Dans cette étude il s'agit d'examiner les points de We exprimés dans le Journal des Goneourt, d'abord à propos du dix-neuvième siècle, ensuite des écrivains qu'ils connaissaient et finalement à propos de la religion et de l'amour. Le texte intégral du Journal, qui fut commencé par E'dmond et Jules de Goncourt en 1851 et qu'Edmond continua jusqu'à sa mort en 1896, ne parut qu'en 1956, quoique d'autres éditions incomplètes aient été déjà publiées, dont la première en 1887. II est évident que le dix-neuvième siècle ne plut point aux Goncourt, et leurs études historiques leur prouvèrent que c'était le dix-neuvième siecle qui leur aurait convenu, surtout à cause de son élégance et de l'importance attachée à ce moment-là aux oeuvres artistiques. La politique leur était indifférente, car au dix-neuvième siècle elle était en faveur de la bourgeoisie et même du peuple, pour qui ils avaient un mépris d'aristocrates. De même les écrivains qu'ils connaissaient ne gagnèrent que rarement leur suffrage, car ce n'était pas, à leur avis, de vrais artistes prêts à se donner complètement à leur art. Ecrivains et historiens, les Goncourt étaient aussi critiques d'art et collectionneurs, et ils étaient toujours déçus par l'indifférence de leurs collègues aux objets d'art. Dans leur Journal ils dénigraient Flaubert et Zola à cet égard. Ainsi se développa chez les Goncourt une certaine idée de leur supériorité qui leur rendait difficile l’occasion de se former de vraies amitiés. En plus il exista une telle intimité entre les deux frères que, jusqu'à la mort de Jules en 1870, ils pouvaient sans difficulté rester à l'écart des autres, et Edmond ne devait jamais trouver personne qui pût remplacer son frère. Les Goncourt se croyaient trop intelligents pour avouer une foi religieuse. La religion était, selon eux, pour les races primitives et les femmes. Leur propre religion c'était l'art, et l'Académie Goncourt, dont ils préparèrent la fondation, était leur monument à leur propre carrière littéraire. Envers les femmes et l'amour aussi ils avaient une attitude égoïste. Ils avaient des maitresses, mais c'était pour des raisons plutot hygiéniques, et ni l'un ni l'autre ne fut jamais amoureux. Leur égoïsme les empêcha de se sacrifier aux autres, et leur temps à eux était trop précieux pour le perdre dans la vie de familie. Ainsi peut-on justifier l'épithète "non-engagés" pour qualifier leur attitude sociale et religieuse, en observant le détachement des Goncourt envers tout ce qui entourait leur vie. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

Avec la conquête de l’Algérie, l’armée française s’est retrouvée confronter à un besoin important en interprètes, besoin qu’elle n’avait pas réellement anticipé. En effet, le corps des interprètes initialement constitué pour l’expédition d’Alger le 5 juillet 1830 s’est rapidement trouvé insuffisant. Il a donc fallu pallier au problème de la langue, en pleine phase de conquête. Pour cela, les autorités françaises ont eu recours aux membres de la communauté juive, une communauté avec laquelle elles avaient déjà tissé des liens commerciaux et/ou diplomatiques de longue date. En plus de connaître le pays, sa population, ses coutumes et sa mentalité, les juifs maîtrisent en effet plusieurs langues. Le rôle de l’interprète a pris une dimension nouvelle en Algérie. Pour la première fois, un interprète occupe une place indispensable et centrale dans une action militaire. L’étude des dossiers des interprètes juifs a permis de constater qu’ils avaient participé à plusieurs négociations, de plus ou moins grande importance, à l’instar d’Amram Darmon et de Juda ben Duran avec l’émir Abd el-Kader. Ce rôle historique a eu des conséquences sociales : relations ambigües avec l’armée française, bouleversement dans le rapport à la communauté musulmane, interrogation sur la naturalisation… Cette thèse a mis en lumière le rôle qu’ils ont joué, souvent de manière indirecte, dans le processus qui a abouti au décret Crémieux qui octroie la citoyenneté française à la communauté juive d’Algérie en 1870, et a permis de mieux comprendre l’attachement de cette communauté à la France. / With the conquest of Algeria, the French army met to confront with a need mattering in interpreters, a need which it had not really anticipated. Indeed, the body of interpreters initially established for the expedition of Algiers July 5th 1830 was quickly insufficient. It was thus necessary to mitigate the problem of language, in full phase of conquest. For that purpose, the French authorities had appeal to the members of Jewish community, the community with which they had already weaved the long time commercial and diplomatic links. Besides knowing the country, its population, its customs and its mentality, the Jews indeed master several languages. The role of the interpreter took a new dimension in Algeria. For the first time, an interpreter occupies a central and indispensable place in a military action. The study of the files of the Jewish interpreters allowed to notice that they had participated in several negotiations, of more or less importance, following the example of Amram Darmon and of Juda ben Duran with the emir Abd el-Kader. This historic role had social consequences such as ambiguous relations with the French army, turnover in the report of the relationship with the Moslim community, the question on the naturalization… This thesis revealed the role which they played, often in an indirect way, in the process which ended in the decree Crémieux which grants the French citizenship to the Jewish community of Algeria in 1870, and has allowed to understand better the attachment of this community in France.

