<p>Electrostatic spray is a spray that is induced by an interaction between the surface charge on the liquid meniscus and the externally applied electrical field that forms a conical shape known as the Taylor Cone. Electrostatic spray can be seen in a variety of different fields in modern times, such as, agriculture, combustion, space propulsion, and medical applications. The experimental setup for any electrostatic spray consists of the following components: a syringe pump filled with an ionic fluid, a high voltage power supply, and a ground source. The orientation of the nozzle, set to a horizontal or vertical orientation, and the interface that is examined, liquid/air or liquid/liquid interface are two parameters that can vary from one setup to another while still using the same components to form the electrostatic spray. In this experimental study, the characteristic of the electrostatic spray of two immiscible fluids, liquid/liquid interface, with a horizontal nozzle orientation, was analyzed. The two immiscible fluids that were chosen for this experiment were olive oil, the ambient fluid, and pure ethanol, the working fluid. A set range of 0 – 5 kV with an increment of 0.5 kV was applied to the working fluid with a flowrate of 0.1 mL/min. The distance between the nozzle and the copper disk was also altered for three different distances, 22.09, 14.6 and 10.33 mm. Different patterns and trajectories were captured and analyzed using both a high-speed camera and a long exposure camera. Formation of vortices was recorded in the induced flow. The general trend was found was an increase in the droplets’ velocity with the increase of the applied voltage. Additionally, there was an increase in the droplets’ velocity was recorded as the copper disk was moved closer to the nozzle. A dimensional number, Jowaiser’s number Jo, has been proposed where it relates the electric forces to the inertial forces. It can be used to predicts the phase that the flow experiences. The four phases that a flow can experience are the droplet phase, transition phase, spray phase, and the shorting phase.  </p>

This theses deals with flow of two immisible fluid in horizontal pipeline. First part teoretically describes immisible flow. What follows is experimental measurement in wich experimental track was adjusted for inlet of oil from the top. Water and corn germ oil were used as fluids. There were observed many modes of flow on the track. After that PIV was described and measured. PIV was done for measurement of values of velocity vectors. Simulation of one chosen mode was developed in the last chapter. This simulation was done in Ansys Fluent with help of VOF method. Simulation was done both in 3D and 2D pipeline. In the end these simulation were compared with experiment measurement and were critically evaluated.

Ce travail présente une contribution à la modélisation numérique des systèmes de suspensions dans le cadre de la théorie cinétique. Cette description continue des systèmes de suspensions permet de prendre en compte l'influence de la structure à l'échelle microscopique sur la cinétique de l'écoulement macroscopique. Cependant elle présente l'inconvénient majeur d'être définie sur un espace à haute dimension et rend alors difficile la résolution de ces modèles avec des approches déterministes classiques. Afin de s'affranchir, ou du moins d'alléger, le poids du caractère micro-macro des approches en théorie cinétique, plusieurs techniques de réduction dimensionnelle s'appuyant sur l'utilisation de la Décomposition Généralisée en modes Propres (PGD) sont présentées. Une étude de différents algorithmes PGD est conduite, et dont l'efficacité en termes de vitesse de convergence et d'optimalité de la solution est illustrée. La simulation de mélanges de fluides immiscibles est conduite à l'aide du Tenseur d'aire qui est un puissant outil de caractérisation du mélange. Cependant celui-ci nécessite l'introduction d'une relation de fermeture dont l'impact est évalué avec le modèle de théorie cinétique équivalent et exact. Finalement, la simulation de systèmes de suspensions colloïdales décrits par l'équation de Smoluchowski présente une approche originale de la modélisation des suspensions solides. Cette approche permet de s'affranchir avantageusement du bruit statistique inhérent aux simulations stochastiques traditionnellement mises en œuvre. / This work is a contribution to the numerical modeling of suspension system in the kinetic theory framework. This continuum description of suspension system allows to account for the microstructure impact on the kinetic of the macroscopic flow. However, its main drawback is related to the high dimensional spaces in which kinetic theory models are defined and makes difficult for classical deterministic approaches to solve such systems. One possibility for circumventing, or at least alleviate, the weight of the micro-macro kinetic theory approaches lies in the use of separated representations strategies based on the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD). A study of different PGD algorithms is driven, illustrating the efficiency of these algorithms in terms of convergence speed and optimality of the solution obtained. The immiscible fluids blends modeling is driven using the area tensor which is a powerful numerical tool for characterizing blends. However it needs the introduction of closure relation of which impact is measured using equivalent and exact kinetic theory model. Finally, the numerical modeling of colloidal suspension system described by the Smoluchowski equation presents an original approach of the modeling of solid suspension system. This description allows to circumvent the statistical noise inherent to the stochastic approaches commonly used.

