of a specific rationalism, focussed on concepts such as essentiality, utility, functionality and building honesty. These concepts guide the thought and the activities of Pagano, also reflecting a social and cultural period. The projects span from the theme of the villa moderna, Villa Colli, which, inspired by the architecture of North Europe, anticipates a specific rationalism of Pagano based on rigour, simplicity and essentiality, to the theme of the common house, Casa a struttura d’acciaio, la casa del domani, which ponders on the definition of new living spaces and, moreover, on new concepts of standardisation, economical efficiency and new materials responding to the changing needs of the modern society. Finally, the third project returns to the theme of the, Villa Caraccio, revisiting it with new perspectives. These perspectives find in the solution of the open plant, in the openness to nature and landscape and in the revisiting of materials and local building systems that idea of the freed house, which express clearly a new theoretical thought. Methodology It needs to be noted that due to the lack of an official Archive of Pagano’s work, the analysis of his work has been difficult and this explains the necessity to read the articles and the drawings published in the pages of «Casabella» and «Domus». As for the projects of Villa Colli and Casa a struttura d’acciaio, parts of the original drawings have been consulted. These drawings are not published and are kept in private archives of the collaborators of Pagano. The consultation of these documents has permitted the analysis of the cited works, which have been subject to a more complete reading following the different proposed solutions, which have permitted to understand the project path. The projects are analysed thought the method of comparison and critical reading which, specifically, means graphical elaborations and analytical schemes, mostly reconstructed on the basis of original projects but, where possible, also on a photographic investigation. The focus is on the project theme which, beginning with a specific living (dwelling) typology, finds variations because of the historico-political context in which Pagano is embedded and which partially shapes his research and theoretical thought, then translated in the built work. The analysis of the work follows, beginning, where possible, from a reconstruction of the evolution of the project as elaborated on the basis of the original documents and ending on an analysis of the constructive principles and composition. This second phase employs a methodology proposed by Pagano in his article Piante di ville, which, as expected, focuses on the plant as essential tool to identify the “true practical and poetic qualities of the construction”(Pagano, «Costruzioni-Casabella», 1940, p. 2). The reading of the project is integrated with the constructive analyses related to the technical aspects of the house which, in the case of Casa a struttura d’acciaio, play an important role in the project, while in Villa Colli and in Villa Caraccio are principally linked to the choice of materials for the construction of the different architectural elements. These are nonetheless key factors in the composition of the work. Future work could extend this reading to other house projects to deepen the research that could be completed with the consultation of Archival materials, which are missing at present. Finally, in the appendix I present a critical selection of the Pagano’s writings, which recall the themes discussed and embodied by the three projects. The texts have been selected among the articles published in Casabella and in other journals, completing the reading of the project work which cannot be detached from his theoretical thought. Moving from theory to project, we follow a path that brings us to define and deepen the central theme of the thesis: rational building as the principal feature of the architectural research of Pagano, which is paraphrased in multiple ways in his designed and built works.

I Max Bill is an intense giornata of a big fresco. An analysis of the main social, artistic and cultural events throughout the twentieth century is needed in order to trace his career through his masterpieces and architectures. Some of the faces of this hypothetical mural painting are, among others, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Ernesto Nathan Rogers, Kandinskij, Klee, Mondrian, Vatongerloo, Ignazio Silone, while the backcloth is given by artistic avant-gardes, Bauhaus, International Exhibitions, CIAM, war events, reconstruction, Milan Triennali, Venice Biennali, the School of Ulm. Architect, even though more known as painter, sculptor, designer and graphic artist, Max Bill attends the Bauhaus as a student in the years 1927-1929, and from this experience derives the main features of a rational, objective, constructive and non figurative art. His research is devoted to give his art a scientific methodology: each work proceeds from the analysis of a problem to the logical and always verifiable solution of the same problem. By means of composition elements (such as rhythm, seriality, theme and its variation, harmony and dissonance), he faces, with consistent results, themes apparently very distant from each other as the project for the H.f.G. or the design for a font. Mathematics are a constant reference frame as field of certainties, order, objectivity: ‘for Bill mathematics are never confined to a simple function: they represent a climate of spiritual certainties, and also the theme of non attempted in its purest state, objectivity of the sign and of the geometrical place, and at the same time restlessness of the infinity: Limited and Unlimited ’. In almost sixty years of activity, experiencing all artistic fields, Max Bill works, projects, designs, holds conferences and exhibitions in Europe, Asia and Americas, confronting himself with the most influencing personalities of the twentieth century. In such a vast scenery, the need to limit the investigation field combined with the necessity to address and analyse the unpublished and original aspect of Bill’s relations with Italy. The original contribution of the present research regards this particular ‘geographic delimitation’; in particular, beyond the deep cultural exchanges between Bill and a series of Milanese architects, most of all with Rogers, two main projects have been addressed: the realtà nuova at Milan Triennale in 1947, and the Contemporary Art Museum in Florence in 1980. It is important to note that these projects have not been previously investigated, and the former never appears in the sources either. These works, together with the most well-known ones, such as the projects for the VI and IX Triennale, and the Swiss pavilion for the Biennale, add important details to the reference frame of the relations which took place between Zurich and Milan. Most of the occasions for exchanges took part in between the Thirties and the Fifties, years during which Bill underwent a significant period of artistic growth. He meets the Swiss progressive architects and the Paris artists from the Abstraction-Création movement, enters the CIAM, collaborates with Le Corbusier to the third volume of his Complete Works, and in Milan he works and gets confronted with the events related to post-war reconstruction. In these years Bill defines his own working methodology, attaining an artistic maturity in his work. The present research investigates the mentioned time period, despite some necessary exceptions. II The official Max Bill bibliography is naturally wide, including spreading works along with ones more devoted to analytical investigation, mainly written in German and often translated into French and English (Max Bill himself published his works in three languages). Few works have been published in Italian and, excluding the catalogue of the Parma exhibition from 1977, they cannot be considered comprehensive. Many publications are exhibition catalogues, some of which include essays written by Max Bill himself, some others bring Bill’s comments in a educational-pedagogical approach, to accompany the observer towards a full understanding of the composition processes of his art works. Bill also left a great amount of theoretical speculations to encourage a critical reading of his works in the form of books edited or written by him, and essays published in ‘Werk’, magazine of the Swiss Werkbund, and other international reviews, among which Domus and Casabella. These three reviews have been important tools of analysis, since they include tracks of some of Max Bill’s architectural works. The architectural aspect is less investigated than the plastic and pictorial ones in all the main reference manuals on the subject: Benevolo, Tafuri and Dal Co, Frampton, Allenspach consider Max Bill as an artist proceeding in his work from Bauhaus in the Ulm experience . A first filing of his works was published in 2004 in the monographic issue of the Spanish magazine 2G, together with critical essays by Karin Gimmi, Stanislaus von Moos, Arthur Rüegg and Hans Frei, and in ‘Konkrete Architektur?’, again by Hans Frei. Moreover, the monographic essay on the Atelier Haus building by Arthur Rüegg from 1997, and the DPA 17 issue of the Catalonia Polytechnic with contributions of Carlos Martì, Bruno Reichlin and Ton Salvadò, the latter publication concentrating on a few Bill’s themes and architectures. An urge to studying and going in depth in Max Bill’s works was marked in 2008 by the centenary of his birth and by a recent rediscovery of Bill as initiator of the ‘minimalist’ tradition in Swiss architecture. Bill’s heirs are both very active in promoting exhibitions, researching and publishing. Jakob Bill, Max Bill’s son and painter himself, recently published a work on Bill’s experience in Bauhaus, and earlier on he had published an in-depth study on ‘Endless Ribbons’ sculptures. Angela Thomas Schmid, Bill’s wife and art historian, published in end 2008 the first volume of a biography on Max Bill and, together with the film maker Eric Schmid, produced a documentary film which was also presented at the last Locarno Film Festival. Both biography and documentary concentrate on Max Bill’s political involvement, from antifascism and 1968 protest movements to Bill experiences as Zurich Municipality councilman and member of the Swiss Confederation Parliament. In the present research, the bibliography includes also direct sources, such as interviews and original materials in the form of letters correspondence and graphic works together with related essays, kept in the max+binia+jakob bill stiftung archive in Zurich. III The results of the present research are organized into four main chapters, each of them subdivided into four parts. The first chapter concentrates on the research field, reasons, tools and methodologies employed, whereas the second one consists of a short biographical note organized by topics, introducing the subject of the research. The third chapter, which includes unpublished events, traces the historical and cultural frame with particular reference to the relations between Max Bill and the Italian scene, especially Milan and the architects Rogers and Baldessari around the Fifties, searching the themes and the keys for interpretation of Bill’s architectures and investigating the critical debate on the reviews and the plastic survey through sculpture. The fourth and last chapter examines four main architectures chosen on a geographical basis, all devoted to exhibition spaces, investigating Max Bill’s composition process related to the pictorial field. Paintings has surely been easier and faster to investigate and verify than the building field. A doctoral thesis discussed in Lausanne in 1977 investigating Max Bill’s plastic and pictorial works, provided a series of devices which were corrected and adapted for the definition of the interpretation grid for the composition structures of Bill’s main architectures. Four different tools are employed in the investigation of each work: a context analysis related to chapter three results; a specific theoretical essay by Max Bill briefly explaining his main theses, even though not directly linked to the very same work of art considered; the interpretation grid for the composition themes derived from a related pictorial work; the architecture drawing and digital three-dimensional model. The double analysis of the architectural and pictorial fields is functional to underlining the relation among the different elements of the composition process; the two fields, however, cannot be compared and they stay, in Max Bill’s works as in the present research, interdependent though self-sufficient. IV An important aspect of Max Bill production is self-referentiality: talking of Max Bill, also through Max Bill, as a need for coherence instead of a method limitation. Ernesto Nathan Rogers describes Bill as the last humanist, and his horizon is the known world but, as the ‘Concrete Art’ of which he is one of the main representatives, his production justifies itself: Max Bill not only found a method, but he autonomously re-wrote the ‘rules of the game’, derived timeless theoretical principles and verified them through a rich and interdisciplinary artistic production. The most recurrent words in the present research work are synthesis, unity, space and logic. These terms are part of Max Bill’s vocabulary and can be referred to his works. Similarly, graphic settings or analytical schemes in this research text referring to or commenting Bill’s architectural projects were drawn up keeping in mind the concise precision of his architectural design. As for Mies van der Rohe, it has been written that Max Bill took art to ‘zero degree’ reaching in this way a high complexity. His works are a synthesis of art: they conceptually encompass all previous and –considered their developments- most of contemporary pictures. Contents and message are generally explicitly declared in the title or in Bill’s essays on his artistic works and architectural projects: the beneficiary is invited to go through and re-build the process of synthesis generating the shape. In the course of the interview with the Milan artist Getulio Alviani, he tells how he would not write more than a page for an essay on Josef Albers: everything was already evident ‘on the surface’ and any additional sentence would be redundant. Two years after that interview, these pages attempt to decompose and single out the elements and processes connected with some of Max Bill’s works which, for their own origin, already contain all possible explanations and interpretations. The formal reduction in favour of contents maximization is, perhaps, Max Bill’s main lesson.

