Within the field of development, participation has become the normative approach in the past two decades. For development projects to be sustainable, the communication must be participatory in nature. For development projects to be sustainable and to actually contribute to the development of communities, communication has to be based on the participatory approach of development communication. Dialogue, empowerment that leads to independence and cultural identity are some of the most important principles of the participatory approach. The importance of communication aimed at development first became apparent during the modernisation paradigm. Modernisation is considered an evolutionary shift from a traditional view to a modern society. Development is seen as synonymous with westernization, industrialization and economic growth. Universities are under pressure from both the government and the industry to help with economic development and deliver graduates that can make a positive difference in their field of expertise (Grimaldi & Grandi, 2005). A university business incubator (UBI) is a business incubator located within a university. University business incubators facilitate and develop conditions and support systems that ensure young entrepreneurs with new ventures will function successfully. Business incubators support these entrepreneurs by giving them access to affordable facilities and resources such as secretarial support and office furniture. The focus is on providing entrepreneurs with specialised support, training and assistance, including research and development, risk capital and networking opportunities (Lalkaka, 1990:25). A UBI uses the university‟s resources, personnel‟s time and knowledge toward economic development efforts, reaping the benefits from the commercialisation of the university‟s own research (Grimaldi & Grandi, 2005; Mian, 1997). The Netherlands Initiative for Capacity development in Higher Education (NICHE) launched a programme in South Africa in February 2009. BEEHIVE (Bridging Business and Education by Establishing a Hub of Innovative Ventures and Expertise) is the university incubator of the North-West University‟s (NWU) Vaal Triangle Campus, which started with the operational phase of the programme in May 2012. The name was changed in 2011 to Bhive for marketing purposes. Against this background, the following research question was investigated: to what extent is the communication between stakeholders of the Bhive UI participatory? The researcher used a qualitative research method in order to collect the data. A literature study was conducted to explore the premises of the nature of the participatory approach in development communication for social change. Interviews with different stakeholders were conducted to determine their perceptions regarding the Bhive UI. Lastly, the researcher observed the Bhive UI over a period of two years. The research findings reveal that within the larger paradigm of heteroglossia there is room for improvement. This study pointed out the various areas for improvement and offered theoretically grounded recommendations. / MA (Communication Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

M.Ing. / Sunter (1999:13) states "Unemployment is now the scourge of virtually every single nation." Sunter believes that unemployment or the creation of new jobs will be the responsibility of small businesses. If one however analyses the survival of new business ventures, failure is not the exception but the rule. According to literature 52% of all new business ventures are dissolved within the first four years of their existence and 63% within 6 years. Various publications on business incubators state that new business ventures that were incubated by business incubators demonstrated a success rate that is as high or higher than the failure rate of non-incubated new business ventures. A typical success rate of approximately 86% is quoted as the norm for these incubated ventures. The success rate can be attributed to the support provided by the incubators. The support and services provided by incubators consist typically of a range of products but the distinguishing attribute or feature is the support programme developed and tailored to meet the specific requirements of each individual organisation that joined the incubator. To ensure that jobs are created in South Africa it seems that incubators should be in a position to contribute much. The results of an evaluation of the achievements of seven of the highly visible incubators in South Africa, indicate that the flirtation with incubators resulted in very limited success. None of the seven examples were found to be very successful, but not all for the same reason. The aim of this dissertation is to identify some of the attributes that a high-technology incubator should possess to ensure success. The approach adopted was to: Define what a high-technology business incubator is. Identify the typical life-cycle of new ventures. Determine why new ventures fail. Determine the critical success factors of new ventures Determine the reasons for failure of South African high technology business ventures and incubators. Then based on the results of the above define some of the attributes a South African incubator should possess. The conclusion is that the attributes, excluding flexible lease space, shared business services and networking to the know-how network (technical) of the South African incubators are well developed. The following attributes were found lacking and should be fully developed: Education, training and information programmes; Networking to debt and equity capital and networking in general and Counselling and mentoring support. These attributes are those that will enable an incubator to develop and tailor support programmes to meet the specific requirements of individual firms. The South African environment is identified as being detrimental to the development of small new ventures and it was recommended that it should form the subject of further research.

