No description available.

The variability of the marker TG5 TG gene and its association with the intramuscular fat and marbling of meat in cattle was studied. Randomly selected population, composed of 237 individuals (bulls) of the Czech Pied cattle breed from four farms in the Czech Republic, waschosen for testing polymorphisms. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a fragment of TG 545 bp in size. After amplification, the fragments digestion was performed using the restriction endonuclease BstYI. To verify the presence of the PCR product and to identify the sizes of digested frag-ments the horizontal agarose electrophoresis was performed. The population's absolute and relative frequencies of alleles and genotypes were calculated. The calculations reve-aled a high frequency of the T allele (25.98 %). In conclusion, statisticalanalysis was performed. As a result, the influence of C422T polymorphism in the 5'promoter region of the gene on the TG and on the IMT marblinghave not been proven, but on the contra-ry there was detected significant effect (p<0.05) of polymorphism content on the region of Lauric acid (C12:0). The results also reveal some evidence of polymorphism having influence on Timnodonic acid and meat pH.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2008. / Submitted by Jaqueline Oliveira (jaqueoliveiram@gmail.com) on 2008-12-01T16:15:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_2008_GustavoWOdaCosta.pdf: 1977514 bytes, checksum: 8e6a4620478a65759340b79ffbce0be8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Georgia Fernandes(georgia@bce.unb.br) on 2009-02-11T17:50:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_2008_GustavoWOdaCosta.pdf: 1977514 bytes, checksum: 8e6a4620478a65759340b79ffbce0be8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-02-11T17:50:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_2008_GustavoWOdaCosta.pdf: 1977514 bytes, checksum: 8e6a4620478a65759340b79ffbce0be8 (MD5) / Teoria dos jogos / A banda necessária para o provimento de serviços no acesso local será muito maior do que as utilizadas em sistemas 2G ou 3G, chegando a cerca de 100 MHz. Por causa disto, estes sistemas terão que trabalhar com espectro sem paridade e compartilhando um conjunto comum de recursos de espectro que será licenciado mas compartilhado entre operadoras. Neste trabalho é proposta uma solução inovadora, baseada em teoria dos jogos, que trata dos principais problemas em tal cenário: latência na alocação inicial de espectro, configuração autônoma, eficiência espectral e justiça na distribuição dos recursos. O protocolo proposto é dividido em duas partes para satisfazer todos estes requisitos, que são conflitantes. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o algoritmo proposto é capaz de prover eficiência espectral bem maior do que os casos mais simples de alocação fixa de espectro. No cenário estudado, o algoritmo proposto aproxima a eficiência espectral do planejamento de freqüências ótimo, sendo ao mesmo tempo capaz de redistribuir a capacidade de acordo com o tráfego e o número de estações rádio base ativas. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The required bandwidth for the envisioned services in IMT-Advanced local access is much larger than those usually allocated to 2G and 3G services, in the order of 100 MHz. For that reason, it is envisioned that such systems will have to work in an unpaired spectrum environment where the whole spectrum pool is licensed but shared amongst operators. A novel approach based on Game Theory is proposed, dealing with some of the main issues in such a scenario: latency for initial spectrum assignment, self organization, spectrum efficiency and fairness. In order to meet all those requirements, the proposed protocol has two special states. In the new entrant state the protocol makes an efficient initial spectrum assignment aiming at reduced latency. In the second protocol state, the game is repeated to track load variations, provide long term fairness and enhance the spectrum efficiency. The results show that the proposed framework is capable of providing spectrum efficiency considerably higher than simple approaches for uncoordinated deployment, such as full reuse or having separate spectrum pools. In fact, in the studied scenario, our approach approximates the spectral efficiency of the optimal spectrum planning for full load while tracking traffic variations and self adapting for the number of active base stations.

