Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 33-36.

The aim of this study is to map the municipalities’ public health supervision regarding apartments which is rent to persons who have a residence permit (previous asylum seekers). Municipalities were selected by using statistics over numbers of residence permit which were obtained from the Swedish Migration Agency. To find out how the municipalities works with supervision on this type of apartments, a survey was sent to the concerned municipalities. The result of the study was that 8 of 64 municipalities operate supervision on this type of apartments. To operate this kind of public health supervision the municipalities can e.g. use The Public Health Agency of Sweden’s supervisory guidance as a tool. Even though there are supervisory guidance, which can be used to operate public health supervision, there were municipalities who considered it insufficient.Which may be due to the fact that The Public Health Agency of Sweden does not have a specific supervisory guidance for apartments which is rent to persons who have a residence permit (previous asylum seekers). To make public health supervision on this type of apartments more efficient, the municipalities should cooperate with stakeholders e.g. Social Services Department and the Swedish Migration Agency to easily find this type of apartments. To make the supervision more effective, one can look after the good examples like the eight municipalities, among other things like send out letter with a prebooked date and the aim of the supervision to the real estate owner, operate supervision in project form, using checklist when operating supervision.

abstract: Given the importance of buildings as major consumers of resources worldwide, several organizations are working avidly to ensure the negative impacts of buildings are minimized. The U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system is one such effort to recognize buildings that are designed to achieve a superior performance in several areas including energy consumption and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The primary objectives of this study are to investigate the performance of LEED certified facilities in terms of energy consumption and occupant satisfaction with IEQ, and introduce a framework to assess the performance of LEED certified buildings. This thesis attempts to achieve the research objectives by examining the LEED certified buildings on the Arizona State University (ASU) campus in Tempe, AZ, from two complementary perspectives: the Macro-level and the Micro-level. Heating, cooling, and electricity data were collected from the LEED-certified buildings on campus, and their energy use intensity was calculated in order to investigate the buildings' actual energy performance. Additionally, IEQ occupant satisfaction surveys were used to investigate users' satisfaction with the space layout, space furniture, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting level, acoustic quality, water efficiency, cleanliness and maintenance of the facilities they occupy. From a Macro-level perspective, the results suggest ASU LEED buildings consume less energy than regional counterparts, and exhibit higher occupant satisfaction than national counterparts. The occupant satisfaction results are in line with the literature on LEED buildings, whereas the energy results contribute to the inconclusive body of knowledge on energy performance improvements linked to LEED certification. From a Micro-level perspective, data analysis suggest an inconsistency between the LEED points earned for the Energy & Atmosphere and IEQ categories, on one hand, and the respective levels of energy consumption and occupant satisfaction on the other hand. Accordingly, this study showcases the variation in the performance results when approached from different perspectives. This contribution highlights the need to consider the Macro-level and Micro-level assessments in tandem, and assess LEED building performance from these two distinct but complementary perspectives in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the actual building performance. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Engineering 2015

