This study uses ethnographic tools to document the multiple literacy practices of two Mayan families living in a rural community in Yucatan, Mexico. It explores how young emergent bilingual children make sense of written language through their everyday practices. Data includes field notes from participants observations, video and audio recordings and literacy samples collected during fieldwork. The literacy events extracted from the data were analyzed in terms of the communicative function written language serves, the use of linguistic resources, and particular ways of socialization within literacy events. The findings of this study challenge public discourses which define marginalized children and their families as deficient. Literacy is part of the everyday life activities of minoritiezed families and these experiences provide their children with vast amounts of literacy knowledge. Through the two case studies presented, we document how different language and literacy practices shape children's different pathways to bilingualism and biliteracy.

A presente tese aborda um tipo específico de abastecimento alimentar em que produtores e consumidores se aliam e trabalham de forma colaborativa para o funcionamento da dinâmica. O objetivo central da pesquisa foi compreender como a dinâmica de abastecimento alimentar emerge e se materializa em diferentes locais, evidenciando as práticas sociais envolvidas, bem como a interação cotidiana entre atores, materialidades e subjetividades. A análise é baseada em um estudo em perspectiva internacional, que envolve sete casos localizados em cinco países distintos, a saber: Associação de Integração Campo Cidade, em São Paulo (Brasil); Canasta Comunitaria Utopía, em Riobamba (Ecuador); GAS Testaccio Meticcio e GASPER, ambos em Roma (Italia); na cidade de Valência duas iniciativas, Grupo de Consumo Vera e Grupo de Consumo de Russafa (Espanha) e De Groene Schuur em Zeist (Holanda). A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem etnográfica multilocalizada, sendo esta complementada por revisão de literatura, análise documental, entrevistas, notas de campo e registro fotográfico Em termos teóricos, a Teoria das Assemblages foi utilizada como uma meta-teoria para explicar a formação das dinâmicas de abastecimento. Além disso, diferentes corpos de conhecimento foram mobilizados para a análise e interpretação das práticas sociais envolvidas em torno de processos organizacionais, relações interpessoais, construção do conhecimento e ativismo alimentar. Os resultados indicam que estas dinâmicas de abastecimento emergem de forma altamente contingencial em distintos países fomentando a emergência de Alianças Alimentares Colaborativas em que os atores trabalham em atividades diversas que vão além do comércio de alimentos e que ao fim buscam a materialização de uma sociedade e um sistema alimentar distinto. Há um forte fluxo e interação entre elementos materiais e subjetivos no surgimento de representações, valores e desejos que são incorporados pelos participantes e coletivos, afetando o cotidiano dos atores e a identidade das dinâmicas de abastecimento. / The present thesis addresses a specific type of food supply in which producers and consumers work together in a collaborative way for the functioning of the dynamic. The central aim of the thesis research was to understand how the food supply emerge and materializes in different locations, highlighting the social practices involved and the everyday interaction between actors, materiality and subjectivity. The analysis is based on a international study involving seven cases located in five different countries, namely: Associação de Integração Campo Cidade, in São Paulo (Brazil); Canasta Comunitaria Utopía, in Riobamba (Ecuador); GAS Testaccio Meticcio and GASPER, both in Rome (Italy); in Valencia two initiatives, Grupo de Consumo Vera and Grupo de Consumo de Russafa (Spain) and De Groene Schuur in Zeist (The Netherlands). The methodology used was a multi-sited ethnographic approach that was complemented by literature review, document analysis, interviews, field notes and photographic register. In theoretical terms, The Assemblage Theory was used as a meta-theory to explain the formation of the supply dynamics Additionally, different bodies of knowledge were mobilized for the analysis and interpretation of the social practices involved in process of organization, interpersonal relationships, knowledge building and food activism. The results indicate that these supply dynamics emerge in highly contingent ways in different countries promoting the emergence of Food Alliances Collaborative in which actors work in various activities that go beyond food, seeking to materialize a particular model of society and a different food system. There is a strong flow and interaction between material and subjective elements contributing to the emergence of representations, values and desires that are incorporated by participants and collectives, affecting the daily lives of the actors and the identity of the supply dynamics.

