The Basel III accord is the cornerstone of global financial reform efforts that seek to guard against the types of financial crisis seen in 2007/8. It requires banks to fund more of their activities with better-quality capital and, in so doing, attempts to assure that they are better able to absorb shocks that can lead to crises. However, capital requirements come with a range of costs, which could spark a slowdown in credit or a change in the types of lending banks engage in. This paper conducts a comprehensive literature review of theoretical and empirical studies of the impacts of previous Accords, Basel I and Basel II, and attempts to draw lessons on possible downside effects of the latest iteration of the Basel Accord. It proceeds in three parts. Part 1 explores the history of the Basel Accords, exploring their theoretical basis and the evolution of the regulation into its current form. This section identifies two possible mechanisms by which capital regulation can negatively impact the broader economy: increasing capital costs and increasing risk aversion. Part 2 explores the potential for increased capital cost, while Part 3 examines the possibility of excessive risk aversion. In conclusion, the paper finds that while the potential for downside effects does exist, these are not likely to be significant, and seem particularly unlikely to have a major impact in the South African case.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) em indivíduos tratados das más oclusões iniciais de Classe III. Os 50 casos avaliados foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo I composto de 25 pacientes tratados ortodonticamente e o grupo II de 25 pacientes submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico seguido de cirurgia ortognática. Um questionário relativo aos principais sintomas de DTM, permitiu a classificação da amostra de acordo com a presença e a severidade de DTM. Foi realizado exame físico para avaliação articular, muscular e oclusal. Baseado no questionário anamnésico encontrou-se a prevalência de 42% com DTM leve, 10% com DTM moderada e 48% apresentavam-se com ausência de DTM. Os testes estatísticos aplicados nesta pesquisa foram o ?t? de Student para os dados paramétricos, o Mann-Witney para os dados não paramétricos e o Qui-quadrado que analisou a associação entre o índice de DTM e as demais variáveis. Os resultados indicaram que os grupos estudados não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto ao índice de DTM. Por outro lado observou-se associação entre a severidade de DTM e a presença de interferências em lado de não-trabalho. Concluiu-se, com base na amostra estudada, que os tratamentos das más oclusões de Classe III não se relacionam com a presença e severidade de DTM. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in individuals after Class III orthodontic treatment. The sample consisted of 50 individuals divided into two groups, according to the type of treatment (orthodontic or orthodontic with orthognathic surgery). The presence of signs and symptoms of TMD were evaluated by an anamnestic questionnaire and a clinical examination, including TMJ and muscle palpation, active mandibular range of motion, joint noises and occlusal examination. Based on the anamnestic questionnaire, 42% was considered as having mild TMD, while 10% had moderate TMD. The presence and severity of TMD did not show any relationship with the type of orthodontic treatment. A positive association, by qui square test (p<0,05) was found between TMD and nonworking side contacts. Based on that, it was concluded that Class III orthodontic treatment is not associated with the presence of signs and symptoms of TMD.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) em indivíduos tratados das más oclusões iniciais de Classe III. Os 50 casos avaliados foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo I composto de 25 pacientes tratados ortodonticamente e o grupo II de 25 pacientes submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico seguido de cirurgia ortognática. Um questionário relativo aos principais sintomas de DTM, permitiu a classificação da amostra de acordo com a presença e a severidade de DTM. Foi realizado exame físico para avaliação articular, muscular e oclusal. Baseado no questionário anamnésico encontrou-se a prevalência de 42% com DTM leve, 10% com DTM moderada e 48% apresentavam-se com ausência de DTM. Os testes estatísticos aplicados nesta pesquisa foram o ?t? de Student para os dados paramétricos, o Mann-Witney para os dados não paramétricos e o Qui-quadrado que analisou a associação entre o índice de DTM e as demais variáveis. Os resultados indicaram que os grupos estudados não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto ao índice de DTM. Por outro lado observou-se associação entre a severidade de DTM e a presença de interferências em lado de não-trabalho. Concluiu-se, com base na amostra estudada, que os tratamentos das más oclusões de Classe III não se relacionam com a presença e severidade de DTM. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in individuals after Class III orthodontic treatment. The sample consisted of 50 individuals divided into two groups, according to the type of treatment (orthodontic or orthodontic with orthognathic surgery). The presence of signs and symptoms of TMD were evaluated by an anamnestic questionnaire and a clinical examination, including TMJ and muscle palpation, active mandibular range of motion, joint noises and occlusal examination. Based on the anamnestic questionnaire, 42% was considered as having mild TMD, while 10% had moderate TMD. The presence and severity of TMD did not show any relationship with the type of orthodontic treatment. A positive association, by qui square test (p<0,05) was found between TMD and nonworking side contacts. Based on that, it was concluded that Class III orthodontic treatment is not associated with the presence of signs and symptoms of TMD.

