Då tillverkningsindustrin går mot en högre grad av kundanpassning och implementering av Lean, samtidigt som föråldrade traditionella kalkyleringsmetoder fortfarande används i moderna industriföretag, är det intressant att utreda relationerna mellan produktionsflöden av kundanpassad karaktär, Lean samt olika kalkyleringsmetoder. Syftet är att öka kostnadsprecisionen i förkalkylen för ett produktionsflöde av kundanpassad och Lean karaktär och beskriva en generaliserbar arbetsprocess för detta. Syftet är även att ta fram generella rekommendationer för val av kalkyleringsmetod genom att utifrån denna produktions karaktär genomföra en jämförande analys av kalkyleringsmetoder (traditionella kalkylmetoder, ABC och kalkylering enligt Lean). Genom en litteraturstudie samt en fallstudie av ett produktionsflöde med många varianter och inslag av Lean har båda syftena uppfyllts. Fallstudien har utförts genom intervjuer och observationer. Problem och positiva faktorer som enligt litteratur karaktäriserar produktion av kundanpassade produkter har även återfunnits på fallföretaget. Det sambandet har kunnat användas för att stödja analysen av relationerna. Relationerna mellan kalkyleringsmetoder, Lean samt produktionsflöden av kundanpassad karaktär har analyserats genom att jämföra litteratur och resultat från fallstudien. Det framkom att Value Stream Costing (VSC) är den mest lämpliga kalkyleringsmetoden för produktionsflöden med kundanpassade produkter som uppnått en hög mognadsgrad av Lean. Förkalkyleringen på fallföretaget är beroende av tillförlitliga operationstider, vilket tagits fram på fallföretaget samtidigt som en generell arbetsprocess utarbetats. Operationstiderna togs i detta fall fram genom videoupptagning av produktionsmomenten samt efterföljande analys i mjukvaran AviX. Genom att följa den generella arbetsprocessen som utarbetats erhålls både ett bra underlag till förkalkylering samt ständiga förbättringar i produktionsflödet. Eftersom forskning visar att Lean bör implementeras i hela organisationen om full fördel med Lean ska uppnås, kan VSC vara en utmärkt kalkyleringsmetod för att komma ifrån föråldrade, traditionella kalkyleringsmetoder samtidigt som denna kalkyleringsmetod förenklar kalkylering i produktion av kundanpassad karaktär. / Since the manufacturing industry is heading for a higher level of customization and implementation of Lean, at the same time as outmoded traditional costing methods is still used in modern industrial organizations, it is interesting to explore the relations between production flows of customized character, Lean and different costing methods. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the cost precision in the preliminary calculation for a product flow of customer adapted and Lean character, and to describe a generalizable work process for this. The purpose is also to develop general recommendations regarding the choice of costing methods by, on a basis of the character of this production, a comparative analysis of costing methods (traditional costing methods, ABC and Lean accounting/VSC). Through a literature study and a case study of a production flow with a high level of variety and influence from Lean, both of the purposes has been fulfilled. The case study has been accomplished through interviews and observations. Problems and positive elements that according to literature characterize the production of customized products have also been found in the case company. That connection has been used to support the analysis of the relations. The relations between costing methods, Lean and production flows of customized character has been analyzed through a comparison between findings in literature and results from the case study. It has been found that Value Stream Costing (VSC) is the most appropriate costing method for production flows of customized products that has reached a high maturity level of Lean. The preliminary costing is dependent on reliable operation times which have been produced on the case study company, while a general work process has been developed. The operation times were in this case identified through video recordings of the production moments and a following analysis in the software AviX. By following the general work process that has been developed, useful material for preliminary costing and continuous improvements in the production flow will be obtained. Since research is showing that Lean should be implemented in the whole organization if full advantages of Lean shall be obtained, VSC is found to be an ideal costing method to replace outmoded, traditional costing methods at the same time as this costing method simplifies costing in production flows of customized character.