The experience of void, essential to the production of forms and to make use them, can be considered as the base of the activities that attend to the formative processes. If void and matter constitutes the basic substances of architecture. Their role in the definition of form, the symbolic value and the constructive methods of it defines the quality of the space. This job inquires the character of space in the architecture of Moneo interpreting the meaning of the void in the Basque culture through the reading of the form matrices in the work of Jorge Oteiza and Eduardo Chillida. In the tie with the Basque culture a reading key is characterized by concurring to put in relation some of the theoretical principles expressed by Moneo on the relationship between place and time, in an unique and specific vision of the space. In the analysis of the process that determines the genesis of the architecture of Moneo emerges a trajectory whose direction is constructed on two pivos: on the one hand architecture like instrument of appropriation of the place, gushed from an acquaintance process who leans itself to the reading of the relations that define the place and of the resonances through which measuring it, on the other hand the architecture whose character is able to represent and to extend the time in which he is conceived, through the autonomy that is conferred to them from values. Following the trace characterized from this hypothesis, that is supported on the theories elaborated from Moneo, surveying deepens the reading of the principles that construct the sculptural work of Oteiza and Chillida, features from a search around the topic of the void and to its expression through the form. It is instrumental to the definition of a specific area that concurs to interpret the character of the space subtended to a vision of the place and the time, affine to the sensibility of Moneo and in some way not stranger to its cultural formation. The years of the academic formation, during which Moneo enters in contact with the Basque artistic culture, seem to be an important period in the birth of that knowledge that will leads him to the formulation of theories tied to the relationship between time, place and architecture. The values expressed through the experimental work of Oteiza and Chillida during years '50 are valid bases to the understanding of such relationships. In tracing a profile of the figures of Oteiza and Chillida, without the pretension that it is exhaustive for the reading of the complex historical period in which they are placed, but with the needs to put the work in a context, I want to be evidenced the important role carried out from the two artists from the Basque cultural area within which Moneo moves its first steps. The tie that approaches Moneo to the Basque culture following the personal trajectory of the formative experience interlaces to that one of important figures of the art and the Spanish architecture. One of the more meaningful relationships is born just during the years of his academic formation, from 1958 to the 1961, when he works like student in the professional office of the architect Francisco Sáenz de Oiza, who was teaching architectural design at the ETSAM. In these years many figures of Basque artists alternated at the professional office of Oiza that enjoys the important support of the manufacturer and maecenas Juan Huarte Beaumont, introduced to he from Oteiza. The tie between Huarte and Oteiza is solid and continuous in the years and it realizes in a contribution to many of the initiatives that makes of Oteiza a forwarder of the Basque culture. In the four years of collaboration with Oiza, Moneo has the opportunity to keep in contact with an atmosphere permeated by a constant search in the field of the plastic art and with figures directly connected to such atmosphere. It’s of a period of great intensity as in the production like in the promotion of the Basque art. The collective “Blanco y Negro”, than is held in 1959 at the Galería Darro to Madrid, is only one of the many times of an exhibition of the work of Oteiza and Chillida. The end of the Fifties is a period of international acknowledgment for Chillida that for Oteiza. The decade of the Fifties consecrates the hypotheses of a mythical past of the Basque people through the spread of the studies carried out in the antecedent years. The archaeological discoveries that join to a context already rich of signs of the prehistoric era, consolidate the knowledge of a strong cultural identity. Oteiza, like Chillida and other contemporary artists, believe in a cosmogonist conception belonging to the Basques, connected to their matriarchal mythological past. The void in its meaning of absence, in the Basque culture, thus as in various archaic and oriental religions, is equivalent to the spiritual fullness as essential condition to the revealing of essence. Retracing the archaic origins of the Basque culture emerges the deep meaning that the void assumes as key element in the religious interpretation of the passage from the life to the death. The symbology becomes rich of meaningful characters who derive from the fact that it is a chthonic cult. A representation of earth like place in which divine manifest itself but also like connection between divine and human, and this manipulation of the matter of which the earth it is composed is the tangible projection of the continuous search of the man towards God. The search of equilibrium between empty and full, that characterizes also the development of the form in architecture, in the Basque culture assumes therefore a peculiar value that returns like constant in great part of the plastic expressions, than in this context seem to be privileged regarding the other expressive forms. Oteiza and Chillida develop two original points of view in the representation of the void through the form. Both use of rigorous systems of rules sensitive to the physics principles and the characters of the matter. The last aim of the Oteiza’s construction is the void like limit of the knowledge, like border between known and unknown. It doesn’t means to reduce the sculptural object to an only allusive dimension because the void as physical and spiritual power is an active void, that possesses that value able to reveal the being through the trace of un-being. The void in its transcendental manifestation acts at the same time from universal and from particular, like in the atomic structure of the matter, in which on one side it constitutes the inner structure of every atom and on the other one it is necessary condition to the interaction between all the atoms. The void can be seen therefore as the action field that concurs the relations between the forms but is also the necessary condition to the same existence of the form. In the construction of Chillida the void represents that counterpart structuring the matter, inborn in it, the element in absence of which wouldn’t be variations neither distinctive characters to define the phenomenal variety of the world. The physics laws become the subject of the sculptural representation, the void are the instrument that concurs to catch up the equilibrium. Chillida dedicate himself to experience the space through the senses, to perceive of the qualities, to tell the physics laws which forge the matter in the form and the form arranges the places. From the artistic experience of the two sculptors they can be transposed, to the architectonic work of Moneo, those matrices on which they have constructed their original lyric expressions, where the void is absolute protagonist. An ambit is defined thus within which the matrices form them drafts from the work of Oteiza and Chillida can be traced in the definition of the process of birth and construction of the architecture of Moneo, but also in the relation that the architecture establishes with the place and in the time. The void becomes instrument to read the space constructed in its relationships that determine the proportions, rhythms, and relations. In this way the void concurs to interpret the architectonic space and to read the value of it, the quality of the spaces constructing it. This because it’s like an instrument of the composition, whose role is to maintain to the separation between the elements putting in evidence the field of relations. The void is that instrument that serves to characterize the elements that are with in the composition, related between each other, but distinguished. The meaning of the void therefore pushes the interpretation of the architectonic composition on the game of the relations between the elements that, independent and distinguished, strengthen themselves in their identity. On the one hand if void, as measurable reality, concurs all the dimensional changes quantifying the relationships between the parts, on the other hand its dialectic connotation concurs to search the equilibrium that regulated such variations. Equilibrium that therefore does not represent an obtained state applying criteria setting up from arbitrary rules but that depends from the intimate nature of the matter and its embodiment in the form. The production of a form, or a formal system that can be finalized to the construction of a building, is indissolubly tied to the technique that is based on the acquaintance of the formal vocation of the matter, and what it also can representing, meaning, expresses itself in characterizing the site. For Moneo, in fact, the space defined from the architecture is above all a site, because the essence of the site is based on the construction. When Moneo speaks about “birth of the idea of plan” like essential moment in the construction process of the architecture, it refers to a process whose complexity cannot be born other than from a deepened acquaintance of the site that leads to the comprehension of its specificity. Specificity arise from the infinite sum of relations, than for Moneo is the story of the oneness of a site, of its history, of the cultural identity and of the dimensional characters that that they are tied to it beyond that to the physical characteristics of the site. This vision is leaned to a solid made physical structure of perceptions, of distances, guideline and references that then make that the process is first of all acquaintance, appropriation. Appropriation that however does not happen for directed consequence because does not exist a relationship of cause and effect between place and architecture, thus as an univocal and exclusive way does not exist to arrive to a representation of an idea. An approach that, through the construction of the place where the architecture acquires its being, searches an expression of its sense of the truth. The proposal of a distinction for areas like space, matter, spirit and time, answering to the issues that scan the topics of the planning search of Moneo, concurs a more immediate reading of the systems subtended to the composition principles, through which is related the recurrent architectonic elements in its planning dictionary. From the dialectic between the opposites that is expressed in the duality of the form, through the definition of a complex element that can mediate between inside and outside as a real system of exchange, Moneo experiences the form development of the building deepening the relations that the volume establishes in