Entre 1860 et 1869, Edmond et Jules de Goncourt publient six romans : Charles Demailly (1860), Soeur Philomène (1861), Renée Mauperin (1864), Germinie Lacerteux (1865), Manette Salomon (1867), Madame Gervaisais (1869). C'est la totalité de la production romanesque des deux frères.Ces volumes forment un ensemble bien groupé dans le temps, où se retrouve une évidente unité d'intention, de ton, d'écriture. Les historiens de la littérature sont aujourd'hui d'accord pour classer ces oeuvres sous la rubrique "Romans réalistes". Mais ils diffèrent dans leur analyse et leur appréciation du "réalisme" de ces ouvrages. A quoi tient réellement ce "réalisme" ? Telle est, présentée de la façon la plus sommaire, la question à quoi le présent mémoire se propose de répondre. [...]

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Florianópolis, 2014 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T21:03:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 328789.pdf: 1451408 bytes, checksum: 0cb3f6c23d70c98700cc66ffcda0eff2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Este trabalho tem como propósito contribuir com a produção da história crítica do direito brasileiro por meio do, quase inexplorado, estudo das ocorrências do crime de redução de pessoas livres à escravidão, previsto no artigo 179 Código Criminal do Império do Brasil. Para tanto, através do método de análise de casos em escala proposto pela micro-história são analisados documentos judiciais situados entre as décadas de 1830 e 1870 do século XIX, disponíveis no Arquivo Público do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o intuito de compreender as circunstâncias em que o artigo 179 do Código Criminal era alegado, bem como verificar o funcionamento da justiça em tais casos onde a ilegalidade da propriedade era apresentada como fundamento de defesa do direito a liberdade de pessoas ilegalmente reduzidas à escravidão. Através do estudo do contexto de elaboração legislativa do Código Criminal do Império do Brasil, é apresentada hipótese acerca da origem da previsão do artigo 179 do Código Criminal. Partindo dos aportes da história social quanto à importância da pesquisa com fontes primárias para a construção da história do direito, os casos trabalhados refletem a possibilidade de evocar o crime de reduzir pessoa livre à escravidão para responsabilizar criminalmente os responsáveis em manter em injusto cativeiro pessoas livres ou libertas, bem como para punir aqueles cuja ilegalidade da propriedade está vinculada ao tráfico de africanos proibido pela legislação nacional. Por conta da localização geográfica do Rio Grande do Sul, são estudadas ainda situações de escravização ilegal peculiares à fronteira sul do Brasil Imperial. Assim, a partir da presente pesquisa é possível observar a tênue fronteira e as complexas relações entre escravidão, liberdade, legalidade e propriedade no Brasil oitocentista.<br> / Resumen: Este trabajo tiene como propósito contribuir con la producción de historia crítica del derecho brasilero por medio del casi inexplorado estudio de las ocurrencias de crimenes de redución de personas libres ala esclavitud, previsto en el artículo 179 del Código Criminal del Imperio de Brasil, entre las décadas de 1830 y 1870 del siglo XIX. Portanto, através del método de análisis de casos en escala propuesto por la micro-historia son estudiados documentos judiciales disponibles en el Archivo público del Estado de Rio Grande del Sur con la intención de comprender las circunstancias en que el artículo 179 del Código Criminal era alegado, también para verificar el funcionamento de la justicia en tales casos donde la ilegalidad de la propiedad era presentada como fundamento de defensa del derecho a la libertad de personas ilegalmente reducidas a la esclavitud. Atraves del estúdio del contexto de elaboración legislativa del Código Criminal del Imperio de Brasil, es presentada la hipótesis acerca del origen de previsión del artículo 179 del Código Criminal. Partiendo de los aportes de la historia social encuanto a la importancia de la investigación con fuentes primarias para la construcción de la historia del derecho, los casos trabajados reflejan la posibilidad de evocar el crimen de reducir personas libres a la esclavitud para responsabilizar criminalmente los responsables en mantener el injusto cautiverio de personas libres o libertas, bien como para punir aquellas cuya ilegalidad de la propiedad esta vinculada al tráfico de africanos prohibido por la legislación nacional. Por cuenta de lalocalización geográfica de Rio Grande del Sur, son estudiadas todavia situaciones de esclavitud ilegal peculiares en la frontera sur de Brasil Imperial. Así, a partir de la presente investigación es posible observar latenue frontera y las complejas relaciones entre esclavitud, libertad, legalidad y propiedad en el Brasil ochocientista.