The dissertation attempts to answer the question of how to theorize resistance from within the philosophy of social science. To answer this question we must consider more than just the philosophy of social science; we also must look to political and moral philosophy. Resistance to the social norms of one’s community is possible to theorize from within the philosophy of social science once we develop a sufficiently nuanced account of social and moral communities (which involves identifying political and moral elements in community formation, reformation, and transformation), according to which membership in a community is not defined by sharing judgments, conceptual frameworks, or comprehensive worldviews, but by sharing terms of discourse so that discussion about judgments, conceptual frameworks, and comprehensive worldviews is possible. Understanding the structure of one’s moral community is not the same as to endorsing that structure. This suggests that contestation is already present within communities about what ‘we’ do, up to and including who ‘we’—as a ‘community’—are. Challenging communitarian understandings of what makes a community a community (usually construed as ‘cultures’, understood somewhat monolithically), I argue that communities are best understood as forming around common concerns or perceptions of problems (sometimes veridical, sometimes not). This contestation plays a major role in determining the identities of communities, and these identities are constantly shifting.

A presente tese aborda um tipo específico de abastecimento alimentar em que produtores e consumidores se aliam e trabalham de forma colaborativa para o funcionamento da dinâmica. O objetivo central da pesquisa foi compreender como a dinâmica de abastecimento alimentar emerge e se materializa em diferentes locais, evidenciando as práticas sociais envolvidas, bem como a interação cotidiana entre atores, materialidades e subjetividades. A análise é baseada em um estudo em perspectiva internacional, que envolve sete casos localizados em cinco países distintos, a saber: Associação de Integração Campo Cidade, em São Paulo (Brasil); Canasta Comunitaria Utopía, em Riobamba (Ecuador); GAS Testaccio Meticcio e GASPER, ambos em Roma (Italia); na cidade de Valência duas iniciativas, Grupo de Consumo Vera e Grupo de Consumo de Russafa (Espanha) e De Groene Schuur em Zeist (Holanda). A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem etnográfica multilocalizada, sendo esta complementada por revisão de literatura, análise documental, entrevistas, notas de campo e registro fotográfico Em termos teóricos, a Teoria das Assemblages foi utilizada como uma meta-teoria para explicar a formação das dinâmicas de abastecimento. Além disso, diferentes corpos de conhecimento foram mobilizados para a análise e interpretação das práticas sociais envolvidas em torno de processos organizacionais, relações interpessoais, construção do conhecimento e ativismo alimentar. Os resultados indicam que estas dinâmicas de abastecimento emergem de forma altamente contingencial em distintos países fomentando a emergência de Alianças Alimentares Colaborativas em que os atores trabalham em atividades diversas que vão além do comércio de alimentos e que ao fim buscam a materialização de uma sociedade e um sistema alimentar distinto. Há um forte fluxo e interação entre elementos materiais e subjetivos no surgimento de representações, valores e desejos que são incorporados pelos participantes e coletivos, afetando o cotidiano dos atores e a identidade das dinâmicas de abastecimento. / The present thesis addresses a specific type of food supply in which producers and consumers work together in a collaborative way for the functioning of the dynamic. The central aim of the thesis research was to understand how the food supply emerge and materializes in different locations, highlighting the social practices involved and the everyday interaction between actors, materiality and subjectivity. The analysis is based on a international study involving seven cases located in five different countries, namely: Associação de Integração Campo Cidade, in São Paulo (Brazil); Canasta Comunitaria Utopía, in Riobamba (Ecuador); GAS Testaccio Meticcio and GASPER, both in Rome (Italy); in Valencia two initiatives, Grupo de Consumo Vera and Grupo de Consumo de Russafa (Spain) and De Groene Schuur in Zeist (The Netherlands). The methodology used was a multi-sited ethnographic approach that was complemented by literature review, document analysis, interviews, field notes and photographic register. In theoretical terms, The Assemblage Theory was used as a meta-theory to explain the formation of the supply dynamics Additionally, different bodies of knowledge were mobilized for the analysis and interpretation of the social practices involved in process of organization, interpersonal relationships, knowledge building and food activism. The results indicate that these supply dynamics emerge in highly contingent ways in different countries promoting the emergence of Food Alliances Collaborative in which actors work in various activities that go beyond food, seeking to materialize a particular model of society and a different food system. There is a strong flow and interaction between material and subjective elements contributing to the emergence of representations, values and desires that are incorporated by participants and collectives, affecting the daily lives of the actors and the identity of the supply dynamics.