Submitted by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2016-12-06T10:20:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GAZONATO_Mariana_2016.pdf: 1296907 bytes, checksum: e818dc5345f193f3602ce7d5770cd476 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2016-12-06T10:21:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GAZONATO_Mariana_2016.pdf: 1296907 bytes, checksum: e818dc5345f193f3602ce7d5770cd476 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2016-12-06T10:21:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GAZONATO_Mariana_2016.pdf: 1296907 bytes, checksum: e818dc5345f193f3602ce7d5770cd476 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T10:21:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GAZONATO_Mariana_2016.pdf: 1296907 bytes, checksum: e818dc5345f193f3602ce7d5770cd476 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The main purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the capacity of sectors of the Brazilian economy to tranfer their productivity gains over the production chain, in the period 2000-2009. In this way, an adjustment is performed, through the structural decomposition technique of the input-output analysis of Dietzenbacher and Los (1998), of the method proposed by Greenhalgh e Gregory (2000). The fundamental assumptions, based on the structuralist current, are that the Industry tends to have larger increases in productivity and linkages with other segments of the economy, especially when compared to the Services. Together, these attributes would make that the productivity gains of the industrial sector propagate more intensely by the productive chain. The results show that in the period analyzed, the Agricultural and Services were the primarily responsible for transmiting these increments for the rest of the economy, instead of Industry, which moved forward losses of productivity. However, despite the Services have become more productive and transferred these gains over the production chain, the average transmission power of its segments was relatively low compared to the Industry's ability to transmit forward its productivity losses. This is because a considerable portion of the increments of the tertiary sector occurred in Personal Services, segment with reduced links in the production chain and whose goods meet, mainly, the individual consumer. The fact that the Industry ´s power transmission is, on average, higher than that of Services implies that if the industrial sector had increase its productivity, rather than decrease it, greater productivity gains would have been transmitted to the other segments of the economy that have been verified by the productivity gains of Services. However, it is important to stress that certain activities of the tertiary sector showed high potential to transfer these increments. This was the case of the Knowledge-Intensive Business Services. / O objetivo principal desta dissertação é analisar a capacidade dos setores da economia brasileira de transferir seus ganhos de produtividade ao longo da cadeia produtiva, no período 2000-2009. Neste sentido, é realizada uma adaptação, por meio da técnica de decomposição estrutural da análise de insumo-produto de Dietzenbacher e Los (1998), do método proposto por Greenhalgh e Gregory (2000). As hipóteses fundamentais, baseadas na corrente estruturalista, são de que a Indústria tende a apresentar maiores incrementos de produtividade e relações de encadeamento com os demais segmentos da economia, especialmente quando comparadas aos Serviços. Juntos, tais atributos fariam com que com os ganhos de produtividade do setor industrial se espraiassem mais intensamente pela cadeia produtiva.Os resultados apontam que no período analisado,a Agropecuária e os Serviços foram os principais responsáveis por transmitirem este sincrementos para o restante da economia, em detrimento da Indústria, a qual transferiu para frente perdas de produtividade. No entanto, apesar dos Serviços terem se tornado mais produtivos e transferido estes ganhos ao longo da cadeia produtiva, o poder de transmissão médio dos seus segmentos mostrou-se relativamente baixo quando comparado à capacidade da Indústria transmitir para frente suas perdas de produtividade. Isto porque parcela considerável dos incrementos do setor terciário ocorreu nos Serviços Pessoais, segmento com reduzidos elos na cadeia produtiva e cujos bens atendem, majoritariamente, o consumidor individual. O fato do poder de transmissão da Indústria ser, na média,superior ao dos Serviços, implica que se o setor industrial tivesse elevado sua produtividade, ao invés de diminuí-la, maiores ganhos de produtividade teriam sido transbordados para os outros segmentos da economia do que foram verificados pelo aumento da produtividade dos Serviços. É importante ressaltar, no entanto, que determinadas atividades do setor terciário apresentaram elevado potencial de transferir estes incrementos. Este foi o caso dos Serviços Empresariais Intensivos em Conhecimento.