the site. From time to time the invention of a system used to answer to the needs of the program and to resolve the dual character of the construction in an only gesture, involves a deep acquaintance of the professional practice. The technical aspect is the essential support to which the construction of the system is indissolubly tied. What therefore arouses interest is the search of the criteria and the way to construct that can reveal essential aspects of the being of the things. The constructive process demands, in fact, the acquaintance of the formative properties of the matter. Property from which the reflections gush on the relations that can be born around the architecture through the resonance produced from the forms. The void, in fact, through the form is in a position to constructing the site establishing a reciprocity relation. A reciprocity that is determined in the game between empty and full and of the forms between each other, regarding around, but also with regard to the subjective experience. The construction of a background used to amplify what is arranged on it and to clearly show the relations between the parts and at the same time able to tie itself with around opening the space of the vision, is a system that in the architecture of Moneo has one of its more effective applications in the use of the platform used like architectonic element. The spiritual force of this architectonic gesture is in the ability to define a place whose projecting intention is perceived and shared with who experience and has lived like some instrument to contact the cosmic forces, in a delicate process that lead to the equilibrium with them, but in completely physical way. The principles subtended to the construction of the form taken from the study of the void and the relations that it concurs, lead to express human values in the construction of the site. The validity of these principles however is tested from the time. The time is what Moneo considers as filter that every architecture is subordinate to and the survival of architecture, or any of its formal characters, reveals them the validity of the principles that have determined it. It manifests thus, in the tie between the spatial and spiritual dimension, between the material and the worldly dimension, the state of necessity that leads, in the construction of the architecture, to establish a contact with the forces of the universe and the intimate world, through a process that translate that necessity in elaboration of a formal system.

Descrizione, tema e obiettivi della ricerca La ricerca si propone lo studio delle possibili influenze che la teoria di Aldo Rossi ha avuto sulla pratica progettuale nella Penisola Iberica, intende quindi affrontare i caratteri fondamentali della teoria che sta alla base di un metodo progettuale ed in particolar modo porre l'attenzione alle nuove costruzioni quando queste si confrontano con le città storiche. Ha come oggetto principale lo studio dei documenti, saggi e scritti riguardanti il tema della costruzione all'interno delle città storiche. Dallo studio di testi selezionati di Aldo Rossi sulla città si vuole concentrare l'attenzione sull'influenza che tale teoria ha avuto nei progetti della Penisola Iberica, studiare come è stata recepita e trasmessa successivamente, attraverso gli scritti di autori spagnoli e come ha visto un suo concretizzarsi poi nei progetti di nuove costruzioni all'interno delle città storiche. Si intende restringere il campo su un periodo ed un luogo precisi, Spagna e Portogallo a partire dagli anni Settanta, tramite la lettura di un importante evento che ha ufficializzato il contatto dell'architetto italiano con la Penisola Iberica, quale il Seminario di Santiago de Compostela tenutosi nel 1976. Al Seminario parteciparono numerosi architetti che si confrontarono su di un progetto per la città di Santiago e furono invitati personaggi di fama internazionale a tenere lezioni introduttive sul tema di dibattito in merito al progetto e alla città storica. Il Seminario di Santiago si colloca in un periodo storico cruciale per la Penisola Iberica, nel 1974 cade il regime salazarista in Portogallo e nel 1975 cade il regime franchista in Spagna ed è quindi di rilevante importanza capire il legame tra l'architettura e la nuova situazione politica. Dallo studio degli interventi, dei progetti che furono prodotti durante il Seminario, della relazione tra questo evento ed il periodo storico in cui esso va contestualizzato, si intende giungere alla individuazione delle tracce della reale presenza di tale eredità. Presupposti metodologici. Percorso e strumenti di ricerca La ricerca può quindi essere articolata in distinte fasi corrispondenti per lo più ai capitoli in cui si articola la tesi: una prima fase con carattere prevalentemente storica, di ricerca del materiale per poter definire il contesto in cui si sviluppano poi le vicende oggetto della tesi; una seconda fase di impronta teorica, ossia di ricerca bibliografica del materiale e delle testimonianze che provvedono alla definizione della reale presenza di effetti scaturiti dai contatti tra Rossi e la Penisola Iberica, per andare a costruire una eredità ; una terza fase che entra nel merito della composizione attraverso lo studio e la verifica delle prime due parti, tramite l'analisi grafica applicata ad uno specifico esempio architettonico selezionato; una quarta fase dove il punto di vista viene ribaltato e si indaga l'influenza dei luoghi visitati e dei contatti intrattenuti con alcuni personaggi della Penisola Iberica sull'architettura di Rossi, ricercandone i riferimenti. La ricerca è stata condotta attraverso lo studio di alcuni eventi selezionati nel corso degli anni che si sono mostrati significativi per l'indagine, per la risonanza che hanno avuto sulla storia dell'architettura della Penisola. A questo scopo si sono utilizzati principalmente tre strumenti: lo studio dei documenti, le pubblicazioni e le riviste prodotte in Spagna, gli scritti di Aldo Rossi in merito, e la testimonianza diretta attraverso interviste di personaggi chiave. La ricerca ha prodotto un testo suddiviso per capitoli che rispetta l'organizzazione in fasi di lavoro. A seguito di determinate condizioni storiche e politiche, studiate nella ricerca a supporto della tesi espressa, nella Penisola Iberica si è verificato il diffondersi della necessità e del desiderio di guardare e prendere a riferimento l'architettura europea e in particolar modo quella italiana. Il periodo sul quale viene focalizzata l'attenzione ha inizio negli anni Sessanta, gli ultimi prima della caduta delle dittature, scenario dei primi viaggi di Aldo Rossi nella Penisola Iberica. Questi primi contatti pongono le basi per intense e significative relazioni future. Attraverso l'approfondimento e la studio dei materiali relativi all'oggetto della tesi, si è cercato di mettere in luce il contesto culturale, l'attenzione e l'interesse per l'apertura di un dibattito intorno all'architettura, non solo a livello nazionale, ma europeo. Ciò ha evidenziato il desiderio di innescare un meccanismo di discussione e scambio di idee, facendo leva sull'importanza dello sviluppo e ricerca di una base teorica comune che rende coerente i lavori prodotti nel panorama architettonico iberico, seppur ottenendo risultati che si differenziano gli uni dagli altri. E' emerso un forte interesse per il discorso teorico sull'architettura, trasmissibile e comunicabile, che diventa punto di partenza per un metodo progettuale. Ciò ha reso palese una condivisione di intenti e l'assunzione della teoria di Aldo Rossi, acquisita, diffusa e discussa, attraverso la pubblicazione dei suoi saggi, la conoscenza diretta con l'architetto e la sua architettura, conferenze, seminari, come base teorica su cui fondare il proprio sapere architettonico ed il processo metodologico progettuale da applicare di volta in volta negli interventi concreti. Si è giunti così alla definizione di determinati eventi che hanno permesso di entrare nel profondo della questione e di sondare la relazione tra Rossi e la Penisola Iberica, il materiale fornito dallo studio di tali episodi, quali il I SIAC, la diffusione della rivista "2C. Construccion de la Ciudad", la Coleccion Arquitectura y Critica di Gustavo Gili, hanno poi dato impulso per il reperimento di una rete di ulteriori riferimenti. E' stato possibile quindi individuare un gruppo di architetti spagnoli, che si identificano come allievi del maestro Rossi, impegnato per altro in quegli anni nella formazione di una Scuola e di un insegnamento, che non viene recepito tanto nelle forme, piuttosto nei contenuti. I punti su cui si fondano le connessioni tra l'analisi urbana e il progetto architettonico si centrano attorno due temi di base che riprendono la teoria esposta da Rossi nel saggio L'architettura della città : - relazione tra l'area-studio e la città nella sua globalità, - relazione tra la tipologia edificatoria e gli aspetti morfologici. La ricerca presentata ha visto nelle sue successive fasi di approfondimento, come si è detto, lo sviluppo parallelo di più tematiche. Nell'affrontare ciascuna fase è stato necessario, di volta in volta, operare una verifica delle tappe percorse precedentemente, per mantenere costante il filo del discorso col lavoro svolto e ritrovare, durante lo svolgimento stesso della ricerca, gli elementi di connessione tra i diversi episodi analizzati. Tale operazione ha messo in luce talvolta nodi della ricerca rimasti in sospeso che richiedevano un ulteriore approfondimento o talvolta solo una rivisitazione per renderne possibile un più proficuo collegamento con la rete di informazioni accumulate. La ricerca ha percorso strade diverse che corrono parallele, per quanto riguarda il periodo preso in analisi: - i testi sulla storia dell'architettura spagnola e la situazione contestuale agli anni Settanta - il materiale riguardante il I SIAC - le interviste ai partecipanti al I SIAC - le traduzioni di Gustavo Gili nella Coleccion Arquitectura y Critica - la rivista "2C. Construccion de la Ciudad" Esse hanno portato alla luce una notevole quantità di tematiche, attraverso le quali, queste strade vengono ad intrecciarsi e a coincidere, verificando l'una la veridicità dell'altra e rafforzandone il valore delle affermazioni. Esposizione sintetica dei principali contenuti esposti dalla ricerca Andiamo ora a vedere brevemente i contenuti dei singoli capitoli. Nel primo capitolo Anni Settanta. Periodo di transizione per la Penisola Iberica si è cercato di dare un contesto storico agli eventi studiati successivamente, andando ad evidenziare gli elementi chiave che permettono di rintracciare la presenza della predisposizione ad un cambiamento culturale. La fase di passaggio da una condizione di chiusura rispetto alle contaminazioni provenienti dall'esterno, che caratterizza Spagna e Portogallo negli anni Sessanta, lascia il posto ad un graduale abbandono della situazione di isolamento venutasi a creare intorno al Paese a causa del regime dittatoriale, fino a giungere all'apertura e all'interesse nei confronti degli apporti culturali esterni. E' in questo contesto che si gettano le basi per la realizzazione del I Seminario Internazionale di Architettura Contemporanea a Santiago de Compostela, del 1976, diretto da Aldo Rossi e organizzato da César Portela e Salvador Tarragó, di cui tratta il capitolo secondo. Questo