Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the facilitating factors that lead towards innovation through the management of corporate incubation process. Design/methodology/approach: This research was conducted through utilising the multiple case study research design. The interviews were semi structured (Skype and in person) with multinational companies having corporate incubators. Number of interviews conducted were 13 in 6 companies out of 12 companies contacted. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework firstly encompasses corporate incubation process literature that relates it to innovation, followed by the description of the business incubation process and corporate incubation process and comparison between both. Lastly, the facilitating factors that are identified from theory related to general business incubation process by (Patton et al. 2009) are identified for investigation on corporate incubation process. Afterwards the proposed drivers related to each facilitating factor and literature associated with themare elaborated in order to thoroughly explain the identified facilitating factors’ impact on corporate incubation process. Findings: From the findings, innovation can be considered as the outcome of corporate incubation process. The results showed that the factors: a quality ‘pipeline’, picking the winners, developing commercialisation skills in new tenant/client companies’ team, monitoring and evaluating progress, creating synergies within the internal support network, building and maintaining an effective external support network, access to appropriate funding streams and managed exit are the facilitating factors for the management of corporate incubation process. The drivers proposed in the existing study are proven to be useful in order to explain the impact of these facilitating factors on corporate incubation process. Furthermore, it is found that out of these eight facilitating factors, having a quality pipeline is the most important factor that should be developed and improved, in order to make the corporate incubation process more efficient. Managerial implications: For managers of multinational firms, it is recommended that they should utilise the corporate incubation process in order to contribute towards organisational innovation. However, the purpose of bringing innovation should be aligned with the long term objectives of the firm. Furthermore, they should concentrate on developing a quality pipeline of ideas in the initial phase of the process, since it will reduce the chances of failure of projects at a later stage of the corporate incubation process. Limitations: Small sample size without adequately diverse geographical spread. Since,the study is conducted on the basis of interviews of 6 multinational firms having corporate incubators, and out of which majority were from Northern European countries. Originality/value: This paper is one of the first to analyse the facilitating factors leading towards innovation exclusively for corporate incubation process by interviewing those multinational firms which are currently following the process.

How temperature affects physiological development in the chicken embryo is unknown. Embryos incubated at 38°C or 35°C showed no difference in growth or survival. The time to hatching was longer in 35°C than 38°C embryos (23.7 vs. 20.6 days), but unaffected was the relative timing of appearance of developmental landmarks (internal, external pipping). At stage 43-44, 38°C embryos maintained oxygen consumption around 1 mL/g/h despite acute temperature reduction (suggesting thermoregulatory maturation), unlike 35°C embryos. In 35°C embryos the lower oxygen-carrying capacity and temperature insensitive blood O2 affinity (P50 about 30 mmHg) may restrict O2 delivery to tissues, limiting metabolism during decreased ambient temperature. Reduced incubation temperature retards normal hematological and thermoregulatory development.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 29-November 02, 1990 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / A series of artificial eggs has been developed for the New York Zoological Society to measure conditions in the nest of the white-naped crane (Grus Vipio). Investigations undertaken at the Bronx Zoo have endeavored to improve artificial incubation of the eggs of endangered species of birds. Artificial eggs were constructed and camouflaged so that a pair of birds would accept and incubate them. Inside each counterfeit egg, a radio telemetry transmitter was hidden to report on the temperature and humidity in the nest and the orientation of the egg itself with respect to gravity.

The efficiency of business incubators is disputed, but they have attracted significant attention from policy-makers and are a part of economic policies worldwide. To ensure their efficiency, it has been suggested that more involvement in the ventures by the incubator management would be beneficial. The purpose of this thesis was to inquire into the relationship between entrepreneurial processes and managerial practices in business incubation. Drawing upon research about entrepreneurial processes and the management of entrepreneurship and creativity in other organizational contexts, the thesis problematizes the suggestions of increased managerial interventions in entrepreneurial processes in business incubation. The purpose was achieved through an analysis of entrepreneurial narratives from two Swedish incubators with different levels of managerial involvement in their ventures. The theoretical frame of reference used for the narrative analysis was based on Mikhail Bakhtin’s concepts for studying varying possibilities and groundings for becoming in narratives. Entrepreneurship is understood as a creative process characterized by dialogue, polyphony and carnival, which has implications for our understanding of business incubation as a phenomenon. The narrative analysis generated four genres of entrepreneurial narratives and two models of incubation with different conceptualizations of entrepreneurship, the role of the incubator management and the incubation process. The result from the analysis of the incubator management from a creative process view was that the managerial approaches to coaching and clustering favored by the two incubators had different implications for entrepreneurship by providing varying possibilities for creativity due to aspects such as control, standardization and specialization. This study shows that business incubation, regardless of the model, includes a larger variety of entrepreneurial processes than previously recognized. This study contributes to our understanding of how managerial involvement in business incubation is conducted in practice and how it is understood from the entrepreneur’s perspective. The theoretical contribution of this study is a Bakhtinian framework, which allows us to observe and to understand business incubation differently. The study shows how the Bakhtinian concepts can be adapted and be made useful in studying the relationship between entrepreneurship and management in business incubation by emphasizing entrepreneurship as the product of social interaction.