Background: In older adults, respiratory function may be seriously compromised when a marked decrease of respiratory muscle (RM) strength coexists with comorbidity and activity limitation. Respiratory muscle training has been widely studied and recommended as a treatment option for people who are unable to participate in whole-body exercise training (WBET); however, the effects of inspiratory muscle training and yoga breathing exercises on RM function remain unknown, specifi cally in impaired older adults. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of inspiratory threshold training (ITT) and yoga respiratory training (YRT) on RM function in institutionalized frail older adults. Methods: Eighty-one residents (90% women; mean age, 85 years), who were unable to perform WBET (inability to independently walk more than 10 m), were randomly assigned to a control group or one of the 2 experimental groups (ITT or YRT). Experimental groups performed a supervised intervalbased training protocol, either through threshold inspiratory muscle training device or yoga breathing exercises, which lasted 6 weeks (5 days per week). Outcome measures were collected at 4 time points (pretraining, intermediate, posttraining, and follow-up) and included the maximum respiratory pressures (maximum inspiratory pressure [MIP] and maximum expiratory pressure [MEP]) and the maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). Results: Seventy-one residents completed the study: control (n = 24); ITT (n = 23); YRT (n = 24). The treatment on had a signifi cant effect on MIP YRT (F 6,204 = 6.755, P <.001, η 2 = 0.166), MEP (F 6,204 = 4.257, P <.001, η 2 = 0.111), and MVV (F 6,204 = 5.322, P <.001, η 2 = 0.135). Analyses showed that the YRT group had a greater increase of RM strength (MIP and MEP) and endurance (MVV) than control and/or ITT groups. Conclusion: Yoga respiratory training appears to be an effective and well-tolerated exercise regimen in frail older adults and may therefore be a useful alternative to ITT or no training, to improve RM function in older population, when WBET is not possible.

This Master's thesis deals with proposal of Flexible Spectrum Usage (FSU) algorithm based on policy agreed among operators. The introduction presents basic information about properties of next generation mobile communication ITM-Advanced system. After the introductory part the attention is given to the items efficient for FSU implementation as well as parameters used for evaluation of FSU algorithm efficiency. Several variants policy based FSU algorithm utilize value of Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) is designed. The SINR information is used to combat with mutual interference which is caused by coexistence of several operators in the same geographical area sharing over the same spectrum pool. Individual needed as traffic and quality of service requirements of each operator is taken into consideration as well. The main aim is to maximize cell troughput as well as data- rates for each user of HBS. For simulation of proposal algorithm is considered deployment of four Currently Home Base Stations (HBS) in indoor loacal area scenerio with random number of users in given range. Each operator makes independent dicision without signalling exchange among other. The only considered information that HBS can use is gotten by scenning its environment. This problem soliving is considered to use Cognitive Radio (CR)

This Master's thesis deals with proposal of Flexible Spectrum Usage (FSU) algorithm based on policy agreed among operators. The introduction presents basic information about properties of next generation mobile communication ITM-Advanced system. After the introductory part the attention is given to the items efficient for FSU implementation as well as parameters used for evaluation of FSU algorithm efficiency. Several variants policy based FSU algorithm utilize value of Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) is designed. The SINR information is used to combat with mutual interference which is caused by coexistence of several operators in the same geographical area sharing over the same spectrum pool. Individual needed as traffic and quality of service requirements of each operator is taken into consideration as well. The main aim is to maximize cell troughput as well as data- rates for each user of HBS. For simulation of proposal algorithm is considered deployment of four Currently Home Base Stations (HBS) in indoor loacal area scenerio with random number of users in given range. Each operator makes independent dicision without signalling exchange among other. The only considered information that HBS can use is gotten by scenning its environment. This problem soliving is considered to use Cognitive Radio (CR)