Att bygga täta hus är något som alltid eftersträvats. Till en början var det för att öka den inre komforten med att förhindra drag i golv och väggar för att senare få förståelsen för hur otätheter kan var skadlig för våra konstruktioner i form av de termiska drivkrafterna i konvektion och diffusion genom byggnadsskalet. Då byggnadskraven och regelverken blivit hårdare har byggnadsbranschen och forskarsamfundet utvecklat nya lösningar för att konstruera tätare hus. Med syftet att öka och bredda den allmänna, grundläggande förståelsen och kunskapen inom området görs en historisk sammanställning om hur täthet har uppnåtts. Sammanställningen börjar vid 1800-talets slut i den moderna byggnadskonsten ursprung. I varje epok undersöks vilka typer av lösningar som kan förväntas att finnas i olika konstruktioner och hustyper, vilka forskningsrapporter och litteratur har legat till grund för den historiska utvecklingen samt vilka regelverk som varit styrande under respektive epok. Arbetet fokuserar enbart på den svenska utvecklingen inom täthet och berör enbart träkonstruktioner.En litteraturstudie är det som ligger till grund för rapporten där rapporter, tidskrifter och byggnadsanvisningar granskas. En dialog har förts med utredningsingenjör Stig Johansson.Syftet med dialogen har varit för att kunna ge vägledning samt för att belysa viktiga tidpunkter som bör undersökas.  Vidare undersöks när man började förstå att tätheten inte enbart påverkade komforten utan också påverkade effektiviteten hos ventilationssystemen och värmeisoleringen, det vill säga den totala energiförbrukningen. Arbetet visar att läckaget är som störst i skarvar mellan yttervägg och vindsbjälklag, yttervägg och golvbjälklag, i folie/pappskarvar samt vid genomföringar genom tätskiktet. Här har olika metoder använts för att uppnå så god täthet som möjligt. Allt ifrån klämning av skarvar till häftning och tejpning. Tätning reagerar olika på fukt och beständigheten hos de olika lösningarna kan vara olika efter några år. Studien visar att det var i början av 70-talet som forskarsamfundet förstod hur tätheten påverkade energihushållningen och ventilationen. Då togs metoder fram för tryckmätning av konstruktioner och energihushållningen kunde då beräknas.  Följande slutsatser kan dras ifrån studien: Det invändiga tätskiktet har förändrats väldigt mycket under det senaste århundradet, antagligen har förändringen varit styrd av ”trial and error”. Förändringen i materialval ifrån förhydningspapp till plastfolie beror främst på plastfoliens lätthanterlighet vid förvaring och montering. Det finns inte ett entydigt svar till när man insåg att det invändiga tätskiktet gjort mer nytta än att enbart täta mot drag. Men troligtvis var det kring 20-talet då begreppet diffusion diskuteras i rapporter. Monteringstekniken har förändrats mycket sedan plastfolien lanserades på marknaden. Antagligen är denna förändring driven dels av ”trial and error” tillsammans med de forskningar som upptäckten av felen har motiverat. / Building houses with proper indoor environmental sealing is something that always has been strived after. At the beginning the purpose was to increase indoor comfort by stopping gusts of wind in floors and ceilings. Later, understanding was gained how leaks can be damaging for our constructions in the shape of thermal forces in convection and diffusion through the environment sealing. With the purpose of increasing and broadening the general, basic understanding and knowledge in the field a compilation from a historical perspective of how isolation is achieved. This essay is focused solely on the Swedish development in isolation of wooden structures. The foundation of this essay is based on a literature study where rapports, periodicals and building instructions are examined.  Another area of study that is examined here is when a proper understanding of the benefits of isolation was reached in relation to its impact on the efficiency of ventilation systems and heat isolation, which impacts the total energy consumption.  The following conclusion can be made from the study:  The indoor environment sealing has changed a lot in the latest hundred years and the change was probably made by ”trial and error”. The change in material is probably due to the easiness when using the plastic folie.      There is not only one answer to when the realization was made that the indoor sealing had more of a purpose than protection against gusts. But it was probably in the 1920´s.  The installation technique has change since the introduction of the plastic folie. The change was probably made by ”trial and error” or in a combination with the scientific discoveries that was made.

No description available.

<p dir="ltr">As the urbanization trend prevails worldwide, more people are moving to major metropolitan areas, causing housing resources to be in urgent demand. Tiny homes, designed to offer a minimalist lifestyle while also addressing growing housing needs, have become increasingly popular among home seekers. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, individuals primarily spend their time indoors, and with more people adopting work-from-home lifestyles, ensuring a high-quality, sterile, and comfortable indoor environment becomes crucial for indoor occupants. Many studies have highlighted that the activities of occupants significantly influence indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and energy consumption in buildings and applying disinfectants will generate increasing amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which occupants could inhale, causing adverse health effects. Within this thesis, two studies are introduced and discussed. The first study, namely “zEDGE Living Experiments,” conducts a comprehensive evaluation of IEQ satisfaction and energy usage in the Purdue zEDGE Tiny House through real-time measurement and survey analysis. Twenty full-scale experiments were conducted during the winter season. The study first evaluates participants’ perception of IEQ factors, with thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) emerging as top priorities. It then examined energy adaptive behavior to understand maintenance of comfortable indoor conditions, noting primary adaptive strategies including heating, ventilation, and artificial lighting. The study then measured IEQ and energy consumption, evaluating occupants’ IEQ satisfaction levels. The average energy use was recorded at 10.3 kWh, with occupants generally satisfied with IEQ in the zEDGE Tiny House. Analysis indicated that heating and cooking were significant energy consumers, potentially exposing occupants to high indoor air pollutant levels in such compact living spaces. The second campaign, namely “Performance Evaluation of PID and PTR-TOF-MS,” compares the VOC detection abilities of photoionization detectors (PID) and a state-of-the-art proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). 54 controlled emission experiments were carried out among 18 different disinfectant products with main ingredients based on alcohol, lactic acid, peracetic acid/acetic acid, and botanical products. The results from time-series and correlation analyses indicate that the PID and PTR-TOF-MS were able to detect VOC signals from emission experiments. While the performances of the PID and PTR-TOF-MS were similar under experiments with alcohol-based products, the PID performed less well with products based on lactic acid and botanical products, and unsatisfactory for peracetic acid/acetic acid-based products.</p>

