The purpose of this study was to determine the causes for the origin of the Polish National Catholic Church in St. Joseph County, Indiana. Divided into five chapters, the first three consider the socio-economic phenomena which help explain this schism from Roman Catholicism; while the fourth traces the actual organization of the new church. Chapter V concludes the study by offering probable causes for this schism, and for the sake of simplicity, dividing these into the proximate and the remote, that is, those causes which appear at the surface, directly explaining it (the proximate); and those factors which, although separated from the event by greater intervals, give it true meaning (the remote). Of the proximate causes, that which looms prominent is the misunderstandings that the Polish Roman Catholic Church of St. Adalbert had with its pastor. This, however, only acted as a catalytic agent for problems long existing in the Catholio-Polish-immigrant community. The actual reasons for the formation of the Polish National Catholic Church, however, are complex and rooted much deeper in history. They are interwoven with a thousand years of European tradition when the Poles found comfort in their Catholic religion through times of great trouble. These troubles caused the Pole to proudly identify the Polish nation with the Rowan Catholic religion.Upon immigration to St. Joseph County in the 1870's, the Poles found themselves newcomers. What was worse, the politically dominant people of the area were Protestant Yankees and Germans. Both groups considered themselves superior to the Poles. One other group, the Irish, was becoming religiously dominant and by controlling the University of Notre Dame, would control the county's Roman Catholic Church. The Poles were no match for these groups. Unlettered and unskilled, they were WO-Western European as well. At that time the Midwest was caught in a convulsion of anti-Catholicism and soon transferred it Into anti- foreignism with the Poles becoming the principal target for abuse. Furthermore, their employment was of the meanest kind and their wages substandard. When they lashed out in desperation to remedy their plight by ,strikes, they were condemned by the community as destroyers of the free enterprise system. They had no place to turn but to that church which had helped them in Poland.However, they soon found out that the Catholic Church in the United states was different. Anglo-saxon in composition (its hierarchy ms Irish or German), it failed to understand Polish traditions, failed to defend the Pole against the rapine of industry and discriminated against him.The Pole in the meantime built many churches and sought refuge in them, So long as European born Polish priests served these parishes tension was kept to a minimum because they understood the Polish cultural background. However, as the twentieth century introduced a second generation of Polish clerics born and educated in the United States; and as these received their religious training in institutions that directed them toward the Americanization of their flocks -trouble brewed. The new clergy's efforts were looked upon with suspicion. Their attempts to Americanize were equate with denationalization. The Poles, sensitive to this because of their European experience, broke with the Roman Catholic Church.In conclusion, the origin of the Polish National Catholic Church in St. Joseph County, Indiana, lies in the depredation of an age and the real or imagined attempt of a non-Polish, Roman Catholic hierarchy to destroy the last vestige of the Polish immigrants' heritage - his centuriesold traditional parish.

This thesis presents a descriptive analysis of the police arrest records for Muncie, Indiana, to determine if there was a decrease in the sex ratio of adults arrested for non-traffic violations from 1967-1970. The Muncie police arrest records were compared to the national arrest statistics as published in the Uniform Crime Report. The problems associated with absolute figures on the number r of arrests were avoided by considering the total population of Muncie and the nation. The results of the study showed that on the whole, Muncie followed the general national trend of a decreasing sex ratio of arrests. Although the general national trend was towards a decreasing sex ratio of arrests, there were a few years namely 1962, 1965, and 1966 in which the sex ratio of national arrests increased slightly. Further, Muncie's trend of a decreasing sex ratio of arrests was interruped in 1970 by a slight increase.

This study concentrates on indoor air pollution, specifically particulate matter, as a result of woodburning in the home. Three single-family residences in Richmond, Indiana, equipped with identical airtight woodburning stoves and using a controlled wood supply, were monitored for a 49-day period in 1987. Particluate matter samples were collected during periods of active wood combustion and periods absent of wood combustion using low-volume samplers. Significant differences were found in two of the three houses when wood combustion and non-wood combustion periods were compared. No relationship was found between particle levels and time of day, ambient air temperature, pounds of wood burned, refueling duration or refueling frequency. It was concluded that woodburning can affect the quality of indoor air in particulate matter levels. / Department of Natural Resources