è uno degli eventi rintracciati nella storia delle relazioni tra Rossi e la Penisola Iberica, attraverso il quale è stato possibile constatare la presenza di uno scambio culturale e l'importazione in Spagna delle teorie di Aldo Rossi. Organizzato all'indomani della caduta del franchismo, ne conserva una reminescenza formale. Il capitolo è organizzato in tre parti, la prima si occupa della ricostruzione dei momenti salienti del Seminario Proyecto y ciudad historica, dagli interventi di architetti di fama internazionale, quali lo stesso Aldo Rossi, Carlo Aymonino, James Stirling, Oswald Mathias Ungers e molti altri, che si confrontano sul tema delle città storiche, alle giornate seminariali dedicate all’elaborazione di un progetto per cinque aree individuate all’interno di Santiago de Compostela e quindi dell’applicazione alla pratica progettuale dell’inscindibile base teorica esposta. Segue la seconda parte dello stesso capitolo riguardante La selezione di interviste ai partecipanti al Seminario. Esso contiene la raccolta dei colloqui avuti con alcuni dei personaggi che presero parte al Seminario e attraverso le loro parole si è cercato di approfondire la materia, in particolar modo andando ad evidenziare l’ambiente culturale in cui nacque l’idea del Seminario, il ruolo avuto nella diffusione della teoria di Aldo Rossi in Spagna e la ripercussione che ebbe nella pratica costruttiva. Le diverse interviste, seppur rivolte a persone che oggi vivono in contesti distanti e che in seguito a questa esperienza collettiva hanno intrapreso strade diverse, hanno fatto emergere aspetti comuni, tale unanimità ha dato ancor più importanza al valore di testimonianza offerta. L’elemento che risulta più evidente è il lascito teorico, di molto prevalente rispetto a quello progettuale che si è andato mescolando di volta in volta con la tradizione e l’esperienza dei cosiddetti allievi di Aldo Rossi. Negli stessi anni comincia a farsi strada l’importanza del confronto e del dibattito circa i temi architettonici e nel capitolo La fortuna critica della teoria di Aldo Rossi nella Penisola Iberica è stato affrontato proprio questo rinnovato interesse per la teoria che in quegli anni si stava diffondendo. Si è portato avanti lo studio delle pubblicazioni di Gustavo Gili nella Coleccion Arquitectura y Critica che, a partire dalla fine degli anni Sessanta, pubblica e traduce in lingua spagnola i più importanti saggi di architettura, tra i quali La arquitectura de la ciudad di Aldo Rossi, nel 1971, e Comlejidad y contradiccion en arquitectura di Robert Venturi nel 1972. Entrambi fondamentali per il modo di affrontare determinate tematiche di cui sempre più in quegli anni si stava interessando la cultura architettonica iberica, diventando così ¬ testi di riferimento anche nelle scuole. Le tracce dell’influenza di Rossi sulla Penisola Iberica si sono poi ricercate nella rivista “2C. Construccion de la Ciudad” individuata come strumento di espressione di una teoria condivisa. Con la nascita nel 1972 a Barcellona di questa rivista viene portato avanti l’impegno di promuovere la Tendenza, facendo riferimento all’opera e alle idee di Rossi ed altri architetti europei, mirando inoltre al recupero di un ruolo privilegiato dell’architettura catalana. A questo proposito sono emersi due fondamentali aspetti che hanno legittimato l’indagine e lo studio di questa fonte: - la diffusione della cultura architettonica, il controllo ideologico e di informazione operato dal lavoro compiuto dalla rivista; - la documentazione circa i criteri di scelta della redazione a proposito del materiale pubblicato. E’ infatti attraverso le pubblicazioni di “2C. Construccion de la Ciudad” che è stato possibile il ritrovamento delle notizie sulla mostra Arquitectura y razionalismo. Aldo Rossi + 21 arquitectos españoles, che accomuna in un’unica esposizione le opere del maestro e di ventuno giovani allievi che hanno recepito e condiviso la teoria espressa ne “L’architettura della città”. Tale mostra viene poi riproposta nella Sezione Internazionale di Architettura della XV Triennale di Milano, la quale dedica un Padiglione col titolo Barcelona, tres epocas tres propuestas. Dalla disamina dei progetti presentati è emerso un interessante caso di confronto tra le Viviendas para gitanos di César Portela e la Casa Bay di Borgo Ticino di Aldo Rossi, di cui si è occupato l’ultimo paragrafo di questo capitolo. Nel corso degli studi è poi emerso un interessante risvolto della ricerca che, capovolgendone l’oggetto stesso, ne ha approfondito gli aspetti cercando di scavare più in profondità nell’analisi della reciproca influenza tra la cultura iberica e Aldo Rossi, questa parte, sviscerata nell’ultimo capitolo, La Penisola Iberica nel “magazzino della memoria” di Aldo Rossi, ha preso il posto di quello che inizialmente doveva presentarsi come il risvolto progettuale della tesi. Era previsto infatti, al termine dello studio dell’influenza di Aldo Rossi sulla Penisola Iberica, un capitolo che concentrava l’attenzione sulla produzione progettuale. A seguito dell’emergere di un’influenza di carattere prettamente teorica, che ha sicuramente modificato la pratica dal punto di vista delle scelte architettoniche, senza però rendersi esplicita dal punto di vista formale, si è preferito, anche per la difficoltà di individuare un solo esempio rappresentativo di quanto espresso, sostituire quest’ultima parte con lo studio dell’altra faccia della medaglia, ossia l’importanza che a sua volta ha avuto la cultura iberica nella formazione della collezione dei riferimenti di Aldo Rossi. L’articolarsi della tesi in fasi distinte, strettamente connesse tra loro da un filo conduttore, ha reso necessari successivi aggiustamenti nel percorso intrapreso, dettati dall’emergere durante la ricerca di nuovi elementi di indagine. Si è pertanto resa esplicita la ricercata eredità di Aldo Rossi, configurandosi però prevalentemente come un’influenza teorica che ha preso le sfumature del contesto e dell’esperienza personale di chi se ne è fatto ricevente, diventandone così un continuatore attraverso il proprio percorso autonomo o collettivo intrapreso in seguito. Come suggerisce José Charters Monteiro, l’eredità di Rossi può essere letta attraverso tre aspetti su cui si basa la sua lezione: la biografia, la teoria dell’architettura, l’opera. In particolar modo per quanto riguarda la Penisola Iberica si può parlare dell’individuazione di un insegnamento riferito alla seconda categoria, i suoi libri di testo, le sue partecipazioni, le traduzioni. Questo è un lascito che rende possibile la continuazione di un dibattito in merito ai temi della teoria dell’architettura, della sue finalità e delle concrete applicazioni nelle opere, che ha permesso il verificarsi di una apertura mentale che mette in relazione l’architettura con altre discipline umanistiche e scientifiche, dalla politica, alla sociologia, comprendendo l’arte, le città la morfologia, la topografia, mediate e messe in relazione proprio attraverso l’architettura. / Description, theme and objectives of the research The research is about the possible influences that the theory of Aldo Rossi has had on the architectural practical in the Iberian Peninsula, it intends, therefore, to deepen the fundamental features of the theory that it is the foundation of a project method and specifically to set the attention to the new constructions when these are compared with the historical cities. It has as principal object the study of the documents, tests and writings concerning the theme of the construction inside the historical cities. From the study of selected texts by Aldo Rossi about the city, the attention will be focussed on the influence that his theory has had in the projects of the Iberian Peninsula, to study the way it has been learned and subsequently transmitted, through the writings of Spanish authors and how it has been applied in the projects of new constructions inside the historical cities. The intention is to focus on a specific period in a certain place, Spain and Portugal since the beginning of the seventies, through the analysis of an important event that has officially enacted the contact of the Italian architect with the Iberian Peninsula: the Seminar of Santiago de Compostela in 1976. A lot of architects took part in the Seminar and they discussed on a project for the city of Santiago. Moreover, personalities of international reputation were invited to take introductory lessons about the subject of the debate concerning the project and the historic city. The Seminar of Santiago takes place in a crucial historical period for the Iberian Peninsula, because in 1974 the Salazar’s regime fell in Portugal and in 1975 the Franco’s regime fell in Spain and it is therefore of remarkable importance to understand the link between the architecture and the new political situation. From the study of the interventions, of the projects that were produced during the Seminar, of the relationship between this event and its historical background, the research intends to detect the traces of the real presence of this inheritance. Methodological presuppositions. Way and tools for the research. This research can be articulated in several phases almost corresponding to the chapters in which the thesis is divided: a first phase, characterized by a predominantly historical point of view, of search of the material to be able to define the context in which the events, object of the thesis, developed; a second phase characterized by a theoretical imprint, or rather by a bibliographical search of the material and the testimonies that provide the definition of the real presence of the effects sprung by the contacts between Rossi and the Iberian Peninsula, to define his inheritance; a third phase that investigates the composition through the study and the verification of the first two parts, through the graphic analysis applied to a specific selected architectural example; a fourth phase is characterized by the turning over of the point of view, so the influence of the visited places and the contacts kept up with some characters of the Iberian Peninsula is investigated with reference to Rossi’s architecture. The research was conducted through the study of some events selected during the years that can be considered meaningful for the investigation, for the considerable interest they had in the history of the Peninsula’s architecture. To reach this purpose three tools are mainly used: the study of the documents, the publications and the magazines published in Spain, the writings of Aldo Rossi about it, and the direct testimony through interviews of remarkable characters. The research produced a text divided into four chapters that mirrors the organization in phases of the entire job. As a consequence of determined historical and politic conditions, studied in the research to support the thesis, in the Iberian Peninsula a necessity and a desire to look for new references in the European architecture, and in particular in the Italian one, aroused. The period in which the attention is focused on starts from the beginning of the sixties, the last years before the fall of the dictatorships, scenery of the earliest trips of Aldo Rossi in the Iberian Peninsula. These initial contacts set the bases for intense and meaningful future relationships. Through the close examination and the study of some