Le cancer du sein triple négatif (TN) est un cancer présentant des résistances aux agents de chimiothérapie. Malgré la forte expression de l’EGFR, il est aussi résistant aux anti-EGFR. Ces mécanismes de résistance ne sont pas connus.MUC1 est une protéine transmembranaire largement glycosylée. Sa fonction extracellulaire est impliquée dans la régulation des récepteurs membranaires dont l’EGFR. Comme les autres glycoprotéines membranaires, son unité extracellulaire (MUC1-N) peut moduler la réponse cellulaire immune par hypersialylation. Son unité intracellulaire (MUC1-C) possède des sites de phosphorylation impliqués dans plusieurs voies de signalisation telles que PI3K/AKT/mTOR ou RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK. Ces dernières régulent l’autophagie qui est un mécanisme de survie cellulaire associé à la résistance aux agents de chimiothérapie.Nous avons démontré que les TN présentaient des modifications quantitatives et qualitatives de l’expression de MUC1, altérant probablement les régulations des voies associées à MUC1/EGFR dont l’autophagie. L’activation de l’autophagie explique la résistance aux traitements des agents de chimiothérapie. L’IL17 est un facteur pro-inflammatoire secrété par du microenvironnement tumoral et associé également à la résistance des agents de chimiothérapie des TN, par activation de la voie MEK/ERK, suggérant son implication à activer l’autophagie.En conclusion, nos travaux permettent d’émettre l’hypothèse que l’inhibition de l’autophagie et/ou MUC1 et/ou IL17 pourrait augmenter la sensibilité aux traitements de chimiothérapie ou des thérapies ciblées dirigées contre les TN. / Triple negative breast cancer (TN) is often associated to chemioresistance. Moreover, despite an EGRF over-expression, TN is also resistant to anti-EGFR drugs. These resistance mechanisms are not known yet.MUC1 is a transmembrane broadly glycosylated protein. Its extracellular unit (MUC-N) is involved to membrane receptor regulations, as EGFR. As other membrane glycoproteins, MUC1 could modulate, by over-sialylation, the immune cellular response. Its intracellular unit (MUC-C) presents phosphorylation sites involved in numerous signal pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR or RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK. Both pathways regulate autophagy which is a survival cellular mechanism associated to resistance of chemiotherapy drugs.We showed that TN presents quantitative and qualitative MUC1 alterations, likely associated with dys-regulation of autophagy/MUC1/EGFR pathways. The activation of autophagy explains the chemiotherapy resistance. IL17 is a proinflammatory interleukin secreted by the tumor microenvironment. In TN, IL17 is also associated to chemiorestistance throughout the MEK/ERK pathways, suggesting its involving activating autophagy.In conclusion, our work allows us to hypothesize that inhibition of autophagy and/or MUC1 and/or IL17 could be increase the sensibility to chemiotherapy or targeted therapies against TN.

Die rheumatoide Arthritis ist eine chronisch entzündliche Gelenkentzündung, deren Ursachen bis dato ungeklärt bleibt. Der Verlauf der Erkrankung führt zu irreversiblem Zerstörung von Knorpel, Knochen und umgebenden Geweben in den betroffenen Gelenken. Es scheint jedoch klar, dass Synovialzellen, Knorpelzellen und Zytokine eine entscheidende Rolle im Fortschreiten der Erkrankung spielen. IL17 ist ein kürzlich entdecktes Zytokine, welches im besonderen Maßen mit der rheumatoiden Arthritis in Verbindung gebracht wird. Es liegt in der Synovialflüssigkeit und im Serum von Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis in deutlich höherer Konzentration vor als in anderen Gelenks-zerstörenden Erkrankungen wie z.B. der Osteoarthritis. Eine kürzlich entdeckte Zellpopulation konnte als chondrogene Vorläuferzellen charakterisiert werden. Da sie einen IL17-Rezeptorkomplex exprimieren, ist anzunehmen, dass eine IL17 Stimulation der chondrogenen Vorläuferzellen zu Veränderungen in deren Synthesemustern führt. Methode: Chondrogenen Vorläuferzellen konnten aus menschlichem Knorpel von Patientin mit rheumatoider Arthritis gewonnen und in Kultur gehalten werden. Die Zellen wurden mit IL17 inkubiert und deren Reaktion durch Zellkulturstudien, real-time-PCR, Immunfluoreszenz und western blot untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die IL17 Stimulation der chondrogenen Vorläuferzellen führte zu einer Suppression des Zellwachstums in den ersten Tagen der Zellkultur. Folgende mRNA Moleküle konnten erstmals in den chondrogenen Vorläuferzellen nachgewiesen werden: IL6, IL1,MMP3, MMP14,MMP15, MMP17 NFkB, , MAPK1, IL1, Aggrecan, ADAMTS-5 und TIMP3. Die IL17 Stimulation führte zu einer Erhöhung der Expression von MMP3, MMP17, IL6 und NFkB in den chondrogenen Vorläuferzellen. MMP14 und MMP15 zeigten sich nicht beeinflusst in ihrem Expressionsmuster. Anschließend konnten die Proteine MMP3 und IL6 stellvertretend in den chondrogenen Vorläuferzellen nachgewiesen werden. Ein IL17 Antikörper konnte den zuvor gezeigten Effekt von IL17 auf die IL6 Expression erfolgreich blocken. Schlussvolgerung: chondrogenen Vorläuferzellen scheinen in einem bestimmten Expressionsmuster auf die IL17 Stimulation zu reagieren. Gerade diese Reaktion scheint zum weiteren Fortschreiten der rheumatoiden Arthritis zu führen. Aufgrund der vielen bereits gezeigten Effekte von IL17 auf Gewebe in der rheumatoiden Arthritis scheint IL17 ein vielversprechendes Ziel in der zukünftigen Therapie der Erkrankung darzustellen.