The purpose of the study was to identify differences in role expectations held by selected referent groups of the bilingual education principal in Indiana. Referent groups in the study included:1) Bilingual education program directors.2) Non-bilingual education program directors.3) Bilingual education principals.4) Non-bilingual education principals.5) Bilingual education teachers.6) Non-bilingual education teachers.A twenty-three item questionnaire containing functions important to the role of the bilingual education principal was used to gather perceptions from the six educational referent groups. The null hypothesis was tested using Chisquare. The .05 level of significance was established as the critical probability level for the nonacceptance of the hypothesis.Findings1. The six referent groups were found to be in general agreement when the role of the bilingual education principal was treated generically.2. Several areas of significance appeared when bilingual groups versus non-bilingual groups were examined.3. Major differences appeared as non-bilingual groups expected more principal involvement in planning, directing, and managing while bilingual groups expected more involvement by the principal in the change agent function.4. The demographic factor of national origin produced a significant difference. Respondents of Hispanic origin expected more from the principal in areas of direct responsibility to bilingual education.ConclusionsThe findings supported much of the previous research on role expectations, role conflict, and leadership. Membership in a particular referent group can be considered a reasonable predictor of certain expectations of the role of a bilingual education principal.Recommendations1. Graduate schools of educational administration should include bilingual education theory, curriculum, and program models in their course requirements.2. Bilingual education principals must have some understanding both of their professional responsibilities for the operation of a school and also for the demands made of them by different referent groups.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness central office administrators with systemwide responsibilities have in delivering services to building principals. The areas investigated included the degree to which central staff should have and actually did provide specific services as judged by building principals.The population of the study consisted of sixty-two principals and assistant principals in selected school corporations in central Indiana with an enrollment of 8,000 to 12,000 students. The questionnaires consisted of fortyfive items and two Likert-type response scales. Principals and assistant principals were asked to indicate on one scale the degree to which the item ideally should have been provided and on a second scale the degree to which the item actually was provided by central staff. Questionnaires were returned by fifty-eight or ninety-three percent of the principals and assistant principals.ConclusionsThe conclusions of the study were:Discrepancies exist between the ideal and actual classification in that principals were not provided with:Training in interviewing and staff selection procedures.An annual meeting between principals and maintenance to determine priorities.Maintenance service programs structured from a preventative standpoint.Discrepancies do not exist between the ideal and actual classification in that:Principals were given the final authority in the selection processes.Regularly scheduled meetings were provided to discuss concerns of building level administrators.Principals and staff received support when dealing with parents or community.Principals were provided assistance and support when difficult decisions needed to be made.Principals were provided information regarding interpretations of master contract.Principals were provided opportunities for meaningful input into curriculum development.Perceptions and reactions are discernible in the ideal and actual classification in that:Principals being included in establishing priorities in negotiations were perceivable. In-service programs for teachers and principals to develop curriculum ideas were perceivable.RecommendationsFollowing are recommendations of the study:1. Central staff maintenance should give consideration to discussion of maintenance service programs.2. Central staff should give consideration to developing in-service programs for principals in interviewing and staff selection procedures.

The study examined whether Indiana school sites having Community Education programs exhibited Community Education elements as defined by the State Plan for Indiana Community Education 1989 - 1993. Ten core elements of Community Education (collaboration, partnerships, use of volunteers, citizen involvement, lifelong learning, community resources, parental involvement, facilities usage, systematic planning, and leadership) were studied.Five research questions were developed to describe the use of Community Education elements in Indiana schools. Names and addresses of sites were obtained from school superintendents, and questionnaires designed to report the presence of the ten core elements of Community Education were sent to the sites. A weighted index was developed to measure the elements and was used to provide a score for amounts of core element activity at each site. This allowed the sites to be ranked with higher scores representing more extensive use of Community Education elements.At least 113 school sites are making efforts to implement the Community Education elements. Sites exhibiting the greatest number of the Community Education elements were located in high schools or career/vocational centers in small towns or medium-sized cities, for the most part. The majority had part-time or full-time coordinators. Sites exhibiting the fewest elements tended to be located in elementary schools in small towns or rural areas; none were in urban or suburban areas, and the majority had no coordinator.In terms of the ten core elements, most sites did not collaborate or have formal partnerships with community organizations. Most sites also did not have community councils. Less than half had any formal citizen involvement in planning and decision-making. Most sites did not consistently use systematic planning processes to make program decisions.School facilities were used for Community Education purposes during non-school hours by over 80% of the respondents. Activities most frequently provided by the sites were personal enrichment courses, high school completion/GED preparation, adult basic skills classes, and recreation. Senior citizens were the most frequently served group by the sites. About one-third of the sites provided programs for illiterate adults. The study suggests that Community Education at Indiana school sites has a much stronger program orientation than a process orientation. / Department of Educational Leadership