O debate sobre o socialismo americano começa no inicio do Século XIX e foi ganhando adeptos conforme cresceu sua importância dentro das sociedades latinas americanas. Ao mesmo tempo, foi seguido de várias rupturas e continuidades, várias e ricas abordagens sobre a Sociedade. O presente estudo busca resgatar essa contribuição e busca realizar um exame da organização do pensamento comunista e da III Internacional na América Latina. Este estudo desenvolve um panorama do inicio da formação do pensamento socialista no continente na primeira metade do Século XIX e centra sua preocupação em observar como foi o encontro entre o pensamento comunista latino americano e o comunismo da III Internacional. Ao mesmo tempo, detêm-se no impacto que a filiação dos partidos comunistas latino americano a III internacional teve no processo de amadurecimento de suas idéias, estratégicas e táticas, na ação política e na formação de um ideário de superação do Capitalismo pelo Socialismo. / The debate about American socialism starts at the beginning of ninetieth century and won adepts as its importance grew up inside the latin-american societies. At the same time, was followed by several ruptures and continuities, several and valiant approaches about the society. This study seeks to rescue this contribution and seeks an examination of the communist thought organization and the III International in Latin-America. This study develops a panorama of the socialist thought beginning in the continent at the first half of ninetieth century and focus its preoccupation on observe how was the meeting between latin-american communist thought and the III International communism. At the same time, arrests in the impact that the filiation of Latin-American communist parties the III International had in the ripening process of its strategically ideas and tactics on political action and the formation of an ideology about an overcoming of the Capitalism by Socialism.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

Josiah Tucker, who was the Anglican Dean of Gloucester from 1758 until his death in 1799, is best known as a political pamphleteer, controversialist and political economist. Regularly called upon by Britain's leading statesmen, and most significantly the Younger Pitt, to advise them on the best course of British economic development, in a large variety of writings he speculated on the consequences of North American independence for the global economy and for international relations; upon the complicated relations between small and large states; and on the related issue of whether low wage costs in poor countries might always erode the competitive advantage of richer nations, thereby establishing perpetual cycles of rise and decline. As a vehement critic of war in all its forms, Tucker was a staunch opponent of Britain's mercantile system – a pejorative term connoting, amongst other things, the aggressive control of global trade for the benefit of the mother country so as to encourage imperial expansion throughout known parts of the world. Though recognising Tucker to be a pioneer of the anti-mercantilist free trade school, extant Tucker scholarship has tended to concentrate on the perceived similarities and dissimilarities between he and the classical economists, particularly Adam Smith. Yet whilst acknowledging the veracity of these various connections and claims, this thesis approaches Tucker from an alternative perspective. Placing Tucker in his proper historical context, the main purpose of this study is to explore the intellectual, political and theo-philosophical background to Tucker's economic thought. Its most original and profound contribution consisting in a detailed and critical analysis of Tucker's links with his ecclesiastical mentor Bishop Joseph Butler, its central concern is to argue the case for Butler's crucial influence over Tucker's free trade ideas – particularly in the guise of the neo-Stoic, Anglican providentialism that buttressed much of Butler's own theories in the field of meta-ethics and moral philosophy.

