Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels et audio‐visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire [de la thèse] a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / La notion de patrimoine, autrefois rattachée à des concepts comme l’art et le monument, semble depuis ces dernières années s’émanciper de ses traditionnelles formes matérielles pour inclure de plus en plus de manifestations intangibles. Certains auteurs (Smith 2005; Graham, Ashworth et Turnbridge 2000) ayant voulu repenser la définition de cette notion ont même proposé de concevoir le patrimoine comme un processus culturel actif, produit de son environnement et constitué principalement d’actions comme la remémoration, la transmission de mémoire et de connaissances, la création identitaire et la cohésion sociale, s’effectuant au présent et étant constamment réactualisées. Ce mémoire propose l’exercice théorique d’appliquer cette nouvelle conception performative du patrimoine en général à l’étude du rôle que tiennent les vestiges industriels, type de patrimoine souvent laissé pour compte, dans la société montréalaise. L’adoption d’une nouvelle définition de la notion de patrimoine industriel, soutenant l’idée que le tangible ne peut être compris et interprété que par l’intangible, permet l’étude de pratiques sociales et culturelles inusitées comme l’exploration urbaine, la photographie de ruines et les installations artistiques, témoignant des valeurs et des significations qui sont attribuées par une partie de la population aux ruines industrielles. Ce travail aborde également les usages plus orthodoxes des restes industriels, comme la reconversion et la conservation patrimoniale, afin de vérifier s’ils peuvent également être inclus dans une approche performative du patrimoine industriel. Il est souhaité que cette étude des usages conformes et non conformes des restes industriels mène à une réflexion sur les modes d’expérimentation et de diffusion du patrimoine industriel aptes à consolider les significations et les valeurs accordées à ces vestiges. / The notion of heritage, formerly attached to concepts such as art and monument, seems to these past years emancipate itself from its traditional material forms to include more and more intangible manifestations. Authors (Smith 2005; Graham, Ashworth et Turnbridge 2000) wanting to rethink the shaping of the notion have even suggested to conceive heritage as a cultural active process that would be a product of its environment and would be mainly constituted of actions, such as remembering, transmission of memory and knowledge, definition of identity and social cohesion, all undergoing in the present and being continuously actualized. This dissertation proposes the theoretical exercise of applying this new active conception of heritage to the study of the role that industrial remnants, a sort of heritage often discarded, plays in Montreal’s society. The adoption of a new definition of the notion of industrial heritage that withstands the idea that the tangible can only be understood and interpreted by the intangible allows the study of social and cultural practices, like urban exploration, ruin photography and artistic installations, who attest of the values and significations that a part of the population associates with industrial ruins. This work will also tackle the more orthodox usages of industrial remnants, such as conversions or patrimonial preservations, to see if those can also be included in a performative concept of industrial heritage. This study on the conventional and non conventional usages of industrial ruins wishes to contribute to the reflection on modes of experiencing and sharing industrial heritage that could comply with the values and significations that are assigned to these remnants.