materials related to the object of the thesis, it is tried to show the cultural context, the attention and the interest for the opening of a debate around the architecture, not only at a national level, but at a European one. The research underlines the desire to create a mechanism of discussion and exchange of ideas, relying on the importance of a common theorist base’s development that makes coherent the architectures produced in the Iberian architectural panorama, even though getting results that are different from each other. A strong interest has emerged for the theoretical discourse about the architecture, transmissible and communicable, that becomes the start lane for a designing method. This produced the clear effect of a sharing of intents and the assumption of the theory of Aldo Rossi, diffused and discussed, through the publication of his scripts, the direct knowledge of the architect and his architecture, lectures, seminars as theorical base on which it’s possible to found one’s own architectural knowledge and the methodological projecting process that has to be applied in the real jobs. Therefore, the research defines determined events that allowed to enter the depth of the matter and to examine the relationship between Rossi and the Iberian Peninsula; the material provided by the study of such episodes, such as the first SIAC, the diffusion of the magazine "2C. Construccion de the Ciudad", the Coleccion Arquitectura y Critica by Gustavo Gili, was then impulse for the retrieval of a net of further references. It was possible, therefore, to individualize a group of Spanish architects, that are identified as students of Rossi, involved - during that years - in the formation of a School and of a teaching, that has been learned more in contents rather then in forms. The points on which the connections between the urban analysis and the architectural project are founded concern two basical themes that take back the theory exposed from Rossi in the essay L’architettura della città: - relationship between the studio area and the city in its own complexity, - relationship between the building typology and the morphological aspects. The introduced research has been developed, in its following phases of close examination, through the parallel development of several topics. Facing every phase, it has been necessary to operate a verification of the steps previously dealt with, to maintain the thread of the discourse constant and coherent with the developed job and to find again, during the same carrying out of the search, the elements of connection among the different analyzed episodes. This operation sometimes has highlighted some knotty situations that remained suspended for a while, because they required a further close examination or, sometimes, only a closer examination to make a more profitable connection with the net of accumulated information possible. The search has crossed different roads that race parallel, as regard as the period taken in analysis: - the texts about the history of the Spanish architecture and the contextual situation in the Seventies - the material regarding the first SIAC - interviews to the participants to the first SIAC - the translations by Gustavo Gili in Coleccion Arquitectura y Critica - the magazine “2C. Construccion de la Ciudad” They have led to a remarkable amount of thematics, through which, these roads come to interlace themselves and to coincide, verifying one the exactitude of the other and strengthening the value of the affirmations. Synthetic exposure of the main contents exposed by the research Let’s see briefly the contents of each chapter. In the first chapter The Seventies. Period of transition for the Iberian Peninsula it has been attempted to give an historical context to the events studied successively, underlining the key elements that allow to trace the presence of the predisposition to a cultural change. The phase characterized by the passage from a condition of closing in comparison to the contaminations coming from the outside, that characterizes Spain and Portugal in the Sixties, leaves the place to a gradual abandonment of the situation of isolation created around the country because of the dictatorial regime, up to reach the opening and the interest towards the external cultural contributions. In this context the bases for the realization of the First International Seminary of Contemporary Architecture of Santiago de Compostela, in 1976 are thrown, directed by Aldo Rossi and organized by César Portela and Salvador Tarragó that’s the theme it is dealt with in the second chapter. This is one of the events traced in the history of the relations between Rossi and the Iberian Peninsula, through which it has been possible to state the presence of a cultural exchange and the import in Spain of the theories by Aldo Rossi. Organized a short time after the fall of Franco’s dictatorship, the Seminar keeps a formal memory of it. The chapter is organized in three parts: the first one deals with the reconstruction of the main moments of the Seminar Proyecto y ciudad historica, the interventions of architects of international reputation, such as Aldo Rossi, Carlo Aymonino, James Stirling, Oswald Mathias Ungers and many others, who discussed about the topic of the historical cities, the seminar days dedicated to the elaboration of a plan for five areas inside Santiago de Compostela and therefore the application to the practical design of the exposed theorical base. The second part of the same chapter regards the Selection of interviews to the participants to the Seminary. It particularly contains the collection of the interviews with some of the personages who took part to the Seminary and through their words it has been attempted to deepen the matter, giving evidence of the cultural atmosphere in which the idea of the Seminary was originally born, the role played by the theory of Aldo Rossi in Spain and the repercussion that it had in the constructive practice. The various interviews, even though turned to persons who today live in distant contexts and that as a result of this collective experience, have undertaken various ways, have made emerge common aspects; such uniformity has given still more importance to the value of offered testimony. The most important element is the theorical bequest, much more prevailing than the one regarding the design that has been gone stirring time after time with the tradition and the experience of the so-called students of Aldo Rossi. In the same years the importance of the comparison and of the debate about the architectonic topics begins to be recognized and in the chapter The critical fortune of the theory of Aldo Rossi in the Iberian Peninsula this renewed interest for the theory that in those years was spreading, has been dealt with. The study of the publications by Gustavo Gili in the Coleccion Arquitectura y Critica that, beginning from the end of the Sixties, publishes and translates in Spanish the most important texts of architecture, such as La arquitectura de la ciudad by Aldo Rossi, in 1971, and Comlejidad y contradiccion en arquitectura by Robert Venturi in 1972, has been carried out. The above-mentioned essays have been fundamental for the way they face determined thematics of great interest in those years for the architectonic Iberian culture, thus becoming reference books even in the schools. The traces of Rossi’s influence on the Iberian Peninsula have been searched in the review “2C. Construccion de la Ciudad” as an instrument of expression of a shared theory. With the foundation of this review in 1972 in Barcelona the commitment to promote the Tendency emerges, taking as a reference the work and the ideas of Rossi and other European architects, aiming moreover at the recovery of a privileged role of the Catalan architecture. For this purpose, two fundamental aspects that have legitimized surveying and the study of this source have emerged: - the spread of the architectonic culture, the ideological control and the one on information operated from the review’s work; - the documentation regarding the criteria of choosing the published material by the editors. It is in fact through the publications of “2C. Construccion de the Ciudad” that has been possible to find out the existence of the exhibition Arquitectura y razionalismo. Aldo Rossi + 21 arquitectos españoles, that joins in an only exposure the works of the master and of twenty-one young students who have learned and shared the expressed theory of The architecture of the city. Such extension comes then reproposed in the International Section of the XV Milan Architecture Triennial, which dedicates a Pavilion with the title Barcelona, tres epocas tres propuestas. Through the examination of the introduced plans an interesting case of comparison between the Viviendas para gitanos by César Portela and the Bay House of Borgo Ticino by Aldo Rossi has emerged: the last paragraph of this chapter deals with this topic. During the studies, an interesting implication of the search has emerged. Reversing the same object, its aspects have been examined more in depth thanks to the analysis of the mutual influence between the Iberian culture and Aldo Rossi. This part, investigated closely in the last chapter, The Iberian Peninsula in the “magazzino della memoria” by Aldo Rossi, has replaced what initially had to be the project implication of the thesis. At the end of the study of Aldo Rossi’s influence on the Iberian Peninsula, a chapter was fixed concerning the projectual production. The research has shown a strictly theorical influence, that has surely modified the practical one from the point of view of the architectonic choices, but without becoming explicit from the formal point of view. As a result, the last part has been replaced with the study of the other face of the coin, that is the importance that the Iberian culture has had in the formation of the collection of the references for Aldo Rossi. The thesis, is articulated in distinguished phases but closely connected through a leading idea, fact that has implied successive adjustments while proceeding with the work, which have been dictated by the emerging, during the search, of new elements of surveying. Therefore, the searched inheritance of Aldo Rossi has become explicit, shaping itself mostly as a theorical influence that has taken the shadings of the context and of the personal experience of who has received it, becoming a sort of follower through his own independent or collective way later undertaken. As José Charters Monteiro suggests, the inheritance of Rossi can be read through three aspects on which his lesson is based: the biography, the theory of architecture, the work. Particularly regarding the Iberian Peninsula it can be spoken about the location of a reported instruction to the second category, his books, his participation and the translations. This is a bequest that makes the continuation of a debate with respect to the topics of the theory of architecture, its purpose and the concrete applications in the works possible. Moreover, this inheritance has allowed the creation of an open mind that puts in relation architecture with other humanistic and scientific disciplines, from politics, to sociology, including the art, the cities, the morphology, the topography, mediated and put in relation through architecture.