Alors que les problématiques de santé et du bien-être des employés occupent une place importante des travaux en gestion des ressources humaines, la santé des entrepreneurs souffre d'un manque de reconnaissance considérable dans le champ de l'entrepreneuriat. Ce constat est en partie due au fait qu'une vision héroïque de l'entrepreneur va, pendant longtemps, fournir de base au champ de l'entrepreneuriat. Dans les faits, il apparaît que la création d'entreprises est un phénomène complexe, puisqu' après cinq années d'existence seulement une entreprise sur deux réussit à maintenir son activité. Ceci va justifier l'essor des systèmes d'appui à la création d‘entreprises puisqu'il est admis qu'ils apportent les ressources nécessaires au bon développement des entreprises et qu'ils permettent ainsi de limiter les risques éventuels d'un échec. L'avènement des structures d'accompagnement reflète un constat d'insuffisance des ressources dont disposent les créateurs d'entreprises au démarrage de leur activité alors même que celles-ci sont déterminantes pour leur développement et leur survie. Néanmoins, ces ressources ne sont plus exclusivement d'ordre technique. Le champ de l'accompagnement entrepreneurial converge vers la nécessité d'intégrer une logique modulable, s'adaptant aux besoins des créateurs d'entreprises. Un accompagnement technique standard semble aujourd'hui dépassé et se diriger vers une meilleure prise en compte de certaines attentes en matière de soutien psychologique et affectif, ce qui laisse entrevoir le potentiel de nouvelles méthodes d'accompagnement, notamment en matière de santé. Ceci étant appuyé par une approche pathogène de l'entrepreneuriat (qui va être majoritairement appréhendée au travers les études consacrées aux facteurs de stress entrepreneurial) et salutogènes (aux travers les études consacrées aux traits de personnalité attribués aux entrepreneurs). Ces constatations permettent de soulever l'existence d'une santé entrepreneuriale composée d'un volet pathogène et salutogène à travers lesquels il est pertinent d'associer le champ de l'accompagnement. La thèse vise à répondre à la problématique suivante : quels sont le rôle et les perspectives de l'accompagnement du créateur d'entreprise en matière de santé ? Deux axes de questionnement se déclinent de la problématique centrale. Ils traitent des déterminants de santé (facteurs/issues pathogènes et salutogènes) qui impactent l'entrepreneur et le processus de création d'entreprise, et du rôle des structures d'accompagnement en regard de ces déterminants. La méthode de recherche est qualitative et repose sur une étude de cas multiples. Les cas (les pépinières d'entreprises innovantes, les structures virtuelles, les incubateurs académiques et scientifiques) ont été déterminés conformément à l'étude théorique et à l'objet d'étude. Ils sont représentatifs de la réalité d'un terrain multiforme. Les résultats mettent en évidence une dimension pathogène de l'activité entrepreneuriale, à travers l'identification de sources de stress entrepreneurial qui influent sur les conditions dans lesquelles les créateurs d'entreprises développent leur activité, et qui impactent négativement leur état général. Néanmoins, ce volet pathogène est modéré par l'existence de facteurs salutogènes, à la fois dispositionnels et environnementaux, qui vont avoir une influence positive sur l'équilibre et le bien-être du créateur d'entreprise. L'analyse approfondie de chaque cas a permis de mettre en exergue une dimension salutogène (notamment à travers un rôle de soutien social) des spécificités des méthodes d'accompagnement des créateurs d'entreprise, et relative à l'importance attribuée à chaque composante d'accompagnement. Ceci permet de mettre en perspective une approche salutogénique de l'accompagnement entrepreneurial fondée sur la ressource du bien-être. / Even though issues of employee health and well-Being play an important part of human resources research, the health of entrepreneurs is suffering from a lack of research in the field of entrepreneurship. This can be attributed to the fact that a heroic figure of entrepreneurs provided a longstanding basis for entrepreneurship research. In practice, starting a new business is a more complex process than expected since only one in two businesses remains active after five years of existence. This explains the development of support structures for entrepreneurship since it is accepted that they provide resources to ensure the proper development of the business, thus reducing the potential risks of failure. The advent of business incubators reflects the lack of resources for new companies even when they are decisive to their development and survival. Nevertheless, these resources are no longer exclusively technical. A technical and standard support seems outdated, taking better account of psychological and emotional expectations. Research and practice of business incubation converge towards the need to integrate flexible and appropriate procedures to different profiles of entrepreneurs. This strongly suggests the option of developing new methods of incubation, including the health aspect.This is supported by a pathogenic approach of entrepreneurship (primarily based on entrepreneurial stress research) and a salutogenic one (through entrepreneur ‘personality traits research). These findings suggest a pathogenic and a salutogenic approach of a health entrepreneurship through which business incubation is concerned .The thesis aims to answer the following question: what are the role and prospects of a health-oriented support? Two issues arise from this questioning. These are related to health determinants (pathogenic and salutogenic factors/ outcomes) which affect both entrepreneurs and the business creation process, and the role of business incubation in terms of health. The research uses a qualitative method based on a multiple-Case study. These cases (IT-Focused Business incubators, virtual incubators, incubators linked to research institutes and universities) reflect the ground realities. They were established in accordance with the theoretical background and the purpose of the study. As a first step, the results highlight a pathogenic dimension of entrepreneurship, through the identification of entrepreneurial stressors which negatively impact entrepreneurship and individuals' conditions. However, a salutogenic dimension of entrepreneurship, through dispositional and environmental moderators, is perceived as influencing the well-being of entrepreneurs. In a second step, an in-Depth analysis highlights a positive nature of business incubation related to the specific characteristics of each cases and incubation components (especially through a social support role). Thus, combining these results highlights a salutogenic approach of business incubation based on the well-being resource.