<p>In the early 1860s three Swedes, Nils Wilhelm Mitander,Julius Ramsay and Gustaf Wittenström, were engaged by theBritish to build and run charcoal-based ironworks in India.These works, the Burwai Iron Works of the British Government inthe case of Mitander and the privately owned Kumaon Iron Worksin the case of Ramsay and Wittenström, were both to bebased on the most modern European technology. The projects werepioneering in Indian ironmaking. The ambitions were high andstakes big, but after only a few years the projects were closedand the Swedes returned home.<i>Landscapes of Technology Transfer</i>presents a detailedstudy of the Kumaon and Burwai Iron Works, from their firstconception to their final closure. The investigation isbasically empirical and a fundamental question is: Why were theworks never brought into full and continuous production?</p><p>The ironworks projects should be considered as processes oftechnology transfer rather than fully fledged and completedtransfers. In spite of this lack of success, or maybe becauseof it, the history of the ironworks and the Swedes also forms afruitful case to put other questions of wide relevance. Itexposes workings and effects of colonialism and offers anexplanation of the late development of India's iron and steelindustry and analyses of the complex totality forming theprerequisites for a successful transfer of technology. The longtraditions of bloomery ironmaking in India and ismarginalisation is also discussed.</p><p><i>Landscapes of Technology Transfer</i>is a comprehensiveempirical study. From a local and individual perspective ittraces lines of connection across boundaries of time andgeography. The historical landscapes of technology transfer aredescribed in their cultural, social, economic and politicaldimensions and the thesis underlines the importance of a closeacquaintance with local settings and conditions, where historyis manifested in a physical presence. The remains of theironworks and theirlocal landscapes in present-day India areused as a central source for writing their histories. There isalso a strong emphasis on the use of photographs and drawingsas sources.</p><p>The outcome of the projects was the result of the interplaybetween the local and the global, between a diversity ofconcrete factors influencing the construction of the works andtheir running and their colonial character. The studyemphasises the importance of technological systems andnetworks, both on a micro and a macro level. On a local leveldemanding logistics, a sometimes adverse climate, theprocurement of charcoal and iron ore in sufficient quantitiesand the build up of knowledge of ironmaking posed serious butnot insurmountable difficulties. Most obstacles were overcomealready during the first few years of the 1860s, the period ofthe Swedes, but to put the works into full and continuousproduction would have needed perseverance and purposefulefforts to support and protect the iron production, at leastduring an initial period. In the end the position of India as acolonial dependency, subjected to the primacy of Britishinterests, set the limits of the projects.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>History of technology, industrial heritagestudies, industrial archaeology, technology transfer,diffusion, technological systems, landscapes of technology,iron and steel, charcoal iron, direct and indirect ironmaking,bloomeries, 19th century, industrial history,industrialisation, de-industrialisation, underdevelopment,colonialism, India, Sweden, Great Britain, global history,annales.</p>

La notion de patrimoine, autrefois rattachée à des concepts comme l’art et le monument, semble depuis ces dernières années s’émanciper de ses traditionnelles formes matérielles pour inclure de plus en plus de manifestations intangibles. Certains auteurs (Smith 2005; Graham, Ashworth et Turnbridge 2000) ayant voulu repenser la définition de cette notion ont même proposé de concevoir le patrimoine comme un processus culturel actif, produit de son environnement et constitué principalement d’actions comme la remémoration, la transmission de mémoire et de connaissances, la création identitaire et la cohésion sociale, s’effectuant au présent et étant constamment réactualisées. Ce mémoire propose l’exercice théorique d’appliquer cette nouvelle conception performative du patrimoine en général à l’étude du rôle que tiennent les vestiges industriels, type de patrimoine souvent laissé pour compte, dans la société montréalaise. L’adoption d’une nouvelle définition de la notion de patrimoine industriel, soutenant l’idée que le tangible ne peut être compris et interprété que par l’intangible, permet l’étude de pratiques sociales et culturelles inusitées comme l’exploration urbaine, la photographie de ruines et les installations artistiques, témoignant des valeurs et des significations qui sont attribuées par une partie de la population aux ruines industrielles. Ce travail aborde également les usages plus orthodoxes des restes industriels, comme la reconversion et la conservation patrimoniale, afin de vérifier s’ils peuvent également être inclus dans une approche performative du patrimoine industriel. Il est souhaité que cette étude des usages conformes et non conformes des restes industriels mène à une réflexion sur les modes d’expérimentation et de diffusion du patrimoine industriel aptes à consolider les significations et les valeurs accordées à ces vestiges. / The notion of heritage, formerly attached