This Master Thesis work is about the rebirth of a warehouse, once part of Innocenti S.p.A. Located in the district of Lambrate, Milano, the factory used to cover an area of nearly 800.000 sqm back in the Nineties, it nowadays presents itself as a fragmented scenario. This work aims to be a testimony of the past, by first showing all the available official materials that were recovered right before everything shut down. As a second part, it suggests a proposal for one of the most iconic buildings left to a state of complete abandonment and self extinction: the warehouse now known as the Crystal Palace because of its present conditions. Accepting the conditions of one thing and enhancing them in a programmatic way, is probably a solution for dealing with our industrial archaeology, for an innovative, engaging and sustainable approach. An extension of the already existing park finds a new place under the original roof structure. In order to integrate the project in the surrounds from a sociological point of view, the community will be provided with new spaces for exhibition galleries and, moreover, the city of Milano will benefit of the first botanical garden in history.

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Au Chili, le processus de modernisation qui, au début du XXe siècle, s'est traduit par l'expansion du capitalisme et de l'industrialisation a eu des répercussions économiques et sociales profondes. La culture matérielle associée aux industries minières modernes et leur influence sur les sociétés autochtones ont cependant fait l’objet de très peu d’études archéologiques. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’exploitation du soufre dans la communauté autochtone quechua d’Ollagüe, située dans la région d’Antofagasta, au Nord du Chili. À partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, après la guerre chilienne contre le Pérou et la Bolivie (1879-1883), la région entama un long processus d'expansion capitaliste lié à diverses activités minières extractives. Les camps miniers, en tant que nouveaux centres de travail, ont fait appel à de nombreux produits, services et travailleurs, entraînant un vaste processus de migration et une augmentation de la population. Dispersées dans le paysage andin d'Ollagüe, à 4000 mètres d'altitude, les ruines de l'extraction minière du soufre témoignent des impacts de l'industrialisation et de l'expansion capitaliste dans la région. L’étude des transformations socioculturelles générées par l'exploitation minière industrielle dans la communauté locale est fondée, dans cette thèse, sur la documentation de trois camps miniers de soufre abandonnés – Buenaventura, Station Puquios et Santa Cecilia. J'explore leur histoire à travers l'étude de l'espace social et de la culture matérielle pour examiner l'identité des travailleurs miniers et de leurs familles, ainsi que leurs conditions de vie et de travail sur les hauteurs des volcans. Soulignant les spécificités de la modernisation et de l'expansion capitaliste du Chili, cette thèse aborde la culture matérielle industrielle en termes de continuités, de fragmentation et de ruptures. Elle vise à rendre visible et à valoriser la culture matérielle moderne associée aux industries minières du XXe siècle. Je soutiens que le processus de modernisation, les ruines industrielles et la culture matérielle du passé récent ont généré des espaces de mémoire qui sont aujourd’hui entrelacés avec les préoccupations contemporaines de la communauté autochtone locale. / In Chile, the modernization process, which led to the expansion of capitalism and industrialization at the beginning of the twentieth century, had profound economic and social repercussions. However, the material culture associated with modern mining industries and their influence on indigenous societies suffers from a lack of archaeological studies. This dissertation focuses on twentieth century sulphur mining in the Quechua indigenous community of Ollagüe, located in the Antofagasta region of northern Chile. From the end of the nineteenth century, after the Chilean war against Peru and Bolivia (1879-1883), the region began a long process of capitalist expansion linked to various extractive mining activities. The mining camps, as new centers of work, generated a significant demand for products, services and labor, leading to a vast migration process and an increase in population. Studding the Andean landscape of Ollagüe, at 4,000 meters of altitude, the ruins of sulphur mining bear witness to the impacts of industrialization and capitalist expansion in the region. This dissertation examines the socio-cultural transformations generated by industrial mining in the local community through the study of three abandoned sulphur mining camps, Buenaventura, Station Puquios and Santa Cecilia. The vestiges of social spaces and material culture allow me to explore the identity of the mining workers and their families, as well as their living and working conditions on the heights of the volcanoes. Highlighting the specificities of Chile's modernization and capitalist expansion, this dissertation addresses