Submitted by Amanda Silva (amanda.osilva2@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-13T15:33:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Helker da Silva.pdf: 5271384 bytes, checksum: 9fef714693de56d2aa1962cb3968e3de (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T15:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Helker da Silva.pdf: 5271384 bytes, checksum: 9fef714693de56d2aa1962cb3968e3de (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / O Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença autoimune sistêmica e crônica, com uma patogênese envolvendo múltiplos fatores. As citocinas têm um papel crucial no desenvolvimento e progressão do LES. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a associação dos polimorfismos dos genes das interleucinas proinflamatórias IL2, IL12B, IL17A, IL17F, IL23R e TNF com o desenvolvimento do LES, atividade da doença e manifestações clínicas apresentadas. Foram selecionadas 122 mulheres com Lupus atendidas no Hospital das Clínicas-UFPE. Os polimorfismos TNF (-308 G/A), IL17A -197(G/A), IL17F (7488 A/G), IL23R (2199 A/C) e IL12B (3’UTR +1188 A/C) foram identificados por PCR-RFLP e a genotipagem do polimorfismo 3’UTR +1188 (A/C) IL2 foi por ARMS-PCR. Nossos resultados mostram que os polimorfismos dos genes TNF (p=0,0012), IL17F (p=0,0005), IL2 (p=0,0011), IL12 (p=<0,0001) e IL23R (p=<0,0001) estão associados à suscetibilidade ao LES. Nenhum dos polimorfismos mostrou associação com o nível de atividade da doença. Na análise de associação entre os polimorfismos e o desenvolvimento de características clínicas, o alelo A do TNF mostrou associação com o desenvolvimento de Serosite (p=0,0228). Além disso, observou-se que polimorfismo do gene IL12B mostrou associação com Fator Anti-nuclear (FAN) (p=<0,0001). Desta forma, concluímos que, na população estudada, polimorfismos em genes de citocinas próinflamatórias e seus receptores podem ser fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do LES, mas não se associam com a atividade da doença, e que os polimorfismos nos genes TNF e IL12B podem influenciar no desenvolvimento de características clínicas da doença.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第23335号 / 生博第453号 / 新制||生||60(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 野田 岳志, 教授 杉田 昌彦, 教授 千坂 修 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

IL-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which play an important role in the activation and regulation of host defence and immune responses to inflammation or injury. IL-1 is able to bind and activate IL1-RI and IL1-RII, which are found on many cells types. The role of the IL-1 signalling in the deployment of Th cell subsets, especially Th17 cells is well known. However, the specific cells which are responsible for the expression of IL-1 signalling in the immune defense and in the development of the Th cell lineage in response to infection, is still largely unclear. Therefore in this thesis, IL1-RI conditional knockout mice specifically in hematopoietic cells (IL1-RI vaviCre+) were generated. Using IL1-RI vaviCre+ mice in comparison with IL1-RI global knockout mice (IL1-RI-/-) would determine whether the expression IL-1 signalling from hematopoietic cells is responsible for the immune defense and in the development of the Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells against gastrointestinal helminth Trichuris muris (T.muris) infections. The generation of IL1-RI vaviCre+ mice have been investigated at the genomic and proteomic level in order to confirm that the Il1-rI gene is inactivated in hematopoietic cells. The characterisation of IL1-RI vaviCre + mice at the genomic level confirmed that the Il1-rI gene was obliterated successfully. At protein level the characterisation of IL1- RI vaviCre + mice confirmed that IL1-RI was dysfunctional in hematopoietic cells. Additionally, the development of the immune cells was investigated in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI-/- mice. Our findings demonstrated that the lymphocyte development was not affected by the deletion of the IL1- RI gene. This data indicated that IL1- RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI-/- mice are vital in vivo models. In high dose infection, both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice were able to clear the infections due to their ability to generate a Th2 response. Both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris were susceptible to infections and showed high levels of Th1 cytokines. Thus, we hypothesised that IL1-RI signalling in hematopoietic cells was not required for worm expulsion and the generation of Th2 and Th1 response. Interestingly, low dose T.muris infection showed a clear reduction in the Th17 cytokines IL22 and IL17 in both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice, suggesting that IL-1 signalling expressed from hematopoietic cells is responsible for the development of Th17 cells and secretion of IL17 and IL22. IL1- RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris also showed an increase in inflammation in the colon and decreased of goblet cell hyperplasia. It is well known that IL22 plays an important role in preventing tissue damage and repair. Thus, in this study IL22 global knockout mice (IL22 -/-) were used to determine if the change in crypt lengths and goblet cell hyperplasia in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- was due to an absence of IL22. Our finding showed that IL22 -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris had increased crypt length and a reduction in goblet cells. The similar phenotype in crypt length and goblet cell hyperplasia between IL22 -/-, IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice suggested that a lack of IL22 in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice is responsible for the change in mice phenotype. It also provides more evidence for the role of IL-1 signaling in hematopoietic cells in the generation of Th17 cells and in the production of its cytokine IL22.IL1-RII is an inhibitor of IL1-RI, thus, in this study IL1-RII global knockout mice (IL1-RII -/-) mice was used in comparison with IL1-RI -/- mice to verify the role of IL-1 signaling in the development of Th17 cells. Our finding showed an overexpression of IL17 and IL22 in IL1-RII -/- compared with IL1-RI -/- mice and a higher level of IL17 in IL1-RII -/- mice compared with IL1-RII flox/flox mice. This data confirmed that IL-1 signaling is important for the development of Th17 cells and the production of its cytokine IL17 and IL22.