The aim of this thesis is to focus on the position of judge as it is established in the law system of the Czech Republic. The author is pursuing the genesis of judge's function, rights and duties of a judge and considerable part of this work is dealing with the principle of judicial independence and impartiality which ensures right to a fair trial. This thesis also marginally summarizes the history of judiciary in Czech Republic.

Conditioning on the observed data is an important and flexible design principle for statistical test procedures. Although generally applicable, permutation tests currently in use are limited to the treatment of special cases, such as contingency tables or K-sample problems. A new theoretical framework for permutation tests opens up the way to a unified and generalized view. We argue that the transfer of such a theory to practical data analysis has important implications in many applications and requires tools that enable the data analyst to compute on the theoretical concepts as closely as possible. We re-analyze four data sets by adapting the general conceptual framework to these non-standard inference procedures and utilizing the coin add-on package in the R system for statistical computing to show what one can gain from going beyond the `classical' test procedures. / Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics

The aim of my diploma paper was to create a guide to the world of family finances. In theory, I explained how to work with the family finances so as we do not get into a debt trap. In practical part, I offered several examples of how to work with family budget.

O objetivo central dessa pesquisa é analisar como foram recebidas em Cuba as notícias relativas às conturbações políticas que despontavam na América de colonização ibérica a partir de 1810 quando a sensação de vazio de poder ocasionado pela substituição de monarquias no trono espanhol, operada pela ocupação napoleônica, deu lugar a uma série de eventos que transformariam de maneira decisiva as relações entre as duas partes do Império. Pretende-se entender a fidelidade cubana à monarquia espanhola e a conseqüente permanência do sistema colonial nesta ilha num contexto de intensas transformações e reordenamento político no mundo ocidental com atenção especial ao mundo iberoamericano -, um caminho que contrasta com a insurgência e guerras independentistas observadas em grande parte dos antigos domínios coloniais ibéricos no Novo Mundo. Para tanto, são analisados periódicos da época a fim de identificar o modo como foram percebidos e noticiados em Cuba tais acontecimentos. A particularidade da escravidão em Cuba forma o prisma para enxergar e entender o porvir político cubano à luz dos eventos acima mencionados. / This research aims to analyze how news regarding political turmoil in Iberian America reached Cuba after 1810, when Napoleons invasion of Spain led to a vacuum power and the beginning of several events that would transform the relationship between the metropole and colonies within the Spanish empire. It seeks to understand Cuban loyalty to Spain and the consequent maintanence of colonialism on the island in a context of intense transformation and political reorganization in the Western world focusing in the Iberian world -, a path that clashes with the insurgencies and independence wars that took place in Spanish America. I analyse the periodical press published in Cuba during those years in order to identify the way such events were sensed and reported in Cuba. The particularity of slavery in Cuba form the prism through which to understand the political future on the insland in light of the such events.

Esta pesquisa analisa o papel desempenhado pela imprensa luso-americana na criação de um universo geográfico-político referencial entre 1808 e 1822, isto é, no momento crucial de passagem da condição colonial à nacional. Realizar esta epistemologia das cartografias imaginadas significou utilizar-se do método quantitativo para tabular todas as menções, encontradas nos 35 jornais consultados, a diferentes tipos de espaço: hemisférios, oceanos, ilhas, rios, continentes, países, províncias, cidades, vilas e arraiais. A hipótese central aqui sustentada é que os esboços de mapas-múndi daí resultantes projetaram o Brasil de modo inédito, pois os lineamentos políticos que o dotavam de certa singularidade eram reforçados pari passu sua inserção numa nova ordem internacional. De modo que, ao inserir-se num contexto mundial, a própria ideia de um Brasil enquanto corpo político em potencial ia paulatinamente ganhando materialidade. / This research analyses the role played by the Luso-American press in the creation of a geopolitical set of references from 1808 to 1822, that is to say, in the crucial moments of transition from the colonial condition to the national one. Carrying out this epistemology of imagined cartographies meant to make use of the quantitative method to tabulate every mention found in the thirty five newspapers researched made to different categories of space, such as: hemispheres, continents, countries, provinces, cities, hamlets, villages, and campgrounds. The main hypothesis sustained here is that the resulting world maps projected Brazil in a new way, given that its political lineaments that would add some uniqueness to it were strengthened pari passu its insertion in a new international order. In a way that, by entering in a global context, the very idea of Brazil as being able to turn into a political body would slowly become concrete.

"Scientists usually need to understand the extent of the association of two attributes, and the data are typically presented in two-way categorical tables. In science, the chi-squared test is routinely used to analyze data from such tables. However, in many applications the chi-squared test can be defective. For example, when the sample size is small, the chi-squared test may not be applicable. The terms small area" and local area" are commonly used to denote a small geographical area, such as a county. If a survey has been carried out, the sample size within any particular small area may be too small to generate accurate estimates from the data, and a chi-squared test may be invalid (i.e., expected frequencies in some cells of the table are less than ?ve). To deal with this problem we use Bayesian small area estimation. Because it is used toorrow strength" from related or similar areas. It enhances the information of each area with common exchangeable information. We use a Bayesian model to estimate a Bayes factor to test the independence of the two variables. We apply the model to test for the independence between bone mineral density (BMD) and body mass index (BMI) from 31 counties and we compare the results with a direct Bayes factor test. We have also obtained numerical and sampling errors; both the numerical and sampling errors of our Bayes factor are small. Our model is shown to be much less sensitive to the speci?cation of the prior distribution than the direct Bayes factor test which is based on each area only."