industrial materiality in terms of continuity, fragmentation, and rupture. It aims to make visible and to valorize the modern material culture associated with the mining industries of the twentieth century. I argue that the process of modernization, industrial ruins and materiality of the recent past have generated spaces of memory that today are intertwined with the contemporary concerns of the local indigenous community. / En Chile, el proceso de modernización que se tradujo en la expansión del capitalismo y la industrialización a principios del siglo XX tuvo profundas repercusiones económicas y sociales. Sin embargo, la cultura material asociada a las industrias mineras modernas y su influencia en las sociedades indígenas adolece de estudios arqueológicos. Esta tesis se centra en la minería de azufre del siglo XX en la comunidad quechua de Ollagüe, situada en la región de Antofagasta, norte de Chile. A una altitud de 4.000 metros y dispersas en el paisaje andino de Ollagüe, las ruinas de la minería de azufre son testigos de los efectos de la industrialización y de la expansión capitalista. A partir de finales del siglo XIX, y después de la guerra del Pacífico que enfrentó a Chile, Perú y Bolivia (1879-1883), la región inició un largo proceso de expansión capitalista impulsado por diversas actividades mineras extractivas, siendo escenario de un vasto proceso migratorio. Los campamentos mineros, como nuevos centros de trabajo, dieron lugar a un aumento de la población y generaron una importante demanda de productos, servicios y mano de obra. Junto con el resto de la región, Ollagüe ha participado en este proceso de cambio demográfico y socioeconómico. Esta tesis explora tres campamentos mineros de azufre abandonados – Buenaventura, Estación Puquios y Santa Cecilia – examinando las transformaciones socioculturales que la irrupción de la minería industrial generó en la comunidad local. Exploro esta historia a través del estudio del espacio social y de la cultura material para examinar la identidad de los mineros y familias, sus condiciones de vida y trabajo en las alturas de los volcanes. Destacando las peculiaridades de la modernización y de la expansión capitalista en el norte de Chile, este trabajo aborda la materialidad industrial en términos de continuidad, fragmentación y ruptura. El objetivo es visibilizar y valorar la cultura material moderna asociada a las industrias mineras del siglo XX. Sostengo que el proceso de modernización, las ruinas industriales y la materialidad del pasado reciente han generado hoy en día espacios de memoria que se entrelazan con las preocupaciones contemporáneas de la comunidad indígena local.

. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry. The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process. The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place. The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand. The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women. At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry. All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry / <p>QC 20101129</p>

<p>. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry.</p><p>The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process.</p><p>The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place.</p><p>The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand.</p><p>The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women.</p><p>At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry.</p><p>All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry</p>

L’analyse spatiale de données géographies connaît un regain d’intérêt dans la communauté des bases de données relationnelles. Plus spécifiquement, les opérations et les fonctions spatiales utilisées comme base de l’analyse spatiale sont implémentées par les grands noms des systèmes de gestion de bases de données relationnelles limitant ainsi l’hétérogénéité structurelle des systèmes. En outre, la littérature est abondante en publications dans le domaine des ontologies spatiales afin de limiter l’hétérogénéité sémantique des sources de données tout en améliorant l’interopérabilité de ces données. Bien que l’interopérabilité des données soit l’un des objectifs du Web Sémantique, tout le potentiel de ces outils et de ces techniques basés sur la connaissance n’a pas été révélé. Avec l’influence sans cesse croissante du Web Sémantique à travers ces outils et applications en gestion de la connaissance et système intelligent, les applications utilisant des données géospatiales suivent ce phénomène en bénéficiant de son influence. Cette thèse se focalise sur l’utilisation de la connaissance métier afin de gérer des données spatiales à l’aide des technologies du Web sémantique. L’activité de recherche menée dans le cadre de cette thèse est réalisée sur des données provenant du domaine de l’archéologie industrielle. Cet environnement se caractérise par son hétérogénéité et sa grande quantité de données offrant ainsi un cadre idéal pour la réalisation d’un outil de gestion de connaissance. Cet outil basé sur les technologies du Web