A Qualidade do Ambiente Interior (QAI) é um dos principais fatores que determina a funcionalidade, harmonia, conforto e produtividade em um edifício. A QAI afeta a saúde e o conforto dos ocupantes de um edifício, bem como a habilidade dos mesmos em realizar tarefas, influenciando diretamente na produtividade. Quando a QAI é boa, os ambientes se tornam lugares mais desejáveis para estar, trabalhar e aprender. O ambiente de escolas e universidades pode exercer um impacto significativo na saúde e no aprendizado de crianças e estudantes universitários. A limitação da entrada de poluentes e contaminantes, bem como o fornecimento da quantidade adequada de ar externo filtrado e limpo, melhoram o desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes e não atinge a saúde dos mesmos. Este trabalho apresenta medições de parâmetros físicos e químicos, CO2, PM2,5, PM10, temperatura de bulbo seco e umidade relativa, efetuadas em uma sala de aula do prédio de Engenharia Mecânica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP) os quais os estudantes e professores estavam sujeitos. As medidas foram tomadas no ambiente interno e externo a sala de aula, onde atividades teóricas e práticas eram realizadas. A vazão de ar externo, previamente filtrado, era variada para a redução dos contaminantes gerados internamente. Constatou-se que os particulados PM2,5 e PM10 atingiram concentrações críticas de 6 e 30 vezes maiores do que o limite proposto pelas normas vigentes, respectivamente, bem como a concentração de CO2 que atingiu 3 vezes o limite recomendado. Porém, observou-se que o aumento da vazão de ar externo em aproximadamente 2200 m³/h foi suficiente para a diminuição da concentração de PM10 em 50% nos primeiros 20 minutos. Apesar da diminuição da concentração, a vazão recomendada de ar externo por pessoa não foi suficiente para a concentração de material particulado atingir os limites aceitáveis. Por fim, apresenta-se uma proposta de projeto detalhado de dois sistemas independentes de tratamento de ar que permitirão a realização de experimentos e estudos sobre a QAI, podendo-se variar a vazão de ar externo e a classe de filtragem da recirculação e da tomada de ar externo para dois laboratórios do Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da EPUSP, que podem dar sequência aos estudos deste trabalho. / The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is one of the main factors that determines the functionality, harmony, comfort and productivity in a building. The IEQ affects the health and comfort of the occupants of a building, as well as the ability of them to perform tasks, influencing directly in productivity. When IEQ is good, the environments become more desirable places to be in, work and learn. The indoor environment of schools and universities can have a significant impact on the health and learning of children and college students. The limitation of input of pollutants and contaminants, as well as providing the appropriate amount of filtered and clean outside air, improve the academic performance of students and does not affect the health of the same. This paper presents measurements of physical and chemical parameters, CO2, PM2,5, PM10, dry bulb temperature and relative humidity, made in a classroom of the Mechanical Engineering building of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo (EPUSP) which students and teachers were subject. The measurements were taken in the internal and external environment of the classroom, where theoretical and practical activities were conducted. The flow of outside air, previously filtered, was varied for the reduction of contaminants generated internally. It was found that the particulate PM2,5 and PM10 achieved critical concentrations of 6 and 30 times greater than the limit proposed by the current standards, respectively, and that the concentration of CO2 reached 3 times the recommended limit. However, it was observed that increasing outside air flow of approximately 2200 m³/h was enough to decrease the concentration of PM10 in 50% at the first 20 minutes. Despite the decreased concentration, the recommended flow of outside air per person was not enough for the concentration of particulate matter reaches the acceptable limits. Finally, a detailed project proposal is presented of two independent air treatment systems that will allow performing experiments and studies on the IEQ, being able to vary the flow of outside air and, the filters of the recirculation and external air intake for two laboratories of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of EPUSP, that can follow the studies of this work.