Dans cette thèse, on a étudié l’évolution de l’interface par électro-osmose entre deux couches de fluides dans un canal microfluidique. Les applications de ce problème concernent le mélange et le transport, sans contact avec des actionneurs, de fluides en micro-canal. De nombreuses questions restent toutefois posées lorsque le champ est oscillant en temps, notamment vis à vis de la stabilité de l'interface entre les deux fluides. Une analyse de stabilité linéaire basée sur une perturbation à l’interface a été réalisée pour un film mince d'électrolyte sous des champs électriques continus (constants) et alternatifs (dépendant du temps). Une analyse asymptotique avec une hypothèse de grande longueur d’onde des équations d'Orr-Sommerfeld a été appliquée afin de déterminer les seuils de stabilité paramétriques d'un film mince aqueux. L’accent a été mis sur les effets de la tension de surface, de la pression de disjonction pour l'interaction gaz-liquide-substrat, de l'amplitude et de la fréquence du champ électrique appliqué, ainsi que du potentiel zêta du substrat et de la surface libre. Une analyse comparative des profils de vitesse de l’état de base avec et sans contraintes de Maxwell à l’interface, a montré que les gradients de vitesse étaient importants à l'interface liquide-liquide avec les contraintes de Maxwell. De tels gradients sont essentiels à l'instabilité interfaciale sous l’action d’un champ électrique périodique car ils peuvent atténuer ou amplifier les ondes à l’interface. Parallèlement, un dispositif expérimental a été conçu et monté afin de caractériser l’écoulement électroosmotique dans un micro-canal rectangulaire. Avec l'aide d'une analyse PTV (« Particle Tracking Velocimetry »), les distributions de vitesse ont été obtenues et comparées aux prédictions théoriques. Cette comparaison a permis d’estimer le potentiel zêta du PDMS utilisé, valeur conforme à la valeur indiquée dans la littérature. / Since the past decade, use of electro-osmotic flow (EOF) as an alternative flow mechanism in microdevices is becoming more popular due to its less bulky and low maintenance system design. However, one of the biggest shortcomings for its usage in mainstream applications is that it requires the concerned liquid to be electrically conductive. One idea can be to use the flow of conductive fluids to transport non-conductive liquids passively via interfacial shear transfer. Such an idea can has numerous applications in a wide range of fields like bio-chemical processing (e.g. lab-on-a-chip reactors, mixers, etc.), to oil extraction from porous rock formations. One of the significant characteristics of micro-scale flows is high surface to volume ratio, which significantly highlights the role of multi-phase interfaces in such dynamics. The presence of a fluid-fluid interface in an EOF necessitates the characterization of the parameters responsible for hydrodynamic instability of such systems. The present work focuses on the role of steady and time-dependent electric stress (Maxwell stress), capillary force and disjoining pressure on fluid-fluid interfacial instability. A linear stability analysis of interfacial perturbation was performed for a thin film of electrolyte under DC and AC electric fields. Through long wave asymptotic analysis of the Orr-Sommerfeld equations, parametric stability thresholds of a thin aqueous film explored. Further, a set of experiments were performed in order to characterize the EOF in a rectangular microchannel. With the help of a Particle Tracking Velocimetry analysis, velocity distributions were obtained which agreed well to the theoretical values. This was further used to estimate PDMS zeta potential, which was found to be within the reported values in the existing literature. Liquid-liquid interfacial deformation was also explored under a time-periodic EOF and a wide range of the magnitudes of capillary force, and diffusive and convective transport.

Since the past decade, use of electro-osmotic flow (EOF) as an alternative flow mechanism in microdevices is becoming more popular due to its less bulky and low maintenance system design. However, one of the biggest shortcomings for its usage in mainstream applications is that it requires the concerned liquid to be electrically conductive. One idea can be to use the flow of conductive fluids to transport non-conductive liquids passively via interfacial shear transfer. Such an idea can has numerous applications in a wide range of fields like bio-chemical processing (e.g. lab-on-a-chip reactors, mixers, etc.), to oil extraction from porous rock formations. One of the significant characteristics of micro-scale flows is high surface to volume ratio, which significantly highlights the role of multi-phase interfaces in such dynamics. The presence of a fluid-fluid interface in an EOF necessitates the characterization of the parameters responsible for hydrodynamic instability of such systems. The present work focuses on the role of steady and time-dependent electric stress (Maxwell stress), capillary force and disjoining pressure on fluid-fluid interfacial instability. A linear stability analysis of interfacial perturbation was performed for a thin film of electrolyte under DC and AC electric fields. Through long wave asymptotic analysis of the Orr-Sommerfeld equations, parametric stability thresholds of a thin aqueous film explored. Further, a set of experiments were performed in order to characterize the EOF in a rectangular microchannel. With the help of a Particle Tracking Velocimetry analysis, velocity distributions were obtained which agreed well to the theoretical values. This was further used to estimate PDMS zeta potential, which was found to be within the reported values in the existing literature. Liquid-liquid interfacial deformation was also explored under a time-periodic EOF and a wide range of the magnitudes of capillary force, and diffusive and convective transport.