Sémantique a été prototypé sous le nom d’ArchaeoKM suivant le principe des 4 K, Knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Management, Knowledge Visualization and Knowledge Analysis. Ce même principe est mis en œuvre pour les données spatiales. Une ontologie de haut niveau a été développée pour servir de cadre applicatif à la gestion des données spatiales permettant d’ajuster une ontologie de domaines sans composante spatiale. Le processus de gestion de la connaissance commence avec l’acquisition de la signature spatiale des objets identifiés. Cette signature est stockée dans un système de gestion de bases de données spatiales et est référencée par l’objet correspondant dans la base de connaissance. La connaissance spatiale de ces objets est générée à l’aide des fonctions et des opérations spatiales au niveau de la base de données spatiale et l’enrichissement de la base de connaissance est réalisé avec le résultat de ces opérations et fonctions. L’inférence de nouvelle connaissance sur la base des données existante est réalisée à l’aide de SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language). De plus, ce langage a été étendu à l’aide de nouveaux built-ins spatiaux afin de prendre en sidération la dimension spatiale des données. De même, cette dimension spatiale a été apportée au langage SPARQL afin de réaliser des requêtes spatiales sur la base de connaissances.En effet, l’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’initier le premier pas vers l’intégration des composantes spatiales avec les technologies du Web Sémantique. Le processus d’intégration est premier plan pour les deux technologies. D’un point de vue Web Sémantique, l’intégration de données non communes dans ce cadre applicatif ouvre la porte à l’intégration de données beaucoup plus large. D’un point de vue des systèmes d’information géographique, l’inclusion de la connaissance permet une gestion métier des données rendant l’analyse plus proche de l’interprétation humaine. / Spatial technology has gained momentum under database systems. More specifically, the spatial operations and spatial functions are used to carry out spatial analysis which can be executed through these database systems. In addition, there has been significant amount of research in the field of the geospatial ontology domain in order to achieve the semantic interoperability between different data sources. Although, data interoperability is one of the main objectives of the Semantic Web technologies, the potentiality of the underlying knowledge tools and techniques have not been completely identified. With the growing influence of the Semantic Web technologies towards the application based on knowledge management and intelligent systems, the geospatial application benefits from this influence. This thesis emphasizes on the use of knowledge to manage spatial data within spatial information systems through the Semantic Web framework. This research activity is carried out with the backdrop of the case study of the industrial archaeology. It sets up an ideal environment for the application of knowledge to manage the huge and heterogeneous dataset. The use of knowledge to manage the diversity of information was well executed through the application prototype named ArchaeoKM which is based on the Semantic Web. The ArchaeoKM framework follows the 4Ks processing steps: Knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Management, Knowledge Visualization and Knowledge Analysis. The same processing principle of 4Ks was implemented during the spatial knowledge processing. A top level ontology was developed in order to serve as the background representation of the case study in order to adjust the spatial components. Keeping the custom, the spatial knowledge processing begins with acquiring spatial signatures of the identified objects. The spatial signatures are stored within the spatial database system with proper mapping to the objects in the knowledge base. The spatial knowledge of these objects is managed through executing the spatial functions at the database level and enriching the knowledge base with the results. This spatially enriched knowledge base is used again to analyze the spatial knowledge. This research thesis benefits from Semantic Web Rule Language in order to infer knowledge. In addition, the spatial built-ins proposed during the course add up spatial dimension to the SWRL for spatial inferences. Similarly, a spatial extension of the query language SPARQL is proposed in order to query spatial knowledge from the knowledge base. Actually, this research thesis provides the initial steps in integrating spatial components within the Semantic Web framework. This integration process is important for both technologies. Regarding the Semantic Web, the integration of non-typical semantic information within this framework opens up doors to other data pattern making the transformation of technologies easier. Likewise, geospatial technologies and GIS systems benefits through the inclusion of knowledge in the analysis process making the analysis much closer and efficient to human interpretation.