to concepts such as art and monument, seems to these past years emancipate itself from its traditional material forms to include more and more intangible manifestations. Authors (Smith 2005; Graham, Ashworth et Turnbridge 2000) wanting to rethink the shaping of the notion have even suggested to conceive heritage as a cultural active process that would be a product of its environment and would be mainly constituted of actions, such as remembering, transmission of memory and knowledge, definition of identity and social cohesion, all undergoing in the present and being continuously actualized. This dissertation proposes the theoretical exercise of applying this new active conception of heritage to the study of the role that industrial remnants, a sort of heritage often discarded, plays in Montreal’s society. The adoption of a new definition of the notion of industrial heritage that withstands the idea that the tangible can only be understood and interpreted by the intangible allows the study of social and cultural practices, like urban exploration, ruin photography and artistic installations, who attest of the values and significations that a part of the population associates with industrial ruins. This work will also tackle the more orthodox usages of industrial remnants, such as conversions or patrimonial preservations, to see if those can also be included in a performative concept of industrial heritage. This study on the conventional and non conventional usages of industrial ruins wishes to contribute to the reflection on modes of experiencing and sharing industrial heritage that could comply with the values and significations that are assigned to these remnants. / Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels et audio‐visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire [de la thèse] a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Archaeology consists of many sub-fields, three of which are addressed in this thesis. Historical archaeology, urban archaeology and industrial archaeology are all recent additions to the field. These terms narrow the focus and imply integration of two areas of study. However, in most cases only one portion is emphasized. This relegates the other data source to a supporting role instead of an equal partner. To overcome this the participants in both fields need to understand the methodologies, techniques and values of each discipline to the other. The historical method is a relatively simple technique but one which is virtually ignored by archaeologists. In a similar manner, documents are treated only as information banks when in reality much can be learned from archival material treated as an archaeological artifact. Brickmaking began on southeastern Vancouver Island less than 10 years after Fort Victoria was established. The manufacturing process, consisting of a variety of methods, changed very little over the centuries Development and organization of the industry in the study area paralleled the growth of the region. From simple estate production to nucleated complex, brickmaking rose and fell mirroring the economic state of the area. Ownership of the industry was almost exclusively British even though the yards were operated mainly by Chinese. This relationship is reflected in the larger society. A culture can be viewed as a complex system composed of sub-systems each interacting with each other on various levels. Brickmaking can be viewed as a system from two perspectives. The manufacturing process itself is a closed system yet operation of the industry is closely tied to demand from the larger system of which it is part. Although only one production site remains relatively intact, archaeological investigations of brickmaking are possible at all sites. A well designed research plan is necessary to realize the full potential of the sites and manage the archeological resources.

The problem of under-utilized spaces has become an important problem of cities during the last decades. In rapidly urbanizing cities, especially in the city centers where the early city settlement or old town was situated, many urban and industrial functions have moved out leaving behind abandoned or under-utilized. These spaces, due to political, economical, cultural and spatial reasons, could neither undergo healthy urban transformation process nor be reused. Such spaces pose problems to contemporary urban planning and architecture. This thesis takes up the problem of under-utilized space exemplified in the inner city of Ankara, where a large stock of land is public property. The thesis defines the problem of under-utilized space and analyzes the causes for their emergence. The aim of the study is to understand the urban character of under-utilized part of the old industrial district, which is one of the most important districts in the city center of Ankara, and develop urban transformation approaches in particular for the old industrial district as well as for similar urban areas. The thesis focuses on the urban design dimension of transformation process. Urban design as a public policy makes important contributions in solving urban problems. The thesis develops some urban design principles in accordance with some spatial, functional and social concerns in order to redevelop the old industrial district. With this contribution the study emphasizes the importance of urban design as a tool which can be utilized in the urban transformation process by urban planners and architects.