A presente tese aborda um tipo específico de abastecimento alimentar em que produtores e consumidores se aliam e trabalham de forma colaborativa para o funcionamento da dinâmica. O objetivo central da pesquisa foi compreender como a dinâmica de abastecimento alimentar emerge e se materializa em diferentes locais, evidenciando as práticas sociais envolvidas, bem como a interação cotidiana entre atores, materialidades e subjetividades. A análise é baseada em um estudo em perspectiva internacional, que envolve sete casos localizados em cinco países distintos, a saber: Associação de Integração Campo Cidade, em São Paulo (Brasil); Canasta Comunitaria Utopía, em Riobamba (Ecuador); GAS Testaccio Meticcio e GASPER, ambos em Roma (Italia); na cidade de Valência duas iniciativas, Grupo de Consumo Vera e Grupo de Consumo de Russafa (Espanha) e De Groene Schuur em Zeist (Holanda). A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem etnográfica multilocalizada, sendo esta complementada por revisão de literatura, análise documental, entrevistas, notas de campo e registro fotográfico Em termos teóricos, a Teoria das Assemblages foi utilizada como uma meta-teoria para explicar a formação das dinâmicas de abastecimento. Além disso, diferentes corpos de conhecimento foram mobilizados para a análise e interpretação das práticas sociais envolvidas em torno de processos organizacionais, relações interpessoais, construção do conhecimento e ativismo alimentar. Os resultados indicam que estas dinâmicas de abastecimento emergem de forma altamente contingencial em distintos países fomentando a emergência de Alianças Alimentares Colaborativas em que os atores trabalham em atividades diversas que vão além do comércio de alimentos e que ao fim buscam a materialização de uma sociedade e um sistema alimentar distinto. Há um forte fluxo e interação entre elementos materiais e subjetivos no surgimento de representações, valores e desejos que são incorporados pelos participantes e coletivos, afetando o cotidiano dos atores e a identidade das dinâmicas de abastecimento. / The present thesis addresses a specific type of food supply in which producers and consumers work together in a collaborative way for the functioning of the dynamic. The central aim of the thesis research was to understand how the food supply emerge and materializes in different locations, highlighting the social practices involved and the everyday interaction between actors, materiality and subjectivity. The analysis is based on a international study involving seven cases located in five different countries, namely: Associação de Integração Campo Cidade, in São Paulo (Brazil); Canasta Comunitaria Utopía, in Riobamba (Ecuador); GAS Testaccio Meticcio and GASPER, both in Rome (Italy); in Valencia two initiatives, Grupo de Consumo Vera and Grupo de Consumo de Russafa (Spain) and De Groene Schuur in Zeist (The Netherlands). The methodology used was a multi-sited ethnographic approach that was complemented by literature review, document analysis, interviews, field notes and photographic register. In theoretical terms, The Assemblage Theory was used as a meta-theory to explain the formation of the supply dynamics Additionally, different bodies of knowledge were mobilized for the analysis and interpretation of the social practices involved in process of organization, interpersonal relationships, knowledge building and food activism. The results indicate that these supply dynamics emerge in highly contingent ways in different countries promoting the emergence of Food Alliances Collaborative in which actors work in various activities that go beyond food, seeking to materialize a particular model of society and a different food system. There is a strong flow and interaction between material and subjective elements contributing to the emergence of representations, values and desires that are incorporated by participants and collectives, affecting the daily lives of the actors and the identity of the supply dynamics.