INTRODUÇÃO: Treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) tem se mostrado capaz de aumentar a espessura diafragmática. Sabe-se que o diafragma crural age como um esfincter externo do esfíncter inferior do esôfago (EIE), mas é desconhecido se pacientes com hipotonia do EIE se beneficiariam do TMI, a fim de aumentarem a pressão respiratória média (PRM), consequentemente havendo melhora dos sintomas de refluxo gastroesofágico. OBJETIVO: Determinar o resultado dos efeitos do TMI nas pressões respiratória média nos pacientes com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e seu efeito no tônus do esfíncter inferior do esôfago e compará-los com o grupo controle. MÉTODOS: Vinte pacientes foram incluídos no grupo caso e nove no grupo controle. Todos pacientes tinham a pressão expiratória máxima (PEM) entre cinco e 10mmHg e foram submetidos à manometria esofágica e teste de função pulmonar antes e após oito semanas de treinamento utilizando o threshold IMT (Respironics, Cedar Grove, NJ) duas vezes ao dia. A medida da pressão inspiratória máxima (Pimax) foi aferida a cada duas semanas. O grupo caso teve o threshold IMT ajustado progressivamente, a cada quinze dias, sempre a 30% da nova Pimax. O grupo controle realizou o treinamento com o mesmo aparelho, sob uma pressão constante de 7cmH2O. O nível de significância estatística foi estabelecido a 5% (p £ 0,05). RESULTADOS: A média de idade do grupo caso foi 50,1 ± 18 e no grupo controle de 51,3± 11 anos. Após oito semanas de treinamento utilizando o threshold IMT houve uma melhora na PRM em 15 (75%) pacientes, representando um ganho médio de 46,6% (p<0,01), enquanto no grupo controle, seis (66%) pacientes obtiveram um aumento médio de 26,2% (p<0,01). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p= 0,507). A PEM também aumentou quando comparada com a inicial (p<0,01), mas não diferiu entre os grupos (p= 0,727). Observou-se uma melhora na Pimax no grupo 1 (40% versus 19,6%). Houve um aumento na pressão expiratória máxima (Pemax) em ambos os grupos após as oito semanas de IMT (p< 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: O treinamento muscular inspiratório aumentou as pressões respiratória média e expiratória máxima ao longo das oito semanas em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença com significância estatística entre os grupos sugerindo que o aumento na pressão do esfíncter inferior do esôfago ocorre independentemente da resistência aplicada ao threshold IMT. Mais estudos são necessários para determinar o impacto clínico desse aumento pressórico e confirmar ou afastar a manutenção dessas pressões a longo prazo / INTRODUCTION: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been shown to increase diaphragm thickness. It is known that the diaphragmatic crural fibers act as an external LES, but it is unknown if patients with hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter (LES) would benefit from IMT increasing the mid-respiratory pressure (MRP), and as such relieving gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. AIM: Evaluate the effect of inspiratory muscle training on MRP in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and hypotensive LES and compare it with the control group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients (progressive loading group) and 9 controls (sham group) were included. All of them had end expiratory pressure (EEP) between 5 and 10mmHg and underwent esophageal manometry and pulmonary function tests before and after 8 weeks of training using a threshold IMT (Respironics, Cedar Grove, NJ) twice daily. The maximal inspiratory pressure (Pimax) measurement was repeated each 2 weeks. The progressive loading group had their threshold IMT set at 30% of their new Pimax. Sham-treated patients (same device but minimal resistance to the air flow) had their threshold set at 7cmH2O and it was maintained constant during the period. The significance level was set at 5% (p £ 0.05). RESULTS: The mean age of progressive loading group was 50.1 ± 11.3 years and sham group was 51.3± 6.3. Following eight weeks of training using a threshold IMT there was an increase in MRP in 15 (75%) patients, representing an average gain of 46.6% (p<0.01), while in the sham group, six (66%) patients had their MRP raised with mean increase of 26.2% (p< 0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups (p= 0.507). EEP also increased when compared with before measured (p<0.01), but did not differ between groups (p= 0.727). It has also been observed an improvement in the Pimax in progressive loading group (40% versus 19.6%). It was observed a gain in the maximal expiratory pressure (Pemax) as well in both groups after the 8-week program of IMT (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Inspiratory muscle training increased MRP and EEP in patients of active and sham-treated group after an 8-week program. There was no significant statistical difference between groups suggesting that the increase in pressure at LES occurs regardless to the resistance loading of threshold IMT. Extended follow-up is necessary to document the long-term benefits of such improvements