Com o objetivo de comparar as condições do pavimento previstas pelo modelo HDM III com as observadas, foram avaliados três trechos rodoviários, divididos num total de 19 subtrechos homogêneos, na região central do estado de São Paulo. O método adotado para medir a irregularidade do pavimento nestes trechos foi o de nível e mira. As deflexões recuperáveis foram medidas com a viga Benkelman e com aparelho tipo FWD (\"Falling Weight Deflectometer\"). O levantamento da condição da superfície baseou-se na especificação de serviço DNER-ES 128/83 e no procedimento DNER-PRO 08-94. Durante todo o período de avaliação foram feitos registros em vídeo (filmagens), dos trechos selecionados. Foi feita uma contagem de tráfego em cada trecho e definido o fator de veículo com base em dados de pesagem de 1993. Com base nestes dados foram testados alguns dos modelos de deterioração do HDM III, aplicados aos casos específicos dos pavimentos que compõem os trechos avaliados. Verificada a necessidade de adaptação destes modelos à região de estudo foram definidos, através de análise de regressão, alguns fatores de deterioração para serem aplicados diretamente no modelo HDM III. Tendo em vista que o modelo HDM III utiliza a deflexão medida com a viga Benkelman, definiu-se uma correlação destes resultados com a deflexão recuperável do pavimento medida com equipamentos tipo FWD. / Three highway section divided in nineteen homogeneous subsections were studied in order to compare the pavement conditions predicted by the HDM III model with the values measured \"in situ\". The roughness was measured by the road and level method and recoverable deflections with Benkelman beam and FWD (Falling Weight Deflectometer). The surface distress survey was based on DNER-ES 128/83 and DNER-PRO 08/94 standards. Television tapes were recorded during the period of evaluation. Traffic countings in each section were rnade and the equivalent standard axle load factors were stabilished, based on load data from 1993. Running the HDM III software with these data, the prediction models within the HDM III were tested. For the sections under analysis it had shown that adaptations to the deterioration factors should be done. These new deterioration factors are suggested. Since the HDM III model uses the Benkelman beam values, a correlation between FWD and Benkelman beam was established.

Com o objetivo de comparar as condições do pavimento previstas pelo modelo HDM III com as observadas, foram avaliados três trechos rodoviários, divididos num total de 19 subtrechos homogêneos, na região central do estado de São Paulo. O método adotado para medir a irregularidade do pavimento nestes trechos foi o de nível e mira. As deflexões recuperáveis foram medidas com a viga Benkelman e com aparelho tipo FWD (\"Falling Weight Deflectometer\"). O levantamento da condição da superfície baseou-se na especificação de serviço DNER-ES 128/83 e no procedimento DNER-PRO 08-94. Durante todo o período de avaliação foram feitos registros em vídeo (filmagens), dos trechos selecionados. Foi feita uma contagem de tráfego em cada trecho e definido o fator de veículo com base em dados de pesagem de 1993. Com base nestes dados foram testados alguns dos modelos de deterioração do HDM III, aplicados aos casos específicos dos pavimentos que compõem os trechos avaliados. Verificada a necessidade de adaptação destes modelos à região de estudo foram definidos, através de análise de regressão, alguns fatores de deterioração para serem aplicados diretamente no modelo HDM III. Tendo em vista que o modelo HDM III utiliza a deflexão medida com a viga Benkelman, definiu-se uma correlação destes resultados com a deflexão recuperável do pavimento medida com equipamentos tipo FWD. / Three highway section divided in nineteen homogeneous subsections were studied in order to compare the pavement conditions predicted by the HDM III model with the values measured \"in situ\". The roughness was measured by the road and level method and recoverable deflections with Benkelman beam and FWD (Falling Weight Deflectometer). The surface distress survey was based on DNER-ES 128/83 and DNER-PRO 08/94 standards. Television tapes were recorded during the period of evaluation. Traffic countings in each section were rnade and the equivalent standard axle load factors were stabilished, based on load data from 1993. Running the HDM III software with these data, the prediction models within the HDM III were tested. For the sections under analysis it had shown that adaptations to the deterioration factors should be done. These new deterioration factors are suggested. Since the HDM III model uses the Benkelman beam values, a correlation between FWD and Benkelman beam was established.

Thesis (M.M. (Public and Development Management))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Wits School of Governance, 2016. / Title: The relevance of the Basel III Accord within South African Banking. There are numerous countries which are regulated by the Basel II Accord that manifested different results from the 2007 subprime crisis. The United States and some European Countries emanated the subprime crises and experienced massive decline in market confidence as write-offs became the order of the day. The write offs became so severe that the Federal Bank of the United States had to step in to offer massive bailouts to rescue the American banking industry. However, conversely to what happened in America, there some countries (including South Africa) which were also regulated by the Basel II Accord but did not experience massive write-offs as a result of the subprime crisis? This begs a question of whether there is a deeper reason for the failure of the American and European banking system to the extent that they had to bailout their banks during the 2007 financial crisis. With this question remaining unanswered, there remains skepticism on whether a country regulator can rely on implementing the Basel III Accord for improved banking sector resilience. In particular, the stringent requirements of the introduction of liquidity standards will be costly to implement in South Africa. Therefore, a question will need to be asked whether the Basel III Accord is relevant in South Africa. / GR2018