ABSTRACT The small & median enterprises that possess elasticity and efficiency always play to very important roles in the economic development of Taiwan. However the small & median enterprises hold technology and R&D ability in start-up stage, which are more fragile and to wait their maturity. Beside their business scales, markets, capital and human relationship networks are less. They face to be high uncertainty and market competition from start-up to firm business all the time. They are very careful under these situations, but still fail after all. Incubators are sponsors help entrepreneurs or start-ups that have originality, technique and potentiality to give some supports in early stage that lacks experiences, capital, resources and reputation. In order to achieve diversification purposes such as job creation, assisting the economic revitalization of an area, creating wealth, fostering new product/enterprise and so on. We expect from development experience of foreign incubators to base on " an advice from others may help one's defects" viewpoint. To conclude a successful business model of incubator through researches of relevant literature and depth interviews of experts. Our discoveries of researches as follow, ¡¯The importance of incubator successful business model take turns¡G 1.Clearing business missions/purposes. 2.Recruiting excellent managers who can run an incubator to regard as a business. 3.Offering services and helps for tenants. 4.Drawing up a feasibility/business plan that can attract investors. 5.The board of directors that can promise missions/purposes and help to elevate competence. 6.Maintaining 3 to 5 years finance. 7.Obtaining helps and supports of stakeholders, further develop to become a networked incubator. Furthermore the supports and participation of school decision makers are very important because the generalities are academic incubators in domestic. ¡¯The best important item of incubator successful business model in individual condition discriminates¡G 1.Clearing business missions/purposes.¡G"commercialize key technology" 2. Drawing up a feasibility/business plan that can attract investors.¡G"strategy" 3. The board of directors that can promise missions/purposes and help to elevate competence.¡G"accumulated resources in past practice experiences" 4.Recruiting excellent managers who can run an incubator to regard as a business.¡G"entrepreneurship" 5.Offering services and helps for tenants.¡G" technology & talent support" 6.Tenants' entrance criteria¡G"demonstrated business capability of principals" 7.Maintaining 3 to 5 years finance.¡G"self-sufficiency in a proper way " 8.Obtaining helps and supports of stakeholders.¡G"industries" 9.Developing key of a networked incubator.¡G" preferential access to potential resources and partners than competitor from network." Suggestions¡G 1.Creating incentives in order to conduct continuously for academic incubators and professors and managers. 2.Local governments should play more aggressive roles for the development of incubators, and integrate a distinguishing feature of universities and local industries. 3.To encourage development and collaboration of private incubators through governments' reward and taxes reduction. 4.The incubation objects should reinforce to foster traditional businesses that have upgrade and transfer pattern wishes except start-ups. 5.Incubators should promote incubation outcomes to internal and external market through internet or trade organizations. 6.The institutions or organizations of abroad successful incubator are invited by Small & Median Enterprises Development Fund to guide or transfer technologies.

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Στην παρούσα εργασία επιλέγεται η Κοινωνική Οικονομία και Επιχειρηματικότητα ως απάντηση στην κρίση στην περιοχή του Δήμου Πατρέων. Συγκεκριμένα, προτείνεται η εκπόνηση μελέτης σκοπιμότητας δημιουργίας Θερμοκοιτίδας Κοινωνικών Επιχειρήσεων στην περιοχή παρέμβασης ως μέσο επιτάχυνσης της ανάπτυξης των κοινωνικών επιχειρήσεων,άμβλυνσης των κοινωνικοοικονομικών προβλημάτων που αντιμετωπίζει η περιοχή παρέμβασης και ενεργοποίησης ενός τοπικού οικοσυστήματος Κοινωνικής Οικονομίας και Επιχειρηματικότητας. / In the present study Social Economy and Entrepreneurship is chosen as a response to the crisis in the Municipality of Patras. Ιn particular a drawing up a feasibility study for the setting up of a Social Enterprise Incubator is suggested as a means of acceleration of the evolution of social enterprises, reduction of the social and economic problems of the area and the activation of a local ecosystem of Social Economy and Enterpreunership.