INTRODUÇÃO: Treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) tem se mostrado capaz de aumentar a espessura diafragmática. Sabe-se que o diafragma crural age como um esfincter externo do esfíncter inferior do esôfago (EIE), mas é desconhecido se pacientes com hipotonia do EIE se beneficiariam do TMI, a fim de aumentarem a pressão respiratória média (PRM), consequentemente havendo melhora dos sintomas de refluxo gastroesofágico. OBJETIVO: Determinar o resultado dos efeitos do TMI nas pressões respiratória média nos pacientes com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e seu efeito no tônus do esfíncter inferior do esôfago e compará-los com o grupo controle. MÉTODOS: Vinte pacientes foram incluídos no grupo caso e nove no grupo controle. Todos pacientes tinham a pressão expiratória máxima (PEM) entre cinco e 10mmHg e foram submetidos à manometria esofágica e teste de função pulmonar antes e após oito semanas de treinamento utilizando o threshold IMT (Respironics, Cedar Grove, NJ) duas vezes ao dia. A medida da pressão inspiratória máxima (Pimax) foi aferida a cada duas semanas. O grupo caso teve o threshold IMT ajustado progressivamente, a cada quinze dias, sempre a 30% da nova Pimax. O grupo controle realizou o treinamento com o mesmo aparelho, sob uma pressão constante de 7cmH2O. O nível de significância estatística foi estabelecido a 5% (p £ 0,05). RESULTADOS: A média de idade do grupo caso foi 50,1 ± 18 e no grupo controle de 51,3± 11 anos. Após oito semanas de treinamento utilizando o threshold IMT houve uma melhora na PRM em 15 (75%) pacientes, representando um ganho médio de 46,6% (p<0,01), enquanto no grupo controle, seis (66%) pacientes obtiveram um aumento médio de 26,2% (p<0,01). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p= 0,507). A PEM também aumentou quando comparada com a inicial (p<0,01), mas não diferiu entre os grupos (p= 0,727). Observou-se uma melhora na Pimax no grupo 1 (40% versus 19,6%). Houve um aumento na pressão expiratória máxima (Pemax) em ambos os grupos após as oito semanas de IMT (p< 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: O treinamento muscular inspiratório aumentou as pressões respiratória média e expiratória máxima ao longo das oito semanas em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença com significância estatística entre os grupos sugerindo que o aumento na pressão do esfíncter inferior do esôfago ocorre independentemente da resistência aplicada ao threshold IMT. Mais estudos são necessários para determinar o impacto clínico desse aumento pressórico e confirmar ou afastar a manutenção dessas pressões a longo prazo / INTRODUCTION: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been shown to increase diaphragm thickness. It is known that the diaphragmatic crural fibers act as an external LES, but it is unknown if patients with hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter (LES) would benefit from IMT increasing the mid-respiratory pressure (MRP), and as such relieving gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. AIM: Evaluate the effect of inspiratory muscle training on MRP in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and hypotensive LES and compare it with the control group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients (progressive loading group) and 9 controls (sham group) were included. All of them had end expiratory pressure (EEP) between 5 and 10mmHg and underwent esophageal manometry and pulmonary function tests before and after 8 weeks of training using a threshold IMT (Respironics, Cedar Grove, NJ) twice daily. The maximal inspiratory pressure (Pimax) measurement was repeated each 2 weeks. The progressive loading group had their threshold IMT set at 30% of their new Pimax. Sham-treated patients (same device but minimal resistance to the air flow) had their threshold set at 7cmH2O and it was maintained constant during the period. The significance level was set at 5% (p £ 0.05). RESULTS: The mean age of progressive loading group was 50.1 ± 11.3 years and sham group was 51.3± 6.3. Following eight weeks of training using a threshold IMT there was an increase in MRP in 15 (75%) patients, representing an average gain of 46.6% (p<0.01), while in the sham group, six (66%) patients had their MRP raised with mean increase of 26.2% (p< 0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups (p= 0.507). EEP also increased when compared with before measured (p<0.01), but did not differ between groups (p= 0.727). It has also been observed an improvement in the Pimax in progressive loading group (40% versus 19.6%). It was observed a gain in the maximal expiratory pressure (Pemax) as well in both groups after the 8-week program of IMT (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Inspiratory muscle training increased MRP and EEP in patients of active and sham-treated group after an 8-week program. There was no significant statistical difference between groups suggesting that the increase in pressure at LES occurs regardless to the resistance loading of threshold IMT. Extended follow-up is necessary to document the long-term benefits of such improvements

Thesis concerns with mobile communications theory with focus on data transfer. In the introduction the history, the origin and individual mobile systems generations are described. It is followed by detailed description of second, third and fourth generation mobile systems. Frequency band allocation, signal processing, the system architecture itself, security management and basic features are also discussed. The GSM system is described together with individual data transmission types based on circuit switching – CSD and HSCSD and packet switching – GPRS and EDGE. For UMTS, FDD and TDD modes are listed as well as changes in individual releases, corresponding technologies and provided services. Next, there is the description of LTE and WiMAX systems, together with their improvements whose are part of the fourth generation of mobile systems. Last of the described systems is the still work in progress HAPS, also known as the system of stratospheric platforms. In the end important parameters are summarized and systems are compared with each other.

Title: Influence of the breathing muscles using POWERbreathe. Objective: The main object of this thesis is to determine, if it is possible to use 3D kinematic analysis to measure changes of trunk shapes during quiet breathing and breathing when using POWERbreathe and if it is possible to identify the changes. The thesis is divided to two parts. The first part contains theoretical part, focused on issue of kinesiology and biomechanics of breathing. The special part is concentrated on research, where I find changes of trunk kinematics during application of POWERbreathe. Method: Measurements were made on 6 probands in the same age category (women), when each measurement was performed during quiet breathing, maximum inhale/exhale, resistive breathing when using POWERbreathe and then another quiet breathing and maximum inhale/exhale. Quiet breathing was chosen as benchmark. The experimental measurements was done during one day. The research was used 3D kinematic motion analysis using system Qualysis. Were observed changes in the shape of the trunk and possibly caused breath changes during using POWERbreathe. Results: Measurements has confirmed, that the system Qualysis is able to detect mobility and the trunk shape changes. At a certain threshold load device POWERbreathe prevailed movements cranial...