The Declaration of Independence commands a special status in American culture. For this reason, it has often been called mythic by Revolutionary historians and scholars of the Declaration alike. Such characterisations tend to be hastily made and pejorative, but the Declaration of Independence takes on a new significance when the characterisation of the Declaration as myth is studied seriously. For Americans, the Declaration serves both a specific and beneficial function which the mere naming of it as myth fails to identify. This identification of the Declaration as myth is one that draws specifically on ideas of the birth of the American nation and the role its authors had in creating that nation. Nowhere is this more obvious than the Declaration's continued use in American political rhetoric today which demonstrates its ever-constant presence as a living document. This understanding of the Declaration has heretofore remained unexplored. By taking the Declaration of Independence seriously as myth, this study looks to both identify the story of the myth of the Declaration and its function in American society by applying to it a theory of myth.

Esta pesquisa analisa o papel desempenhado pela imprensa luso-americana na criação de um universo geográfico-político referencial entre 1808 e 1822, isto é, no momento crucial de passagem da condição colonial à nacional. Realizar esta epistemologia das cartografias imaginadas significou utilizar-se do método quantitativo para tabular todas as menções, encontradas nos 35 jornais consultados, a diferentes tipos de espaço: hemisférios, oceanos, ilhas, rios, continentes, países, províncias, cidades, vilas e arraiais. A hipótese central aqui sustentada é que os esboços de mapas-múndi daí resultantes projetaram o Brasil de modo inédito, pois os lineamentos políticos que o dotavam de certa singularidade eram reforçados pari passu sua inserção numa nova ordem internacional. De modo que, ao inserir-se num contexto mundial, a própria ideia de um Brasil enquanto corpo político em potencial ia paulatinamente ganhando materialidade. / This research analyses the role played by the Luso-American press in the creation of a geopolitical set of references from 1808 to 1822, that is to say, in the crucial moments of transition from the colonial condition to the national one. Carrying out this epistemology of imagined cartographies meant to make use of the quantitative method to tabulate every mention found in the thirty five newspapers researched made to different categories of space, such as: hemispheres, continents, countries, provinces, cities, hamlets, villages, and campgrounds. The main hypothesis sustained here is that the resulting world maps projected Brazil in a new way, given that its political lineaments that would add some uniqueness to it were strengthened pari passu its insertion in a new international order. In a way that, by entering in a global context, the very idea of Brazil as being able to turn into a political body would slowly become concrete.

O objetivo central dessa pesquisa é analisar como foram recebidas em Cuba as notícias relativas às conturbações políticas que despontavam na América de colonização ibérica a partir de 1810 quando a sensação de vazio de poder ocasionado pela substituição de monarquias no trono espanhol, operada pela ocupação napoleônica, deu lugar a uma série de eventos que transformariam de maneira decisiva as relações entre as duas partes do Império. Pretende-se entender a fidelidade cubana à monarquia espanhola e a conseqüente permanência do sistema colonial nesta ilha num contexto de intensas transformações e reordenamento político no mundo ocidental com atenção especial ao mundo iberoamericano -, um caminho que contrasta com a insurgência e guerras independentistas observadas em grande parte dos antigos domínios coloniais ibéricos no Novo Mundo. Para tanto, são analisados periódicos da época a fim de identificar o modo como foram percebidos e noticiados em Cuba tais acontecimentos. A particularidade da escravidão em Cuba forma o prisma para enxergar e entender o porvir político cubano à luz dos eventos acima mencionados. / This research aims to analyze how news regarding political turmoil in Iberian America reached Cuba after 1810, when Napoleons invasion of Spain led to a vacuum power and the beginning of several events that would transform the relationship between the metropole and colonies within the Spanish empire. It seeks to understand Cuban loyalty to Spain and the consequent maintanence of colonialism on the island in a context of intense transformation and political reorganization in the Western world focusing in the Iberian world -, a path that clashes with the insurgencies and independence wars that took place in Spanish America. I analyse the periodical press published in Cuba during those years in order to identify the way such events were sensed and reported in Cuba. The particularity of slavery in Cuba form the prism through which to understand the political future on the insland in light of the such events.

This dissertation explores how members of sovereignty movements in politically-dependent nations respond to transnational influences in their social, economic, and political lives. My research explores Puerto Rico's independence movements on the island and the U.S. mainland with the intent to uncover how transnational influences in Puerto Ricans' social and economic lives may filter into their political activities. I look specifically at how the prolific use of cultural nationalism within the Puerto Rican political community contributes to the characterization of Puerto Rico as a transnational community, and I investigate how this affects their political activities. I conducted research for this dissertation between 2003 and 2005 in San Juan, Puerto Rico and New York City, New York. I used a variety of ethnographic methods, including semi-structured interviews, participation and observation, and archival research. I conclude that any transnational experiences Puerto Ricans may undergo in their daily experiences do not directly impact their political agendas and activities. Instead, I highlight each independentista community as distinct and illustrate the localized political goals and practices of both. I discuss the significance of spatiality to both pro-independence Puerto Rican communities, specifically as it relates to the traditional nation-state structure and the multiplicity of boundaries affecting national membership and access to citizenship and rights that it entails. Ultimately I argue that neither has the cultural eclipsed the political, nor has the transnational eclipsed the local, in Puerto Rican nationalist movements. Instead, I contend that the nation-state is still a powerful influence on contemporary definitions of national membership and belongingness, and locality and spatiality are significant motivators in today's sovereignty movements.