Oggetto della ricerca è il tema dello spazio delle centrali idroelettriche costruite nella prima metà del Novecento dagli architetti Giovanni Muzio e Piero Portaluppi. L’individuazione del tema sorge dalla volontà di indagare quali siano stati gli sviluppi dal punto di vista architettonico all’interno di un genere così specifico durante un periodo di tempo in cui gli stili architettonici e le tendenze hanno subito stravolgimenti ed evoluzioni che ancora oggi trovano una difficile connotazione e definizione precisa. L’analisi dell’architettura delle centrali idroelettriche, effettuata ripercorrendo le principali vicende del settore idroelettrico dalla fine del secolo scorso al secondo dopoguerra, oltre a considerare il rapporto con il contesto territoriale e culturale del nostro Paese vuole prendere in considerazione anche il particolare rapporto che in più casi si è venuto a creare tra committenti e progettisti. Compito della tesi è rileggere un settore poco indagato finora e capire se vi sia stata effettivamente una evoluzione architettonica dal punto di vista tipologico o se la centrale sia stata sempre affrontata come semplice esercizio di “vestizione” di un involucro precostituito da precise esigenze tecniche. La ricerca infatti si pone come obiettivo lo studio delle centrali non solo dal punto di vista tipologico e spaziale dei suoi principali elementi, ma si pone come obiettivo anche lo studio della loro distribuzione nel sito in cui sono sorte, distribuzione che spesso ha portato alla formazione di una sorta di vera e propria “città elettrica”, in cui la composizione dei vari elementi segue una logica compositiva ben precisa. Dal punto di vista del contributo originale la ricerca vuole proporre una serie di riflessioni ed elaborati inerenti alcune centrali non ancora indagate. Nel caso specifico di Portaluppi l’apporto originale consiste nell’aver portato alla luce notizie inerenti centrali che sono sempre state poste in secondo piano rispetto le ben più note e studiate centrali della Val d’Ossola. Nel caso invece di Muzio il contributo consiste in una analisi approfondita e in una comparazione di documenti che di solito sono sempre stati pubblicati come semplice apparato iconografico, ma che messi a confronto danno una lettura di quelle che sono state le fasi e le elaborazioni progettuali apportate dall’autore. Il tema della ricerca è stato affrontato poi attraverso una lettura delle fonti dirette relative agli scritti degli autori, con una contemporanea lettura di testi, articoli e interventi tratti dalle riviste appartenenti al periodo in esame per comprendere al meglio il panorama culturale e architettonico che hanno fatto da scenario alle esperienze di entrambe le figure oggetto di studio. Infine la ricerca si è concentrata sull’analisi di alcune opere in particolare - due centrali idroelettriche per ciascun autore oggetto della tesi - scelte perché considerate rappresentative sia per impianto spaziale e tipologico, sia per le scelte compositive e stilistiche adottate. La lettura dei manufatti architettonici scelti è stata condotta con l’analisi di copie di elaborati grafici originali, foto d’epoca e altri documenti reperiti grazie ad una ricerca condotta in vari archivi. Le centrali scelte nell’ambito delle esperienze maturate da Muzio e Portaluppi sono state individuate per rappresentare il quadro relativo allo sviluppo e alla ricerca di un nuovo linguaggio formale da adottare nell’ambito dell’architettura di questi manufatti. Per entrambi i protagonisti oggetto della ricerca sono state individuate due centrali in grado di dare una visione il più possibile completa dell’evoluzione della tematica delle centrali idroelettriche all’interno della loro esperienza, prendendo in considerazione soprattutto gli aspetti legati all’evoluzione del loro linguaggio compositivo e stilistico. L’individuazione delle centrali da analizzare è stata dettata prendendo in considerazione alcuni fattori come il tipo di impianto, le relazioni e confronto con il contesto geografico e naturale e le soluzioni adottate. / Object of the search is the theme of the space of the hydroelectric plants built in the first half of the Twentieth century by the architects Giovanni Muzio and Piero Portaluppi. The individualization of the theme rises from the wish to investigate which developments have been from the architectural point of view inside such a specific kind during a period of time in which the architectural styles and the tendencies have suffered contortions and evolutions that still today they find a difficulty connotation and precise definition. The analysis of the architecture of the hydroelectric plants, effected through the principal stories of the hydroelectric sector from the end of the last century to the second postwar period, besides considering the relationship with the territorial and cultural context of our Country wants to also consider the particular relationship that in more cases has come to create between buyers and planners. Assignment of the thesis is to reread a sector not much investigated until now and to understand if has been indeed an architectural evolution of their typology or if the hydroelectric plants has always been faced as simple exercise of “clothing” of a pre-arranged wrap from precise technical demands. Besides to the study of the typology of the plants and the analysis of their spatial elements, the objective of the search is also the study of their distribution in the site in which they have risen, distribution that has often brought to the formation of a sort of real “electric city”, in which the composition of the various elements follows a precise composition. From the point of view of the original contribution the search wants to propose a series of reflections and materials inherent some central already not investigated. In the specific case of Portaluppi the contribution consists into an analysis of two plants that have always been mails in a second level respect the well most known and studied central of the Val d’Ossola. In the case instead of Muzio the contribution consists in a deepened analysis and in a comparison of the plants of Isollaz and Vizzola, rebuild thanks to many documents that have usually been published always as simple iconographical apparatus. The theme of the search has been faced then through a reading of the direct sources related to the writings of the authors, with a contemporary reading of texts, articles and interventions drawn by the belonging magazines to the period in examination to understand the cultural and architectural panorama that they have served as scenery to the experiences of both the figures object of study. The search is finally assembled particularly on the analysis of some works - two hydroelectric plants for every author object of the thesis - choices because considered representative both for typological and spatial plant, and for the choices compositive and stylistic adopt. The reading of the select architectural manufactured articles has been conducted with the analysis of copies of elaborate graphic original, photo of epoch and other retrieved documents thanks to a search conducted in various archives. The select plants in the circle of the experiences matured by Muzio and Portaluppi are been individualized for representing the picture related to the development and to the search of a new formal language to adopt within the architecture of these manufactured articles. For both the protagonists object of the search are been individualized two central able to give a vision the more possible completes of the evolution of the thematic connected to the hydroelectric plants inside their experience, considering above all the tied up aspects to the evolution of their compositive’s and stylistic’s. The individualization of the plants to be analyzed has been dictated considering some factors as the type of plant, the relationships and comparison with the geographical and natural context and the adopted solutions.