The purpose of the study was to determine the effects tort and actual litigation and the possible increase in the cost of errors and omissions insurance have had as reported by public school officials. The populations consisted of 138 public school corporations and 136 public school board members.The data collection instruments used in the study consisted of a 16 item instrument for the public school corporations which included a demographic section and questions regarding the availability of insurance and incidence of litigation and for the public school board members at 15 item Likert style questionnaire regarding the threat of being sued. Six null hypotheses were tested for statistical significance using an analysis of variance, Spearman Rho Correlations coefficient, and chi-square. The .05 level of significance was established as the critical probability level for the non-acceptance of hypotheses.FindingsPublic School Corporations1. There was no significant difference among the four enrollment groups when a Spearman Rho Correlation was applied as a statistical test. There was statistically significant difference; however, when the Analysis of Variance and Chi-Square statistical tests were applied.2. School corporations of 8,001 or more students paid significantly more for errors and omissions insurance school corporations of less than 1500 students paid significantly less for insurance.3. A statistically significant difference could not be established based upon the school corporation's assessed valuation for either an analysis of variance or Spearman Rho Correlation statistical test.4. In the period 1982-1987, the cost for errors and omissions insurance was significantly higher in 1987 than any of the other years. Also in 1986 the premiums were significantly higher than in 1984.5. School corporations with enrollments up to 1500 students experienced significantly fewer cases of litigation, while school corporations with 8,001 or more students experienced a significantly higher number of cases of litigation.6. Urban school corporations had significantly more cases of litigation than did rural/small town school corporations. Rural/small town school corporations had and significantly fewer cases of litigation.7. Seventy four and a half percent of the public school superintendents felt that the new state pool for liability insurance did not prevent the insurance companies form charging unusually higher premiums.8. Forty eight and two tenths percent of the superintendents felt that the new state pool for liability insurance did not encourage insurance companies to reinsure public school corporations. Thirty three and six tenths percent of the superintendents were undecided, while eighteen and one tenths percent felt the pool had a effect.9. Eighty and three tenths percent of the superintendents surveyed felt that there had been a significant increase in the cost of errors and omissions insurance.Public School Board Members1. Board members in the age category of 40-49 were significantly different from board members in the age categories of 0-39 and 50+ in that they did not feel it necessary to obtain or retain personal errors and omissions insurance because of the threat of being sued.2. The 50+ age category was significantly different than the other age categories in that they were significantly less threatened and had stronger conviction positive regarding decisions even though the threat of being sued was present.3. Age categories 40-49 and 50+ were significantly different than category 0-39 in that they were not effected by the threat of being sued for allowing corporal punishment in their school corporations.4. Male school board members agreed more than female board members that the corporation policy handbook had been updated as a result of the threat of being sued.5. College educated public school board members had stronger conviction in making difficult decisions and were less threatened by the threat of being sued than high school educated public school board members.6. The high school educated public school board members felt a significantly greater need to be familiar knowledgeable regarding the corporation policy than did college educated public school board members.7. The more formal education a public school board had the less he agreed corporal punishment should be disallowed because of the threat of being sued.8. Urban public school board members were significantly less knowledgeable regarding the newly created Indiana risk management commission than rural/small town and suburban public school board members. / Department of Educational Administration and Supervision

There is no abstract available for this dissertation.

There is no abstract available for this dissertation.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of flood control reservoir construction on public school enrollments, assessed valuation, leisure time activities, and residential housing and business enterprises. Flood control reservoirs studied in Indiana included Cagles Mill, Mansfield, Monroe, Salamonie, Mississinewa, and Huntington. Construction was completed on all six reservoirs during the years between 1952 and 1968.Local school enrollments were compared with the total state public school enrollment to determine if differences existed in yearly enrollment trends.The assessed valuation of townships affected by a flood control reservoir was compared with the total county assessed valuation to determine if differences existed in yearly trends.The data for attendance at state recreational areas were used to show yearly trends from the time of reservoir completion to 1969.Interviews with residents of the reservoir community were used to gather information regarding the physical changes which had taken place in the community since reservoir construction began. These physical changes include leisure time facilities, residential housing, and business enterprises.The major findings from this study were:1. Public school records in corporations affected by a flood control reservoir revealed changes in enrollment, but these changes did not indicate unusual patterns when compared to yearly public school enrollment figures of the total state.2. School districts located in the immediate flood control area involved did not appear to be abnormally affected because of changes in student population.3. Every township affected by reservoir construction decreased in total assessed valuation at the beginning of the project. The loss was reflected in either a reduction of the townships total assessed valuation or a lower rate of increase compared to the total county valuation.4. Where reservoirs have been completed three or more years, the townships involved reflect a higher assessed valuation than they did before construction.5. Surrounding property values in all reservoir areas were higher when reservoir construction was completed than they were before construction.6. More people are making use of all types of recreational facilities located at reservoirs. Camping in tents and trailers has increased more than any of the other leisure time activities investigated.7. Major new business consisted of marinas, combination grocery and bait stores, and private campgrounds.8. Business establishments throughout the state are being influenced by campers and fishermen because of the need for supplies when using the reservoir facilities. The lack of business in the immediate reservoir community and the convenience when boating, fishing, or camping to stock up on supplies were reasons for the influence throughout the state.Major conclusions included:1.If more permanent residents do not move into the reservoir communities, public school pupil population trends will not be altered, and school corporations will not be adversely affected by a reservoir being constructed in their school district.Unless permanent residents move into the reservoir communities and increase public school pupil.Population, the tax rates are very likely to decrease because of the increasing value of land around the reservoir. Property values around a flood control reservoir tend to increase during the time between the beginning of construction and two years after completion of the reservoir, because of its potential use by people for recreation and business.Unless adequate lodging facilities and restaurants are provided in the reservoir communities the areas will remain campgrounds for tents and trailers, or a one day outing facility.The Indiana flood control reservoirs will supplement and influence businesses in Indiana and adjoining states.Systematic community planning by interested local leaders should help to provide for the orderly residential and business development of the reservoir community.