Context. Agile methods address the challenges of an unpredictable world by relying on “people and their creativity rather than on processes”, accelerate delivery of software and considered as a reaction to plan-based or traditional methods. Distributed software development helps to access a pool of skilled personnel, completion of tasks around the clock and more. Incorporating of agile methods in distributed software development could help to solve some problems of distributed software development such as lack of communication and its dependencies, close collaboration and so on. Objectives. In this study we investigate the proposed benefits of pair programming, an XP development technique used by agile, and its effects on performance and social practices in distributed software development. Methods. Systematic literature review and an experiment are utilized to fulfill the objectives of this study. In the systematic review a sub-set of the research articles are selected relevant to the subject of this study from the electronic sources including, ACM Digital Library, IEEE, Xplore, EiVillage (Compendx, Inspec), Science Direct and ISI Web of Science. Experiment is conducted to investigate the pair programming effects on performance and social practices. Results. Many proposed benefits of pair programming in existing literature are identified and reported in both collocated and distributed settings. Pair programming is reported as an effective software development technique as well as a pedagogical tool. Experimental results showed that pair programming also effects performance in distributed software development, and positively impacts the social practices (human or social factors). Conclusions. There are many benefits of pair programming reported in collocated settings and less in distributed software development. Pair programming impacts the performance and social practices positively. However, we also conclude that the effective use of pair programming in distributed software development will yield the concrete results as well as the programmers’ pairs should be trained, experienced and well motivated for an effective use of pair programming and to overcome the challenges of distributed software development.

Magister Artium - MA / This study aims to investigate the extent to which the increasing demand for medicinal plant and the resulting pressure on local cultivators to meet the demand impact upon cultivation and gathering practices of such plants. The specific focus is on the social practices of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants in Ebenhaezer, a small-scale peri-urban town in Matzikama in the Western Cape Province in South Africa. This study will utilize survey and in-depth interviews techniques complemented with a focus group discussion on observed cultivation and gathering practices.

The thesis takes a reflexive feminist and sensory approach in examining the transnational practices and feelings of cultural familiarity that embody international student migrants, as well as the spatial and social implications of shared kitchen environments. Empirically, the research is based in participatory cook- and eat-along interviews, and a focus group dinner session with six student participants, situating both the researcher and the participants within the sensorial realm of food practices during the fieldwork. The thesis discusses the compromises and negotiations that food practices undergo through material accessibility, geographical knowledges and expectations in crosscultural interactions, causing reconstructions and reinterpretations of daily routines and transnational feelings. Further, the thesis engages reflexively with the embodied situatedness of the researcher and its influence on the results produced throughout the research process. The research highlight the importance of a reflexive approach in sensorial research and emphasize how the sensorial perspective on mundane everyday practices contribute to an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of migrants. The research findings in relation to the methodological approach, suggest benefits in further fieldwork with an interactive approach of cooking and eating simultaneously to the reflexive interview interaction.