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La ricerca svolta ha individuato fra i suoi elementi promotori l’orientamento determinato da parte della comunità europea di dare vita e sostegno ad ambiti territoriali intermedi sub nazionali di tipo regionale all’interno dei quali i sistemi di città potessero raggiungere le massime prestazioni tecnologiche per cogliere gli effetti positivi delle innovazioni. L’orientamento europeo si è confrontato con una realtà storica e geografica molto variata in quanto accanto a stati membri, nei quali le gerarchie fra città sono storicamente radicate e funzionalmente differenziate secondo un ordine che vede la città capitale dominante su città subalterne nelle quali la cultura di dominio del territorio non è né continua né gerarchizzata sussistono invece territori nazionali compositi con una città capitale di riconosciuto potere ma con città di minor dimensione che da secoli esprimono una radicata incisività nella organizzazione del territorio di appartenenza. Alla prima tipologia di stati appartengono ad esempio i Paesi del Nord Europa e l’Inghilterra, esprimendo nella Francia una situazione emblematica, alla seconda tipologia appartengono invece i Paesi dell’aera mediterranea, Italia in primis, con la grande eccezione della Germania. Applicando gli intendimenti comunitari alla realtà locale nazionale, questa tesi ha avviato un approfondimento di tipo metodologico e procedurale sulla possibile organizzazione a sistema di una regione fortemente policentrica nel suo sviluppo e “artificiosamente” rinata ad unità, dopo le vicende del XIX secolo: l’Emilia-Romagna. Anche nelle regioni che si presentano come storicamente organizzate sulla pluralità di centri emergenti, il rapporto col territorio è mediato da centri urbani minori che governano il tessuto cellulare delle aggregazioni di servizi di chiara origine agraria. Questo stato di cose comporta a livello politico -istituzionale una dialettica vivace fra territori voluti dalle istituzioni e territori legittimati dal consolidamento delle tradizioni confermato dall’uso attuale. La crescente domanda di capacità di governo dello sviluppo formulata dagli operatori economici locali e sostenuta dalle istituzioni europee si confronta con la scarsa capacità degli enti territoriali attuali: Regioni, Comuni e Province di raggiungere un livello di efficienza sufficiente ad organizzare sistemi di servizi adeguati a sostegno della crescita economica. Nel primo capitolo, dopo un breve approfondimento sulle “figure retoriche comunitarie”, quali il policentrismo, la governance, la coesione territoriale, utilizzate per descrivere questi fenomeni in atto, si analizzano gli strumenti programmatici europei e lo S.S.S.E,. in primis, che recita “Per garantire uno sviluppo regionale equilibrato nella piena integrazione anche nell’economia mondiale, va perseguito un modello di sviluppo policentrico, al fine di impedire un’ulteriore eccessiva concentrazione della forza economica e della popolazione nei territori centrali dell’UE. Solo sviluppando ulteriormente la struttura, relativamente decentrata, degli insediamenti è possibile sfruttare il potenziale economico di tutte le regioni europee.” La tesi si inserisce nella fase storica in cui si tenta di definire quali siano i nuovi territori funzionali e su quali criteri si basa la loro riconoscibilità; nel tentativo di adeguare ad essi, riformandoli, i territori istituzionali. Ai territori funzionali occorre riportare la futura fiscalità, ed è la scala adeguata per l'impostazione della maggior parte delle politiche, tutti aspetti che richiederanno anche la necessità di avere una traduzione in termini di rappresentanza/sanzionabilità politica da parte dei cittadini. Il nuovo governo auspicato dalla Comunità Europea prevede una gestione attraverso Sistemi Locali Territoriali (S.Lo.t.) definiti dalla combinazione di milieu locale e reti di attori che si comportano come un attore collettivo. Infatti il secondo capitolo parte con l’indagare il concetto di “regione funzionale”, definito sulla base della presenza di un nucleo e di una corrispondente area di influenza; che interagisce con altre realtà territoriali in base a relazioni di tipo funzionale, per poi arrivare alla definizione di un Sistema Locale territoriale, modello evoluto di regione funzionale che può essere pensato come una rete locale di soggetti i quali, in funzione degli specifici rapporti che intrattengono fra loro e con le specificità territoriali del milieu locale in cui operano e agiscono, si comportano come un soggetto collettivo. Identificare un sistema territoriale, è una condizione necessaria, ma non sufficiente, per definire qualsiasi forma di pianificazione o governance territoriale, perchè si deve soprattutto tener conto dei processi di integrazione funzionale e di networking che si vengono a generare tra i diversi sistemi urbani e che sono specchio di come il territorio viene realmente fruito., perciò solo un approccio metodologico capace di sfumare e di sovrapporre le diverse perimetrazioni territoriali riesce a definire delle aree sulle quali definire un’azione di governo del territorio. Sin dall’inizio del 2000 il Servizio Sviluppo Territoriale dell’OCSE ha condotto un’indagine per capire come i diversi paesi identificavano empiricamente le regioni funzionali. La stragrande maggioranza dei paesi adotta una definizione di regione funzionale basata sul pendolarismo. I confini delle regioni funzionali sono stati definiti infatti sulla base di “contorni” determinati dai mercati locali del lavoro, a loro volta identificati sulla base di indicatori relativi alla mobilità del lavoro. In Italia, la definizione di area urbana funzionale viene a coincidere di fatto con quella di Sistema Locale del Lavoro (SLL). Il fatto di scegliere dati statistici legati a caratteristiche demografiche è un elemento fondamentale che determina l’ubicazione di alcuni servizi ed attrezzature e una mappa per gli investimenti nel settore sia pubblico che privato. Nell’ambito dei programmi europei aventi come obiettivo lo sviluppo sostenibile ed equilibrato del territorio fatto di aree funzionali in relazione fra loro, uno degli studi di maggior rilievo è stato condotto da ESPON (European Spatial Planning Observation Network) e riguarda l’adeguamento delle politiche alle caratteristiche dei territori d’Europa, creando un sistema permanente di monitoraggio del territorio europeo. Sulla base di tali indicatori vengono costruiti i ranking dei diversi FUA e quelli che presentano punteggi (medi) elevati vengono classificati come MEGA. In questo senso, i MEGA sono FUA/SLL particolarmente performanti. In Italia ve ne sono complessivamente sei, di cui uno nella regione Emilia-Romagna (Bologna). Le FUA sono spazialmente interconnesse ed è possibile sovrapporre le loro aree di influenza. Tuttavia, occorre considerare il fatto che la prossimità spaziale è solo uno degli aspetti di interazione tra le città, l’altro aspetto importante è quello delle reti. Per capire quanto siano policentrici o monocentrici i paesi europei, il Progetto Espon ha esaminato per ogni FUA tre differenti parametri: la grandezza, la posizione ed i collegamenti fra i centri. La fase di analisi della tesi ricostruisce l’evoluzione storica degli strumenti della pianificazione regionale analizzandone gli aspetti organizzativi del livello intermedio, evidenziando motivazioni e criteri adottati nella suddivisione del territorio emilianoromagnolo (i comprensori, i distretti industriali, i sistemi locali del lavoro…). La fase comprensoriale e quella dei distretti, anche se per certi versi effimere, hanno avuto comunque il merito di confermare l’esigenza di avere un forte organismo intermedio di programmazione e pianificazione. Nel 2007 la Regione Emilia Romagna, nell’interpretare le proprie articolazioni territoriali interne, ha adeguato le proprie tecniche analitiche interpretative alle direttive contenute nel Progetto E.S.P.O.N. del 2001, ciò ha permesso di individuare sei S.Lo.T ( Sistemi Territoriali ad alta polarizzazione urbana; Sistemi Urbani Metropolitani; Sistemi Città – Territorio; Sistemi a media polarizzazione urbana; Sistemi a bassa polarizzazione urbana; Reti di centri urbani di piccole dimensioni). Altra linea di lavoro della tesi di dottorato ha riguardato la controriprova empirica degli effettivi confini degli S.Lo.T del PTR 2007 . Dal punto di vista metodologico si è utilizzato lo strumento delle Cluster Analisys per impiegare il singolo comune come polo di partenza dei movimenti per la mia analisi, eliminare inevitabili approssimazioni introdotte dalle perimetrazioni legate agli SLL e soprattutto cogliere al meglio le sfumature dei confini amministrativi dei diversi comuni e province spesso sovrapposti fra loro. La novità è costituita dal fatto che fino al 2001 la regione aveva definito sullo stesso territorio una pluralità di ambiti intermedi non univocamente circoscritti per tutte le funzioni ma definiti secondo un criterio analitico matematico dipendente dall’attività settoriale dominante. In contemporanea col processo di rinnovamento della politica locale in atto nei principali Paesi dell’Europa Comunitaria si va delineando una significativa evoluzione per adeguare le istituzioni pubbliche che in Italia comporta l’attuazione del Titolo V della Costituzione. In tale titolo si disegna un nuovo assetto dei vari livelli Istituzionali, assumendo come criteri di riferimento la semplificazione dell’assetto amministrativo e la razionalizzazione della spesa pubblica complessiva. In questa prospettiva la dimensione provinciale parrebbe essere quella tecnicamente più idonea per il minimo livello di pianificazione territoriale decentrata ma nel contempo la provincia come ente amministrativo intermedio palesa forti carenze motivazionali in quanto l’ente storico di riferimento della pianificazione è il comune e l’ente di gestione delegato dallo stato è la regione: in generale troppo piccolo il comune per fare una programmazione di sviluppo, troppo grande la regione per cogliere gli impulsi alla crescita dei territori e delle realtà locali. Questa considerazione poi deve trovare elementi di compatibilità con la piccola dimensione territoriale delle regioni italiane se confrontate con le regioni europee ed i Laender tedeschi. L'individuazione di criteri oggettivi (funzionali e non formali) per l'individuazione/delimitazione di territori funzionali e lo scambio di prestazioni tra di essi sono la condizione necessaria per superare l'attuale natura opzionale dei processi di cooperazione interistituzionale (tra comuni, ad esempio appartenenti allo stesso territorio funzionale). A questo riguardo molto utile è l'esperienza delle associazioni, ma anche delle unioni di comuni. Le esigenze della pianificazione nel riordino delle istituzioni politico territoriali decentrate, costituiscono il punto finale della ricerca svolta, che vede confermato il livello intermedio come ottimale per la pianificazione. Tale livello è da intendere come dimensione geografica di riferimento e non come ambito di decisioni amministrative, di governance e potrebbe essere validamente gestito attraverso un’agenzia privato-pubblica dello sviluppo, alla quale affidare la formulazione del piano e la sua gestione. E perché ciò avvenga è necessario che il piano regionale formulato da organi politici autonomi, coordinati dall’attività dello stato abbia caratteri definiti e fattibilità economico concreta.