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In the early 1860s three Swedes, Nils Wilhelm Mitander,Julius Ramsay and Gustaf Wittenström, were engaged by theBritish to build and run charcoal-based ironworks in India.These works, the Burwai Iron Works of the British Government inthe case of Mitander and the privately owned Kumaon Iron Worksin the case of Ramsay and Wittenström, were both to bebased on the most modern European technology. The projects werepioneering in Indian ironmaking. The ambitions were high andstakes big, but after only a few years the projects were closedand the Swedes returned home.Landscapes of Technology Transferpresents a detailedstudy of the Kumaon and Burwai Iron Works, from their firstconception to their final closure. The investigation isbasically empirical and a fundamental question is: Why were theworks never brought into full and continuous production? The ironworks projects should be considered as processes oftechnology transfer rather than fully fledged and completedtransfers. In spite of this lack of success, or maybe becauseof it, the history of the ironworks and the Swedes also forms afruitful case to put other questions of wide relevance. Itexposes workings and effects of colonialism and offers anexplanation of the late development of India's iron and steelindustry and analyses of the complex totality forming theprerequisites for a successful transfer of technology. The longtraditions of bloomery ironmaking in India and ismarginalisation is also discussed. Landscapes of Technology Transferis a comprehensiveempirical study. From a local and individual perspective ittraces lines of connection across boundaries of time andgeography. The historical landscapes of technology transfer aredescribed in their cultural, social, economic and politicaldimensions and the thesis underlines the importance of a closeacquaintance with local settings and conditions, where historyis manifested in a physical presence. The remains of theironworks and theirlocal landscapes in present-day India areused as a central source for writing their histories. There isalso a strong emphasis on the use of photographs and drawingsas sources. The outcome of the projects was the result of the interplaybetween the local and the global, between a diversity ofconcrete factors influencing the construction of the works andtheir running and their colonial character. The studyemphasises the importance of technological systems andnetworks, both on a micro and a macro level. On a local leveldemanding logistics, a sometimes adverse climate, theprocurement of charcoal and iron ore in sufficient quantitiesand the build up of knowledge of ironmaking posed serious butnot insurmountable difficulties. Most obstacles were overcomealready during the first few years of the 1860s, the period ofthe Swedes, but to put the works into full and continuousproduction would have needed perseverance and purposefulefforts to support and protect the iron production, at leastduring an initial period. In the end the position of India as acolonial dependency, subjected to the primacy of Britishinterests, set the limits of the projects. Key words:History of technology, industrial heritagestudies, industrial archaeology, technology transfer,diffusion, technological systems, landscapes of technology,iron and steel, charcoal iron, direct and indirect ironmaking,bloomeries, 19th century, industrial history,industrialisation, de-industrialisation, underdevelopment,colonialism, India, Sweden, Great Britain, global history,annales. / <p>Qc 20170119</p>

The aim of the thesis is to show the changes and the development of the landscape and the settlement of the region of central Šumava mountains due to industrialization in the 19th century. The thesis is based theoretically and methodologically in the field of anthropology of landscape and industrial archeology. It combines archive written and cartographic sources with non-destructive field research of anthropogenic relics. The industrialization of the area of interest meant the woodworking expansion that was caused by the lack of firewood in Prague and its surroundings and was realized as a business plan by the noble Schwarzenberg family. Schwarzenberg forest exploatation and timber floating system for firewood transport have brought significant landscape changes to hitherto almost untouched mountaneous forested areas. The field research has identified elements of the floating timber system, such as water reservoirs, watercourse troughs or the Vchynicko-Tetovský floating canal, as well as traces of both, permanent and seasonal settlement of woodcutters. The work divides the area into four zones, depending on how they were used, settled and transformed during the 19th century. The greatest attention is devoted to zone no. I, the remote forest area, which has become a major resource area for the Schwarzenberg...

The aim of the thesis is to show the changes and the development of the landscape and the settlement of the region of central Šumava mountains due to industrialization in the 19th century. The thesis is based theoretically and methodologically in the field of anthropology of landscape and industrial archeology. It combines archive written and cartographic sources with non-destructive field research of anthropogenic relics. The industrialization of the area of interest meant the woodworking expansion that was caused by the lack of firewood in Prague and its surroundings and was realized as a business plan by the noble Schwarzenberg family. Schwarzenberg forest exploatation and timber floating system for firewood transport have brought significant landscape changes to hitherto almost untouched mountaneous forested areas. The field research has identified elements of the floating timber system, such as water reservoirs, watercourse troughs or the Vchynicko-Tetovský floating canal, as well as traces of both, permanent and seasonal settlement of woodcutters. The work divides the area into four zones, depending on how they were used, settled and transformed during the 19th century. The greatest attention is devoted to zone no. I, the remote forest area, which has become a major resource area for the Schwarzenberg...