Since 1959, DaLai Lama established the Central Tibetan Administration at Dharamsala in India. The secessionism had been used to push the movement of Tibetan independence to separate away from China. Till now, it is very successful internationalized Tibetan questions in international society. But, the P.R.C. has rejected DaLai Lama returned to Tibet. For the Chinese, if Tibet accepted to be a part of China, there would be no problem since China would only be entering its own territory. Furthermore, DaLai Lama would to be change his subject whatever from Independence to Autonomy. It just willing to return Tibet. The PRC had always refused the reguest of DaLai Lama. This thesis discussed the argument had come from PRC and the Central Tibetan Administration. It tried to explained the Tibetan questions, and would be realized what is the movement of secessionism in Tibet.

Inaug. Diss.--Bonn. / Bibliography: p. [71].

nus thesis is an exploration of the residential mobility and non-mobility of a selection of older people living in Newcastle upon Tyne. The research develops an understanding of behaviour through examining the experiences, perceptions and views of older people themselves. The UK is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with a growth in the number of older people in both absolute and proportional terms. Despite this trend, the needs, complexities and benefits of an ageing population are yet to be fully realised. Housing is a key component of life, furthermore, moving or not moving in old age affects not only the older person involved but also has wider consequences for society. There remains a need to develop an understanding of residential mobility of older people which in tum can contribute to academic debate and aid the development of successful housing and social policy. Most geographical studies of older people have focused on retirement migration, centring on long distance moves or moves into supported housing (such as residential care). Very little research has examined residential mobility at the local scale, moreover, many studies have investigated actual moves and have consequently neglected the study of non-moves or ageing in place. Research conducted into the residential mobility of older people has predominantly relied on quantitative approaches. Whilst recognising that quantitative studies have yielded some useful insights, it is argued in this thesis that to gain a deeper understanding, qualitative methods are necessary. It thereby responds to recent calls for new approaches to the study of population geography and residential mobility which incorporate methods allowing sensitivity to context, diversity, difference and biography. A qualitative approach with an emergent design was therefore adopted in the research in order to allow individuals to express their feelings, experiences and perceptions regarding the home and moving in later life. In-depth interviews were conducted with 37 older people from two study areas in the city and provided a rich source of information encompassing the ageing milieu. Life histories were recorded to enable decisions made in later life to be placed in the context of the whole life experience. It emerged that housing decisions are formed and reformed out of the vast experiences and processes taking place in individual's lives. The reasons behind moving were found to be numerous and elaborate in that they rarely acted alone, were inter-linked and often specific to the context of each person. Influences on decisions around moving/non-moves are grouped into three main themes: firstly, the internal and external environment; secondly, home, community and family; and thirdly, health, well being and ageing. Both the physical and psychological aspects of the home and the neighbourhood were important, as were friends, family and health, each playing a part in residential mobility. The role of place (home and neighbourhood) as a site of memories, attachment and experiences emerged, as did the interaction of place with identity, independence and control. The complexity and diversity behind individuals' reasons for staying or moving are indicated throughout the thesis. The study emphasises the necessity of recognising such complexity and multiplicity in housing choices, and contends that the qualitative methods adopted allowed this diversity to emerge, providing originality in the research. The thesis makes an important contribution to understanding housing choices made in later life, highlights the need to recognise the heterogeneity existing in old age, and contributes to the current policy debates surrounding housing and community care.

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Inaug. Diss.--Bonn. / Bibliography: p. [71].

Can national liberation movements envisage self-rule without statehood? This research examines the politics of a national liberation movement that claims to do just that. The research focuses on the incessant quest for self-rule in Kurdistan in general and the politics of dominant Kurdish liberation movements in Turkey and Syria in particular – with regard to the kind of political community they aspire to found. The research reveals that a salient aspect of Kurdish politics has been its detachment from state-building, and that this aspect dominates the politics of Kurdish movements in Turkey and Syria. Likewise, their project for self-rule in Kurdistan envisages a political community that differs greatly from its competitors; i.e. the hegemonic nation-state and its main opposition Islamic Ummah. I note that the Kurdish model draws heavily on the growing literature in political theory about the inadequacy of representative institutions and the risks of appealing to the notion of national sovereignty. I emphasize that the project shifts the origin of sovereignty from 'the imagined community', i.e. the nation, to residential communities (note the plurality). I also highlight that the Kurdish model of political community is built upon the exercise of political power through direct and semi-direct forms of democracy. Popular councils and assemblies within municipalities appear as the ultimate regulatory institutions. Sovereignty, thus, is dispersed and fragmented throughout autonomous, yet co-existing, and ideally horizontally organized political entities such as towns and cities. Accordingly, the primary form of political organization is not territorial state, but autonomous municipality. I argue that the claim to self-rule in the model is not in the name of the nation, but of communities of settlement, e.g. villages, neighbourhoods, towns, and cities. In a world of nationstates, the Kurdish movements' politics is an interesting example of post-nationalist and post-sovereign claims.

The aim of this thesis is to compare efforts of Eritrea and Somaliland to obtain independence and to find out why Eritrea was in independence obtaining succesful and Somaliland not. Chapter 1 offers a basic theoretical background concerning a question of international law and formation of a state. Based on basic international law documents regarding this topic it describes crucial terms and principles. Further it discusses a question of secession justifiability and it concerns also application of theoretical principles in reality. Chapter 2 includes basic geographical information and ethnical characteristics of population of both regions. Chapter 3 briefly describes history of both states from their emergence up to the beginning of fifties of the last century. The aim of this chapter is to describe international and internal influences which formed uniqueness of both regions within parent states which later supported the efforts to obtain independence. Chapter 4 is devoted to a concrete description of both areas' efforts to obtain independence in the second half of 20th century. It focuses mainly on international negotiations regarding future of both countries, formation and development of independence movements and the concrete course of independence declaration. Chapter 5 evaluates the course and results of independence struggle in both countries.

In the 1960‟s, following independence, the Pan-African vision for developing the continent was envisioned to be possible through the instrumentality of the developmental state. Development became the passion of African leaders and the expectation of the people. After independence, in the 1980‟s, the post-independence nation state bolstered its apparatus, both structurally and ideologically to enable it to deliver on this mandate. Hardly two decades after independence, the African developmental state was heavily burdened with debt, failing in its developmental objectives. Once again African states found themselves at the mercy of its former colonial powers begging for financial aid. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Girmachew Aneme of the Faculty of Law, University of Addis- Ababa, Ethiopia. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

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