La ricerca indaga le dinamiche socio - economiche in atto in rapporto con le trasformazioni territoriali e valuta in quale misura la pianificazione territoriale ed urbanistica sia in grado di soddisfare le attuali esigenze nella gestione del territorio, urbanizzato e non. La riflessione parte dalla necessità di capire come un territorio possa conservare vitalità nel momento in cui si ritrova all’interno di un sistema di dinamiche che non si rivolge più ad ambiti di riferimento vicini (fino ad una decina d’anni fa la competitività veniva misurata, generalmente, tra regioni contermini, al massimo con riferimento ai trend nazionali), ma che necessita di confrontarsi per lo meno con le realtà regionali europee, se non, per certi versi, con la scala mondiale, globale appunto. La generalità della tematica ha imposto, di conseguenza, l’individuazione di un case book al quale riferirsi così da approfondirla attraverso una conoscenza diretta di un preciso ambito territoriale. È stato scelto, quale esemplificazione, il territorio della regione Veneto, con particolare riferimento all’area centrale. La ragione di tale scelta è da individuarsi, oltre che in motivi meramente strumentali, nel fatto che il Veneto, tra le regioni italiane, tuttora si configura come un territorio soggetto a forti trasformazioni indotte dalle dinamiche socio - economiche. Infatti da un primo periodo veneto, legato alla costruzione dell’armatura territoriale articolata su una molteplicità di poli diffusi sul territorio, si è passati al Secondo Veneto, quello della diffusione produttiva, dei capannoni, della marmellata urbanistica, del consumo del suolo. L’epoca attuale risponde poi ad un Terzo Veneto, un periodo forse di transizione verso un nuovo assetto. Il punto di partenza è stato dunque quello della delimitazione dell’area di riferimento, attraverso il riconoscimento di quei caratteri territoriali che la contraddistinguono da altre aree all’interno della regione stessa e su scala europea. Dopo una prima descrizione in chiave descrittiva e storico - evolutiva rivolta alla comprensione dei fenomeni in atto (diffuso e frammentazione insediativa tra i principali) si è passati ad una lettura quantitativa che consentisse, da un lato, di comprendere meglio alcuni caratteri della Regione e, dall’altro, di confrontarla con la scala globale, che si è scelto essere per la realtà considerata quella dell’Unione Europea. Le problematiche, i punti di forza e di debolezza emersi hanno consentito di formulare alcune ipotesi volte al miglioramento del territorio dell’area centrale veneta attraverso un processo che individuasse, non solo gli attori interessati alla trasformazione, ma anche gli strumenti maggiormente idonei per la realizzazione degli stessi. Sono emerse così le caratteristiche che potrebbe assumere il Quarto Veneto, il Veneto che verrà. I temi trattati spaziano dall’individuazione dei metodi di governance che, tramite il processo di visioning, siano in grado di individuare le priorità, di definire l’intensità d’uso, la vocazione dei luoghi e chi siano gli operatori interessati, all’integrazione tra i valori della storia e della cultura territoriale con i nuovi modi del fare (nuove tecnologie), fino all’individuazione di strumenti di coesione economica, sociale e territoriale per scongiurare quei rischi di disgregazione insiti nella globalizzazione. La ricerca si è dunque concretizzata attraverso un approccio euristico alla problematica delle trasformazioni territoriali, in cui il tema della scala di riferimento (locale - globale), ha consentito di valutare esperienze, tecniche e progetti volti al raggiungimento di livelli di sviluppo territoriale ed urbano sostenibili.

Purpose of this research is to deepen the study on the section in architecture. The survey aims as important elements in the project Teatro Domestico by Aldo Rossi built for the XVII Triennale di Milano in 1986 and, through the implementation on several topics of architecture, verify the timeliness and fertility in the new compositional exercises. Through the study of certain areas of the Rossi’s theory we tried to find a common thread for the reading of the theater project. The theater is the place of the ephemeral and the artificial, which is why his destiny is the end and the fatal loss. The design and construction of theater setting has always had a double meaning between the value of civil architecture and testing of new technologies available. Rossi's experience in this area are clear examples of the inseparable relationship between the representation of architecture as art and design of architecture as a model of reality. In the Teatro Domestico, the distinction between representation and the real world is constantly canceled and returned through the reversal of the meaning and through the skip of scale. At present, studies conducted on the work of Rossi concern the report that the architectural composition is the theory of form, focusing compositional development of a manufacturing process between the typological analysis and form invention. The research, through the analysis of some projects few designs, will try to analyze this issue through the rules of composition both graphical and concrete construction, hoping to decipher the mechanism underlying the invention. The almost total lack of published material on the project Teatro Domestico and the opportunity to visit the archives that preserve the drawings, has allowed the author of this study to deepen the internal issues in the project, thus placing this search as a first step toward possible further analysis on the works of Rossi linked to performance world. The final aim is therefore to produce material that can best describe the work of Rossi. Through the reading of the material published by the same author and the vision of unpublished material preserved in the archives, it was possible to develop new material and increasing knowledge about the work, otherwise difficult to analyze. The research is divided into two groups. The first, taking into account the close relationship most frequently mentioned by Rossi himself between archeology and architectural composition, stresses the importance of tipo such as urban composition reading system as well as open tool of invention. Resuming Ezio Bonfanti’s essay on the work of the architect we wanted to investigate how the paratactic method is applied to the early work conceived and, subsequently as the process reaches a complexity accentuated, while keeping stable the basic terms. Following a brief introduction related to the concept of the section and the different interpretations that over time the term had, we tried to identify with this facility a methodology for reading Rossi’s projects. The result is a constant typological interpretation of the term, not only related to the composition in plant but also through the elevation plans. The section is therefore intended as the overturning of such elevation is marked on the same plane of the terms used, there is a different approach, but a similarity of characters. The identification of architectural phonemes allows comparison with other arts. The research goes in the direction of language trying to identify the relationship between representation and construction, between the ephemeral and the real world. In this sense it will highlight the similarities between the graphic material produced by Ross and some important examples of contemporary author. The comparison between the composition system with the surrealist world of painting and literature will facilitate the understanding and identification of possible rules applied by Rossi. The second part of the research is characterized by a focus on the intent of the project chosen. Teatro Domestico embodies a number of elements that seem to conclude (assuming an end point but also to start) a curriculum author. With it, the experiments carried out on the theater started with the project for the Teatrino Scientifico (1978) through the project for the Teatro del Mondo (1979), into a Laic Tabernacle representative collective and private memory of the city. Starting from a reading of the draft, through the collection of published material, we’ve made an analysis on the explicit themes of the work, finding the conceptual references. Following the taking view of the original materials not published kept at Aldo Rossi's Archive Collection of the Canadian Center for Architecture in Montréal, will be implemented through the existing techniques for digital representation, a virtual reconstruction of the project, adding little to the material, a new element for future studies. The reconstruction is part of a larger research studies where the current technologies of composition and representation in architecture stand side by side with research on the method of composition of this architect. The results achieved are in addition to experiences in the past dealt with the reconstruction of some of the lost works of Aldo Rossi. A partial objective is to reactivate a discourse around this work is considered non-principal, among others born in the prolific activities. Reassessment of development projects which would bring the level of ephemeral works most frequented by giving them the value earned. In conclusion, the research aims to open a new field of interest on the part not only as a technical instrument of representation of an idea but as an actual mechanism through which composition is formed and the idea is developed.