Submitted by hugo lira (hugovictorsb@gmail.com) on 2018-09-03T13:11:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 1. Tese de Doutorado - Grafe Pontes.pdf: 3805661 bytes, checksum: dfa0075a7b7b500d45f3604fdd0ab8b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-09-10T15:39:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 1. Tese de Doutorado - Grafe Pontes.pdf: 3805661 bytes, checksum: dfa0075a7b7b500d45f3604fdd0ab8b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-09-10T15:49:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 1. Tese de Doutorado - Grafe Pontes.pdf: 3805661 bytes, checksum: dfa0075a7b7b500d45f3604fdd0ab8b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-10T15:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 1. Tese de Doutorado - Grafe Pontes.pdf: 3805661 bytes, checksum: dfa0075a7b7b500d45f3604fdd0ab8b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-02 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The use of chemical insecticides becomes important in Aedes aegypti control programs. Over the years, epidemiological studies have demonstrated the inefficiency of synthetic insecticides due to the resistance acquired with the use in activities related to vector control in tropical diseases, especially dengue. For a better effectiveness of vector control programs, the search for new alternatives is necessary. The interest in entomopathogenic fungi for biological control is in great growth. However, the work on controlling the different stages of life of A. aegypti and the transmission of mycoses between individuals and their offspring are still discrete. In order to contribute with new compounds and integrated control of dengue, the present project aims to evaluate the entomopathogenic activity of fungi isolated from Amazonian soil in larvae and adults of A. aegypti, and their residual effects on the life cycle considering the number of eggs and larvae and adults. The proposed methodology for this work is the use of conidia of fungal isolates previously selected by genera that have relevance in biological control or that demonstrate positive results when used in probe / sorting insects, Tenebrio molitor. For the application of the formulations conidia were used in aqueous suspensions for treatment in larvae, and for adults was used aqueous suspensions impregnated in filter paper placed in Kit of the World Health Organization used to evaluate the susceptibility of chemical insecticide. The present work proposes a practical methodology for sexing and separating adults through the selection of pupae, in order to evaluate the degree of infestation and the entomopathogenic effect on larvae and adults of A. aegypti. avoiding the premature death of the insect by the use of Castro's catcher at the time of adult withdrawal from the colony. The results obtained evidenced the potential of four fungal isolates IPC 2.1 and IPS 3.1 isolated from Amazonian soil, and two other isolates from other insects and from soil samples IBCB 66 and IBCB 425, widely used to control insects in agriculture, and evaluated for the control of larvae and adults of the mosquito vector dengue. The results between the two methodologies showed the best applicability for the fungal isolates and their use in the control of A. aegypti, responsible for a great social impact on the public health of the Amazon due to the transmission of several arboviruses. / O uso de inseticidas químicos tornou importante nos programas de controle do Aedes aegypti. Com o passar dos anos, os estudos epidemiológicos demonstraram a ineficiência dos inseticidas sintéticos devido à resistência adquirida com a utilização nas atividades relacionadas ao controle de vetores em doenças tropicais, especialmente dengue. Para uma melhor eficácia dos programas de controle de vetores, há necessidade da busca de novas alternativas. O interesse em fungos entomopatogênicos para controle biológico encontra-se em amplo crescimento. Entretanto, ainda são discretos os trabalhos no controle dos diferentes estágios de vida do A. aegypti, e a transmissão de micoses entre seus indivíduos e sua prole. Com o intuito de contribuir com novos compostos e no controle integrado da dengue, Febre Chikungunya e Zika vírus. O presente projeto tem como objetivo avaliar a atividade entomopatogênica de fungos isolados de solo da Amazônia em larvas, adultos de A. aegypti, e seus efeitos residual sobre o ciclo de vida considerando o número de ovos e larvas e adultos. A metodologia proposta para esse trabalho visa à utilização de conídios dos isolados fúngicos previamente selecionados por gêneros que tenham relevância no controle biológico ou que demonstrem resultados positivos quando utilizados em insetos sonda/triagem, Tenebrio molitor. Para a aplicação das formulações foram utilizados conídios em suspensões aquosas para tratamento em larvas, e para adultos foi utilizado suspensões aquosas impregnados em papel filtro colocados em Kit da Organização Mundial de Saúde utilizado para avaliação de susceptibilidade de inseticida químico. Os bioensaios foram realizados em condições de laboratório, avaliando-se o grau de infestação e o efeito entomopatogênico sobre as larvas e adultos de A. aegypti, O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia prática para sexagem e separação de adultos por meio de seleção de pupas, evitando a morte prematura do inseto pelo uso de capturador de Castro no momento de retirada de adultos da colônia. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram o potencial de quatro isolados fúngicos, IPC 2.1 e IPS 3.1 isolados de solo da Amazônia, e outros dois isolados de outros insetos e de amostras de solo, IBCB 66 e IBCB 425, amplamente utilizados para controle de insetos na agricultura, e avaliados para combate de larvas e adultos do mosquito vetor da dengue, Febre Chikungunya e Zika vírus. Os resultados entre as duas metodologias demonstraram a melhor aplicabilidade para os isolados fúngicos e sua utilização no controle do A. aegypti, responsáveis por grande impacto social na saúde pública da Amazônia devido a transmissão de diversas arboviroses.