A Qualidade do Ambiente Interior (QAI) é um dos principais fatores que determina a funcionalidade, harmonia, conforto e produtividade em um edifício. A QAI afeta a saúde e o conforto dos ocupantes de um edifício, bem como a habilidade dos mesmos em realizar tarefas, influenciando diretamente na produtividade. Quando a QAI é boa, os ambientes se tornam lugares mais desejáveis para estar, trabalhar e aprender. O ambiente de escolas e universidades pode exercer um impacto significativo na saúde e no aprendizado de crianças e estudantes universitários. A limitação da entrada de poluentes e contaminantes, bem como o fornecimento da quantidade adequada de ar externo filtrado e limpo, melhoram o desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes e não atinge a saúde dos mesmos. Este trabalho apresenta medições de parâmetros físicos e químicos, CO2, PM2,5, PM10, temperatura de bulbo seco e umidade relativa, efetuadas em uma sala de aula do prédio de Engenharia Mecânica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP) os quais os estudantes e professores estavam sujeitos. As medidas foram tomadas no ambiente interno e externo a sala de aula, onde atividades teóricas e práticas eram realizadas. A vazão de ar externo, previamente filtrado, era variada para a redução dos contaminantes gerados internamente. Constatou-se que os particulados PM2,5 e PM10 atingiram concentrações críticas de 6 e 30 vezes maiores do que o limite proposto pelas normas vigentes, respectivamente, bem como a concentração de CO2 que atingiu 3 vezes o limite recomendado. Porém, observou-se que o aumento da vazão de ar externo em aproximadamente 2200 m³/h foi suficiente para a diminuição da concentração de PM10 em 50% nos primeiros 20 minutos. Apesar da diminuição da concentração, a vazão recomendada de ar externo por pessoa não foi suficiente para a concentração de material particulado atingir os limites aceitáveis. Por fim, apresenta-se uma proposta de projeto detalhado de dois sistemas independentes de tratamento de ar que permitirão a realização de experimentos e estudos sobre a QAI, podendo-se variar a vazão de ar externo e a classe de filtragem da recirculação e da tomada de ar externo para dois laboratórios do Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da EPUSP, que podem dar sequência aos estudos deste trabalho. / The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is one of the main factors that determines the functionality, harmony, comfort and productivity in a building. The IEQ affects the health and comfort of the occupants of a building, as well as the ability of them to perform tasks, influencing directly in productivity. When IEQ is good, the environments become more desirable places to be in, work and learn. The indoor environment of schools and universities can have a significant impact on the health and learning of children and college students. The limitation of input of pollutants and contaminants, as well as providing the appropriate amount of filtered and clean outside air, improve the academic performance of students and does not affect the health of the same. This paper presents measurements of physical and chemical parameters, CO2, PM2,5, PM10, dry bulb temperature and relative humidity, made in a classroom of the Mechanical Engineering building of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo (EPUSP) which students and teachers were subject. The measurements were taken in the internal and external environment of the classroom, where theoretical and practical activities were conducted. The flow of outside air, previously filtered, was varied for the reduction of contaminants generated internally. It was found that the particulate PM2,5 and PM10 achieved critical concentrations of 6 and 30 times greater than the limit proposed by the current standards, respectively, and that the concentration of CO2 reached 3 times the recommended limit. However, it was observed that increasing outside air flow of approximately 2200 m³/h was enough to decrease the concentration of PM10 in 50% at the first 20 minutes. Despite the decreased concentration, the recommended flow of outside air per person was not enough for the concentration of particulate matter reaches the acceptable limits. Finally, a detailed project proposal is presented of two independent air treatment systems that will allow performing experiments and studies on the IEQ, being able to vary the flow of outside air and, the filters of the recirculation and external air intake for two laboratories of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of EPUSP, that can follow the studies of this work.