Includes bibliographical references. / The starting point of this study begins whilst driving through a field of vineyards just outside of Cape Town, about 15 kilometers from Napier. A sea of agricultural formlessness and sameness. This scene was interrupted by a large white blanket covering most of the hill side. It appeared ridged in its form yet fluid enough to take the shape of the landscape. The vast scale (or scale-less-ness) of the landscape became somewhat reduced to an area small enough to comprehend. This object lay seemingly foreign and unfamiliar and thus estranging my view of the landscape. This led me to question its meaning. A google earth image of the exact site fortuitously captured the assembly of this artefact. The image illustrates its agricultural use, but more interestingly its reveals a series of processes of working upon the landscape. The large seemingly monolithic object reveals its individual parts, method of assembly and human labour. Embedded within the artefact too are energies- human and mechanical- which are impossible to observe in the finished artefact. Through being able to unveil the various methods and steps of this process made richer my knowledge of the landscape and therefore, I argue, helped better understand the human connection to landscape.

It is argued that the physical remains of industry are valuable repositories of information about a crucial phase in the development of modern society, and that there are uniquely archeological lines of inquiry useful in retrieving this information. Two schools of archeology are involved in the study of past industry. One is industrial archeology, which focuses on monuments and technology; the other is historical archeology, which is more closely aligned with the social sciences. The historical development of both approaches is examined to determine what makes them different from, or similar to, one another. Studies of common industrial site types, including potteries, glassworks, iron works, mines, and communities, are reviewed, and research themes and traditions are extracted and analyzed. The essential character of industrial sites is delineated, with particular attention to questions of time, scale, and site content. The industrial site and the practice of industrial archeology are redefined. Appropriate and effective data collection techniques are suggested, key research questions are proposed, and criteria for assessing site significance are examined.

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Following years of speculation about the potential economic value of mineral deposits in northeastern Minnesota, the first full-scale attempts to exploit that potential began in 1882. That year, the Minnesota Iron Company (MIC) imported dozens of miners to start extracting iron ore from the Soudan Mine on the south shore of Lake Vermilion. They concurrently imported hundreds of men to Agate Bay on the north shore of Lake Superior, approximately 70 miles south of the mine. The MIC selected Agate Bay as the spot for their ore shipping port and they needed men to start the simultaneous construction of an ore dock in the harbor and a railroad north from the harbor to the mine. Immediately after choosing Agate Bay as the spot for their shipping port location, the MIC bought up all the land along the north and west sides of Agate Bay except for a four-acre parcel that owner Thomas Sexton refused to sell. As the MIC-controlled community of Two Harbors developed around it, Sexton's parcel, which he platted as the community of Agate Bay, remained outside of company control. It quickly developed a reputation as a sea of iniquity that eventually became known as "Hell's Four Acres," which included a particularly notorious section called Whiskey Row. Sexton's platted community of Agate Bay existed for just a few years before the iron company acquired it early in 1886. At that point the company removed or demolished all of the remaining structures and covered much of what had been the settlement of Agate Bay with a coal storage platform. This project examines the town site of Agate Bay by looking at the documentary information in the historical record as well as the material culture remains recovered during archaeological excavations. Agate Bay is examined in terms of its position in a world economy (World Systems Theory) with consideration of the potential impacts of industrial capitalism.

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Habilitationschrift--Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 343-381).

No / The industrial heritage for the City of Bradford Metropolitan District is of international significance, with the city formerly being the centre of the world’s worsted trade during the nineteenth century. The intensification of textile production during the industrial revolution resulted in exponential growth of all aspects of the city, the legacy seen in the townscape heritage of the city today. The structures from this period have played a key role in defining the city’s identity. Since the decline of the textile industry the fabric of many of these buildings from the city’s golden age are under threat and at high risk of loss due to weathering, vandalism and fire. Given the varied nature and condition of these structures, a rapid approach has been applied that complements initiatives in train with Bradford Council to regenerate the ‘Top of Town’; that are reflective of Historic England’s ‘Engines of Prosperity’ report into the regeneration of Industrial Heritage; and with the Management of Saltaire World Heritage site. This chapter focuses on the digital documentation of a conservation area which is highly vulnerable, producing a dataset to aid conservation, management, interpretation and promotion of Bradford’s rich heritage.

The study of archaeological site formation processes, although commonly undertaken in prehistoric sites, is only carried out in historical archaeological sites in a limited way. Understanding the processes which formed the archaeological record of a site is an important first step towards developing justifiable inferences about past behaviour and past societies regardless of the age of the site. This thesis identifies and examines the cultural and noncultural processes that formed the archaeological record at the Commissariat Store, in Brisbane, Australia. The history of the site, from its construction in 1829 as part of the Moreton Bay penal settlement to the present, is examined and the expected impacts and processes on the archaeological record are identified. The archaeological evidence from the salvage excavation of the site undertaken in 1978/79 is analysed to identify the cultural and noncultural site formation processes. This study identified the presence of the cultural formation processes of discard, loss, abandonment and re-use from an examination of the historical and archaeological evidence. Non-cultural formation processes at work in the site include faunalturbation, floralturbation, flooding and aquaturbation. This research also identified deficiencies in Schiffer's model for identifying and categorising cultural formation processes. The activity of construction of the site's drainage system did not clearly fit within a single type of formation process. Water as a formation agent is only discussed in the literature as a non-cultural formation process, while at this site water can be seen as a cultural formation process. This thesis demonstrates the value and importance of understanding site formation processes as a firm basis for future interpretation of the archaeology of the Commissariat Store site.