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« Pour arriver, voyez-vous, il n’y a que le théâtre… ». C’est ce conseil, adressé par Janin aux frères Goncourt en décembre 1851, qui oriente rapidement ces jeunes écrivains vers le chemin épineux du théâtre et de la mise en scène. Le Journal des Goncourt raconte durant quarante-cinq ans la relation tumultueuse des écrivains d’Henriette Maréchal avec la scène. Néanmoins, l’œuvre dramatique d’Edmond et de Jules de Goncourt est très peu étudiée et attire rarement les éditeurs. En témoigne l’absence de toute édition moderne de cette œuvre. Ce travail propose une édition électronique de quatre pièces écrites par les Goncourt : deux pièces originales signées par les deux frères : Henriette Maréchal (1865) et La Patrie en Danger (1889) et deux adaptations de romans réalisées par Edmond de Goncourt : Germinie Lacerteux (1888) et Manette Salomon (1896). Il s’agit à la fois d’une édition critique enrichie par des notes et des fiches thématiques, lexicales et biographiques, d’un espace interactif où les chercheurs pourraient à la fois puiser des ressources relatives à l’expérience dramatique des frères Goncourt et compléter les notes et textes annexés à cette édition, et enfin d’une illustration de l’apport des nouvelles technologies à l’édition et à l’étude des textes littéraires. La recherche témoigne d’une expérience d’exploration assistée par ordinateur d’un corpus littéraire et d’une réflexion sur la particularité et les limites d’une telle expérience. / « To succeed there is only drama ... » This is how Janin advice the Goncourt brothers in December 1851, which quickly directs these young writers to the tricky path of theater and drama. The Journal des Goncourt tells for forty-five years the tumultuous relation of the writers of Henriette Maréchal with the stage. However, the drama of Edmond and Jules de Goncourt is little studied and rarely attracts editors. The absence of any modern edition of their work is a proof to that. This work suggests an electronic version of four plays written by the Goncourt: two original works signed by the broth-ers themselves: Henriette Maréchal (1865) and La Patrie en Danger (1889) and two ad-aptations of novels by Edmond de Goncourt: Germinie Lacerteux (1888) and Manette Salomon (1896).It is both a critical edition enriched by notes and fact sheets, lexical and bio-graphical. That is an interactive space where researchers could both draw resources for the dramatic experience of the Goncourt brothers and complete texts and notes attached to this issue, and finally an illustration of the contribution of new technologies to the edition and study of literary texts. It is a computer-based research of a literary corpus and a reflection on the particularity and the limits of such an experiment.

. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry. The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process. The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place. The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand. The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women. At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry. All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry / <p>QC 20101129</p>

<p>. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry.</p><p>The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process.</p><p>The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place.</p><p>The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand.</p><p>The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women.</p><p>At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry.</p><p>All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry</p>