Geopolymers are good alternatives for replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) due to their comparable properties and feasibility to be obtained from industrial by-products. As OPC, geopolymers have superior compressive strength but a brittle behavior that the addition of fibers can improve. When the first macrocrack appears, fibers develop bridging mechanisms to allow the proper distribution of loads, so the composite can enable multiple cracks and enhance its ductility. At present, a wide range of materials can be used to reinforce cementitious matrices, from synthetics such as steel, glass, carbon, and polypropylene to natural fibers such as cotton, sweet sorghum, oil palm, coir, jute, sisal, flax, bamboo, etc. Natural fibers are among the most accepted resources to reinforce composites because they are biodegradable, renewable and generally, have a less environmental impact than their synthetic counterparts. They have low density and specific mechanical properties comparable to fibers made of glass, making them materials with a good performance-price ratio. However, their high variability of properties and hydrophilic behavior can create issues when reinforcing a matrix. Chemical treatments are used to clean chemical compounds that do not contribute to the fiber strength and favor moisture absorption. After treatment, the fiber surface increases its roughness which enhances the interlocking within the composite. This thesis investigates the mechanical properties of Agave americana fibers obtained by beating and boiling the leaves. The fibers were subjected at 1%, 5%, and 20% NaOH concentrations over 0.5 hr, 1 hr, and 3 hr and tested to determine the tensile strength. The surfaces were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After treatment, most of the fibers enhanced the tensile strength and strain and 1% NaOH concentration over 1 hr was chosen as the optimum condition. Then, fibers were treated at the optimum condition and added to the geopolymer mixture at different doses: 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% by weight of fly ash. The geopolymers were tested at compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile loads at 7 days of age. The compressive strength increased by 12% at 0.75 (wt.%) and the modulus of elasticity in compression, 13% at 1% (wt.%). Also, the tensile strength increased by 36% at 1 (wt.%). However, the flexural strength decreased probably due to the fiber length. Still, further studies are needed to understand the influence of the fiber length on the mechanical properties of geopolymers. Finally, the SEM analysis was conducted to identify the fiber failure modes.

Duas metodologias que podem ser utilizadas na localização de defeitos em cabos isolados de alta tensão do tipo Oil Filled (OF) foram analisadas. As metodologias descritas têm como princípio a localização de vazamentos de óleo, ou seja, todo defeito seguido de vazamento de óleo poderá ser localizado a partir das mesmas. A primeira metodologia é baseada no congelamento dos cabos OF, com a linha desenergizada, a fim de localizar vazamentos de óleo de cabos OF a partir de 300 litros por mês. A segunda metodologia é baseada na utilização de traços de gás perfluorcarbono Perfluorocarbon Tracer (PFT), através de um sistema montado com equipamentos que permitem realizar a localização de vazamentos de óleo de cabos OF a partir de 100 litros por mês, sem a necessidade de desligamento da linha subterrânea. Esta dissertação propõe algumas melhorias na metodologia do congelamento e apresenta as primeiras experiências de utilização do PFT no Brasil para localização de vazamentos de óleo. / Two methods that can be used to locate faults in Oil Filled (OF) cables were analyzed. The methods described have the principle of oil leak location. All defects followed by oil leakage can be located using the same. The first method is based in OF cables freezing, with the line outage, in order to locate oil leaks from 300 liters per month and above. The second method is based on the use of tracer gas - Perfluorocarbon Tracer (PFT) and devices that allow to perform the location of oil leaks from 100 liters per month, without the need of underground line outage. This paper proposes some improvements for the freezing method and presents the first experiments in Brazil using PFT to locate oil leakage.

Duas metodologias que podem ser utilizadas na localização de defeitos em cabos isolados de alta tensão do tipo Oil Filled (OF) foram analisadas. As metodologias descritas têm como princípio a localização de vazamentos de óleo, ou seja, todo defeito seguido de vazamento de óleo poderá ser localizado a partir das mesmas. A primeira metodologia é baseada no congelamento dos cabos OF, com a linha desenergizada, a fim de localizar vazamentos de óleo de cabos OF a partir de 300 litros por mês. A segunda metodologia é baseada na utilização de traços de gás perfluorcarbono Perfluorocarbon Tracer (PFT), através de um sistema montado com equipamentos que permitem realizar a localização de vazamentos de óleo de cabos OF a partir de 100 litros por mês, sem a necessidade de desligamento da linha subterrânea. Esta dissertação propõe algumas melhorias na metodologia do congelamento e apresenta as primeiras experiências de utilização do PFT no Brasil para localização de vazamentos de óleo. / Two methods that can be used to locate faults in Oil Filled (OF) cables were analyzed. The methods described have the principle of oil leak location. All defects followed by oil leakage can be located using the same. The first method is based in OF cables freezing, with the line outage, in order to locate oil leaks from 300 liters per month and above. The second method is based on the use of tracer gas - Perfluorocarbon Tracer (PFT) and devices that allow to perform the location of oil leaks from 100 liters per month, without the need of underground line outage. This paper proposes some improvements for the freezing method and presents the first experiments in Brazil using PFT to locate oil leakage.