Although the scientific study of forgiveness has flourished in recent years, the study of the effects of culture on forgiveness has been minimal. The present thesis reviews the literature examining the effects of individualism and collectivism on forgiveness. In Study 1, four scales are created that are hypothesized to relate to the study of culture and forgiveness. Evidence for the reliability and validity of these scales are presented. In Study 2, the effects of individualism and collectivism are empirically tested. Collectivistic forgivers understand forgiveness within the context of reconciliation, social harmony, and relational repair. Collectivistic forgiveness primarily involves a decision to forgive, but this decision often does not result in the reduction of negative emotions associated with unforgiveness.

Economie informelle et pauvreté en Turquie : une analyse des comportements individuels sur des données des dépenses monétaires et temporelles de 2003 à 2006. / Since it was first introduced by Hart in 1973, the concept of “informal economy” has had vast implications for social-scientific research. Over the last four decades, informal economy has received increased attention in literature and has been keenly discussed by public authorities and scholars. There were two main motivations behind these efforts to identify the informal economy: to measure its size and to know its determinants. From a practical point of view, informal economy has been an enigma for economists seeking to identify its nature and to measure activities that have various economic motivations. Informality has been denoted by many names, such as “shadow”, “underground”, “second” or “parallel” economy- a plethora of terms resulting from the struggle to define informality. Likewise, the various approaches to studying the phenomenon differ greatly in the way that they relate to socio-economic characterization. Although there is great variation between definitions of informality, these diversifications allow authorities to deal more easily with the source of the problem, being able to inform themselves and create accurate policies. Generally speaking, these policies aim to increase the level of productivity for any given sector and to protect growth in an economy as a whole. The implicit goal of these strategies is to prevent informal earnings by protecting formal market transactions (Schneider and Enste, 2002) and thereby combat informality. To this end, identifying the stimulating economic factors behind informal activities by gathering information about participants, their actions and the concurrency of these activities becomes essential for the optimal distribution of economic resources.

Developing a comprehensive model of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) risk factors and their inter-relationships is vital to improving methods of risk identification and treatment delivery. The CDC posed three general categories that may serve as a framework for such a model: sexual network, individual behavior, and social/ structural risk. None of the extant risk models incorporate measures from all three categories. Additionally, none of these models, generally focused on individual behavior, use medical data on infection as their outcome variable. This is problematic because the ultimate outcome of infection is also influenced by sexual network and social/ structural variables, in addition to individual behaviors. Therefore the current study aimed to develop a comprehensive model of risk incorporating sexual network, individual behavior, and social/ structural risk variables, using medical data on infection status as the outcome variable. The sample consisted of 506 women in a court-ordered substance treatment program. An Exploratory Factor Analysis provided preliminary evidence for a three factor model corresponding to the CDC framework. However, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis failed to confirm this model. Additionally, a logistic regression suggested that this model has limited clinical utility for this sample. Future studies may more conclusively determine the importance of various STI risk variables, the relationships between them, and whether they mirror the CDC theoretical framework. With rates of infection still high in the United States, and even increasing among women for certain STIs, this is a critical public health issue that should continue to be examined.

Esse trabalho propõe articular dois eixos principais de análise: investigar os padrões de atividades de 105 residentes de Paraisópolis, segunda maior favela de São Paulo, e avaliar o processo de coleta e processamento de dados de múltiplos dias obtidos a partir de um aplicativo instalado nos smartphones. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de uma entrevista domiciliar realizada em campo e pela coleta de dados de localização de GPS a cada cinco minutos, pelo período de uma semana. A partir dos dados de localização, foram identificadas atividades e locais de interesse para cada indivíduo. As atividades foram classificadas em seis categorias, usadas para descrever os padrões de atividades dos moradores. Uma segunda rodada de classificação agrupou os indivíduos que apresentavam padrões semanais de atividades semelhantes, em sete grupos distintos. A composição de cada grupo de indivíduos foi investigada segundo as características socioeconômicas das pessoas que os formavam, permitindo avaliar se os grupos com comportamento de atividades similar apresentavam também homogeneidade no que diz respeito ao gênero, idade, renda, ocupação, nível de escolaridade, entre outros atributos. Os resultados indicam que entre os sete grupos de indivíduos identificados, dois grupos realizam a maior parte de suas atividades na residência; outros dois grupos possuem uma atividade principal dentro de Paraisópolis, sendo que um deles apresenta padrão mais regular e o outro, padrão mais variado; e outros três grupos apresentam uma atividade principal fora de Paraisópolis, sendo o primeiro com padrão mais regular, o segundo com padrão mais variado e um terceiro grupo com padrão muito variado e ativo, com alto número de atividades realizadas no período. Destaca-se o fato de que entre todos os indivíduos, 56% foram classificados em grupos de comportamento variado, apontando para a necessidade de considerar outros tipos de padrões de atividades nos processos de modelagem de transportes, além dos padrões regulares tipicamente considerados, como casa-trabalho. / This dissertation explores two main lines of research: to investigate the activity patterns of 105 residents of the Paraisópolis, second largest slum of São Paulo, using data collected over multiple days using smartphones. Data was collected with a home interview and tracking GPS location every 5 minutes for one week. Based on location data, individual stays and points of interest we inferred. Based on their characteristics, stays were clustered into 6 classes, later used to describe individuals\' weekly activity patterns. Individuals were then clustered into 7 categories, based on similarity of their activity patterns. Each group of individuals was then investigated regarding its socioeconomic and demographic composition, to verify if similarity of behavior was associated with homogeneity concerning gender, age, income, occupation, level of education, among other attributes. Results suggest that among the seven clusters of individuals, two of them conduct most of their activities at home; individuals of other two groups seem to have a main frequent regular activity outside their home but within the area of Paraisópolis, one with greater diversity of activities than the other; finally, individuals of the three remaining groups participate in a frequent regular activity outside Paraisópolis, differing among themselves concerning variability and number of other activities conducted during one week. It should be highlighted that 56% of the people in the sample was classified in groups with diversified behavior, indicating the need to consider other activity patterns beyond the more usual simple commute considered in modelling efforts.