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Bibliography: leaves 126-144. / 144 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Environmental Biology, 2000

Growth and performance parameters of broiler chicks depend on adequate development of the small intestine. Stressors such as elevated or decreased temperatures during incubation and post-hatch transportation may have an effect on the gastrointestinal development of the broiler chick. The objective of the first study was to investigate the effects of elevated embryonic incubation temperature (IT) on post-hatch relative nutrient transporter gene expression, integrity of the intestinal epithelium, organ development, and performance in Ross 308 broiler chickens. Nine hundred fertile eggs were incubated at different egg-shell temperatures during development. Body weights and performance parameters were measured at day of hatch (DOH), d 7, 14, 21, 30, and 42. Small intestine and residual yolk were collected at DOH, d 2, 4, 6, and 10 and weighed individually. The small intestine was evaluated for mucosal morphology measurements and relative nutrient transporter (SGLT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, EAAT3, and PepT1) gene expression. The objective of the second study was to evaluate the effects of embryonic incubation, simulating a multi-stage incubation system, and post-hatch transportation temperatures on post-hatch performance, yolk free body weights, relative nutrient transporter gene expression, yolk utilization, intestinal morphology, and organ development of broiler chickens. Cobb 500 eggs (n=5200) were incubated with egg-shell temperatures, which were combined depending on the early and late development incubation periods as found in multi-stage incubators: Low (L): 36.7°C, Standard (S): 37.5°C, and High (H): 39°C. After hatch, chicks were further separated into 2 transportation groups: control (C; 34°C), and heat-stressed (D; 40°C). The eight resulting experimental groups were: LS-C, SS-C, LH-C, SH-C, LS-D, SS-D, LH-D, and SH-D. Three and two way interactions (P<0.05) were observed and discussed in both studies for all the parameters analyzed. These studies present for the first time the effects of altered embryonic IT and stress during transportation of newly hatched chicks, on small intestine morphology, digestive organ development, and expression of nutrient transporters mRNA in high-yield broiler chicks. These results contribute to the understanding of mechanisms by which either low or high temperatures, as compared to standard recommendations, during incubation and transportation can affect embryonic development and subsequent performance of broiler chicks. / Ph. D.

Broiler performance is dependent on immunocompetency and the ability to respond to environmental challenges. Incubation temperature, post-hatch transportation, and vaccination may impose stress upon the embryo and post-hatch chick and impact immune system development and lifetime performance of the bird. The objective of the first study was to evaluate incubation temperature and post-hatch transportation environment on response parameters indicative of early immunity in the neonatal chick. Cobb 500 eggs (n=5200) were incubated with combinations of eggshell temperatures common to commercial multi-stage incubators during early and late incubation: low (L): 36.7°C, standard (S): 37.5°C, and high (H): 39.0°C. After hatch, chicks were transported under one of two conditions: control (C: 34°C) or distressed (D: 40°C), yielding 8 experimental treatments: LH-C, LS-C, SH-C, SS-C, LH-D, LS-D, SH-D, and SS-D. The objective of the second study was to examine the effects of incubation temperature profiles on response to vaccination in Cobb 500 broilers (n=2000). Temperature treatments were the same as the first study, and embryos were administered vaccinations for Marek's disease virus (MDV) at embryonic day (ED) 18, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at hatch, the combination of MDV+NDV, or no vaccine (control). There were 16 resulting experimental groups: LH-Control, LH-MDV, LH-NDV, LH-MDV+NDV, LS-Control, LS-MDV, LS-NDV, LS-MDV+NDV, SH-Control, SH-MDV, SH-NDV, SH-MDV+NDV, SS-Control, SS-MDV, SS-NDV, and SS-MDV+NDV. Two and three way interactions (P<0.05) were observed for the parameters evaluated and are presented for both studies. These studies suggest an influence of incubation temperature and post-hatch stressors on chick development and early immune response parameters. / Master of Science

Published Article / Vision 2020 represents the preferred developmental way forward for the Central University of Technology, Free State (CUT). It defines the intention of greatly increasing the involvement of its staff and students in innovation and technology transfer activities, resulting in the CUT having a greater effect on the socioeconomic development of the region. The article describes educational processes that would prepare graduates for such activities, as well as financial and other support measures to assist (prospective) entrepreneurs to convert research outputs into commercially viable products. The potential value to such individuals of participating in formal innovation and incubation activities is also described.

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