Orientador: Sérgio Augusto Queiroz Norte / Banca: Áureo Busetto / Banca: Ariovaldo Umbelino de Oliveira / Banca: Cléria Botêlho da Costa / Banca: Maria Stela Lemos Borges / Resumo: Esta tese analisa a terra nas práticas e representações camponesas do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) no Pontal do Paranapanema, SP, vividas na década de 1990 e início do século XXI. Devido à diversidade de ações, delimito as primeiras experiências do Movimento: a ocupação, em 1990, da fazenda Nova Pontal, em Rosana, e as ações nas fazendas São Bento e Santa Clara, em Mirante do Paranapanema, iniciadas em 1991, derivando nos assentamentos São Bento e Che Guevara/Santa Clara. Tendo como eixo a terra, âncora a explicitar as lutas, seja para conquistá-la, seja para nela permanecer, busco, na história e na memória dos camponeses, o substrato para a composição do trabalho. As fontes orais tornaram-se fundamentais para esta empreitada, sendo conjugadas as fontes do MST, dentre outras, como jornais regionais e de circulação nacional. Para esta reflexão, fez-se necessário, de início, percorrer os caminhos do fazer-se da história no tempo presente, com o olhar para as lutas de outrora, visando apreender como os camponeses foram discutidos em parte da historiografia. Os campos do Vale do Paranapanema e do extremo-oeste trouxeram (e trazem) consigo um histórico de lutas envolvendo os indígenas, pequenos arrendatários, sitiantes, posseiros, bóias-frias ao se depararem com o domínio da terra e da gente, exercidos pela grilagem e concentração da propriedade. Porém, a esse cenário os sujeitos reagiram, quer no confronto direto, na constituição de glebas ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis analyses the meaning of in the practices and representations of peasants from the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terrra- MST- (Landless Peasants Movement) in the Pontal do Paranapanema, SP, in the nineties and the very beginning of XXI century. Due to the great variety of their actions, I outline the first experiences of the Movement: the occupation, in 1990, of the farm Nova Pontal, in Rosana city ant the actions in the farms São Bento and Santa Clara, in 1991 and resulted in the land-reform settlements of São Bento and Che Guevara/ Santa Clara. Having as an axle the land, as an anchor to explain the struggles, either to conquer the land, either to stay on it, I search in the history and memory of the peasants, the basis for this research. The oral sources were very important in this effort but together witch the written sources of MST, amongst others as regional and national newspapers. For this reflection, it was necessary, at first, to follow the paths of the making of history in the present time, but looking backwards in search of how the peasants were seen by part of the historiography. The fields of the Vale do Paranapanema and of the far- West of São Paulo state, have a history of struggles were the subjects were the Native Brazilians, small leaseholders, ranchers, rural workers that historically faced the rule of the land and people by a small group of landowners that concentrated the land property, But to this historical background the peasants reacted either by the direct confrontation, ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

This work discusses a way of thinking the normative practices as a phenomenon better understood through a pragmatic account of social practices. We claim that an appropriate approach to normativity should accept the presence, in the normative creature, of natural capacities intrinsically related to norm-governed activities, especially what we call a normative attitude. Thus, we present a discussion on the rule-based account of normativity understood as a sort of intersubjective practice grounded in practical skills and learning processes as well. We also indicate why the pragmatic model appropriately fits with a connectionist model of cognition. Finally, we argue that normative practices should be understood primarily in terms of internal patterns, functionally defined, instituted as nonexplicit, non-conscious individual processes. The consequence is a practical, inferentialist, connectionist, and implicit approach to the normativity. / Este trabalho discute um modo de pensar as práticas normativas como um fenômeno melhor entendido através de uma explicação pragmática das praticas sociais. Afirmamos que uma estratégia apropriada para entender a normatividade deve aceitar a presença, nas criaturas normativas, de capacidades naturais intrinsecamente relacionadas às atividades governadas por normas, especialmente o que chamamos de atitudes normativas. Assim, apresentamos uma discussão de uma abordagem da normatividade baseada em regras entendidas como um tipo de prática intersubjetiva fundada em habilidades práticas e, também, em processes de aprendizado. Indicamos, então, por que um modelo pragmático se adéqua apropriadamente a um modelo conexionista de cognição. Finalmente, argumentamos que as práticas normativas devem ser entendidas primeiramente em termos de padrões internos, funcionalmente definidos, instituídos como processos individuais não explícitos e não conscientes. A consequência é uma explicação prática, inferencialista, conexionista e implícita da normatividade.