Esse trabalho propõe articular dois eixos principais de análise: investigar os padrões de atividades de 105 residentes de Paraisópolis, segunda maior favela de São Paulo, e avaliar o processo de coleta e processamento de dados de múltiplos dias obtidos a partir de um aplicativo instalado nos smartphones. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de uma entrevista domiciliar realizada em campo e pela coleta de dados de localização de GPS a cada cinco minutos, pelo período de uma semana. A partir dos dados de localização, foram identificadas atividades e locais de interesse para cada indivíduo. As atividades foram classificadas em seis categorias, usadas para descrever os padrões de atividades dos moradores. Uma segunda rodada de classificação agrupou os indivíduos que apresentavam padrões semanais de atividades semelhantes, em sete grupos distintos. A composição de cada grupo de indivíduos foi investigada segundo as características socioeconômicas das pessoas que os formavam, permitindo avaliar se os grupos com comportamento de atividades similar apresentavam também homogeneidade no que diz respeito ao gênero, idade, renda, ocupação, nível de escolaridade, entre outros atributos. Os resultados indicam que entre os sete grupos de indivíduos identificados, dois grupos realizam a maior parte de suas atividades na residência; outros dois grupos possuem uma atividade principal dentro de Paraisópolis, sendo que um deles apresenta padrão mais regular e o outro, padrão mais variado; e outros três grupos apresentam uma atividade principal fora de Paraisópolis, sendo o primeiro com padrão mais regular, o segundo com padrão mais variado e um terceiro grupo com padrão muito variado e ativo, com alto número de atividades realizadas no período. Destaca-se o fato de que entre todos os indivíduos, 56% foram classificados em grupos de comportamento variado, apontando para a necessidade de considerar outros tipos de padrões de atividades nos processos de modelagem de transportes, além dos padrões regulares tipicamente considerados, como casa-trabalho. / This dissertation explores two main lines of research: to investigate the activity patterns of 105 residents of the Paraisópolis, second largest slum of São Paulo, using data collected over multiple days using smartphones. Data was collected with a home interview and tracking GPS location every 5 minutes for one week. Based on location data, individual stays and points of interest we inferred. Based on their characteristics, stays were clustered into 6 classes, later used to describe individuals\' weekly activity patterns. Individuals were then clustered into 7 categories, based on similarity of their activity patterns. Each group of individuals was then investigated regarding its socioeconomic and demographic composition, to verify if similarity of behavior was associated with homogeneity concerning gender, age, income, occupation, level of education, among other attributes. Results suggest that among the seven clusters of individuals, two of them conduct most of their activities at home; individuals of other two groups seem to have a main frequent regular activity outside their home but within the area of Paraisópolis, one with greater diversity of activities than the other; finally, individuals of the three remaining groups participate in a frequent regular activity outside Paraisópolis, differing among themselves concerning variability and number of other activities conducted during one week. It should be highlighted that 56% of the people in the sample was classified in groups with diversified behavior, indicating the need to consider other activity patterns beyond the more usual simple commute considered in modelling efforts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Paim Neto.pdf: 12512704 bytes, checksum: 6bcf82095a1d2623487ef1d1c987b7f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-03 / The Brazilian electric sector has already presented signs of exhaustion that culminated in power rationing. It is estimated that the Brazilian population shows an increase by 2050 about 50%, so the generation and distribution of more energy becomes a concern. There is a great evolution on the process of evaluating equipment and buildings for their energy efficiency, however it is known that human behavior and consumer habits have huge influence on the energy efficiency of a building. Energy efficiency provided by the deployment of smart grids, suggests an intelligent and efficient city, which depend more and more on human behavior to improve the rational use of electricity. This paper presents a proposal for classification of individual energy efficiency, based on the Brazilian Labeling Program, the research of equipment possession and usage habits in the residential class, held by Eletrobras, and the application of fuzzy logic. / O setor el?trico brasileiro j? apresentou sinais de esgotamento que culminaram em racionamento de energia. Estima-se que popula??o brasileira apresente um crescimento at? 2050 de cerca de 50%, dessa forma a gera??o e a distribui??o de mais energia el?trica torna-se uma preocupa??o. Verifica-se um grande avan?o na avalia??o de equipamentos e constru??es quanto ? sua efici?ncia energ?tica, entretanto sabe-se que o comportamento humano e os h?bitos de consumo t?m grande influ?ncia no resultado final da efici?ncia energ?tica de uma edifica??o. A efici?ncia energ?tica proporcionada pela implanta??o das redes inteligentes, sugere uma cidade inteligente e eficiente, a qual depender? cada vez mais do comportamento do ser humano para melhorar o uso racional da energia el?trica. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de classifica??o da efici?ncia energ?tica individual, tendo como base o Programa Brasileiro de etiquetagem, a pesquisa de posse de equipamentos e h?bitos de uso na classe residencial, realizada pela Eletrobras, e a aplica??o da l?gica nebulosa.