No description available.

It is widely accepted that small and new firms are important in creating income and employment. Their flexible structure enables them to adapt quickly to changes in economic environment and technology. The main purpose of this thesis is to evaluate whether the Technology Development Centers (TEKMERs) established by the Small and Medium Size Industry Development Organization (KOSGEB) in Turkey encourage new firm creation in high-technology sectors and boost the performance of small and new firms both in terms of economic and technological aspects. Information on 48 on- and 41 off-incubator firms is gathered through face-to-face interviews to compare and contrast those that benefit from incubators with those that do not. The data set also covers information on 79 on- and 61 off-incubator founders. Our findings indicate that TEKMERs are important in supporting start-ups in their vulnerable stages and help them to survive. There are profound differences between on- and off-incubator firms regarding their economic performance, highly in favor of on-incubator firms, but the same cannot be put forward concerning technological performance. The claim that the founders of on-incubator firms are more educated is not supported by the data.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Entrepreneurship))-University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Orientadores: Irenilza de Alencar Naas, Marta dos Santos Baracho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T11:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Menezes_AdrianaGomesde_M.pdf: 3659236 bytes, checksum: 9ed106bcdf2c0254a5318139cf5e3141 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O presente trabalho propôs um estudo exploratório para determinar os pontos críticos de controle, gargalos e possíveis riscos do incubatório e da granja de produção de frango de corte. A pesquisa foi conduzida em um incubatório e em dois aviários na região do interior do Estado de São Paulo. O experimento foi conduzido nas seguintes salas do incubatório: sala de ovos, câmera fria, pré-aquecimento, incubadora e nascedouro. Os seguintes dados foram coletados no incubatório e nos aviários: dados de temperatura (T,?C) e umidade (UR,%), velocidade do ar (VA, m s-1), temperatura superficial do ovo e do pintinho (tS,?C), níveis de amônia (NH3) e luminosidade. Na avaliação dos aviários foi aplicado o questionário do manual de Boas Práticas de Produção de Frango de Corte, bem como entrevistas com os colaboradores/produtores e posterior aplicação da matriz de análise de risco para determinar os pontos críticos de controle. Após a coleta dos dados foi aplicado o Controle Estatístico do Processo (CEP), através da análise de Índice de Capacidade do Processo utilizando o software Minitab15®. Os pontos críticos identificados no incubatório e nas duas granjas analisadas foram a temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa. As categorias que se configuraram como pontos críticos de controle foram: cama de aviário, alimentação, água, higiene e saúde do trabalhador, manejo e biosseguridade, normas e legislações, instalações e planejamento das atividades. Pôde-se concluir que a análise dos PCCs associada às ferramentas de controle CEP, às diretrizes de boas práticas de produção e às demais literaturas consultadas, contribuíram para a garantia da segurança alimentar da produção avícola industrial, resultando em maior confiança na cadeia de produção. / Abstract: This research presents an exploratory study to determine the critical control points, bottlenecks and possible risks of the incubation process and farm production of broilers. The research was conducted in an incubatory and two aviaries in the state of São Paulo. The experiment was conducted in the following rooms of the incubatory: egg room, cold camera, pre-heating and hatchery. The following data were collected in the incubatory and in the aviaries: temperature (T?C), humidity (% RH), air velocity (AV m s-1), surface temperature of the egg and the chick (ST), ammonia levels and light intensity. In the assessment of the aviaries, the following tools were applied: the questionnaire from the Manual of Good Practices for Broiler Production, interviews with employees/producers and subsequent application of the matrix of risk analysis to determine the critical control points. After collection of data, the Statistical Process Control (SPC) was applied, through the analysis of the Process Capability Index PCI and PC, using the software Minitab15®. The critical points identified in the incubatory and in the two farms were T(ºC) and RH(%). The topics that were taken into consideration as critical control points were: poultry litter, food, water, hygiene and health of workers, husbandry and biosecurity, legislation, facilities and planning of activities. It was observed that the analysis of PCCs associated with statistical control tools, guidelines of good practices for production as well as information from existing literature, contributed to ensuring the food safety of the poultry production industry, resulting in higher levels of trust in the production chain. / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola