Thesis (M.Com. (Development Theory and Policy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Economic and Business Sciences. / South Africa has been referred to as a country of “geological superlatives” because of its rich and diverse mineral resource base. Despite its unique endowment of precious metals and mineral resources, the country has fallen short of translating these resources into the required economic linkages that will lead to sustainable employment creation and economic emancipation for the majority of its people. Whilst the country has established, successful critical upstream industries based on its natural resource advantage, it has not managed to develop successful downstream value additions in most of its strategic value chains, most notably the chromium mineral value chain. This paper explores the significance of the chromium mineral value chain in the context of South Africa’s economic development trajectory, the dynamics between the mining and manufacturing sectors, the ongoing structural constraints, and the implications all these have on stainless steel fabrication. South Africa is a dominant player in chrome, consuming approximately 80% of the world’s chromite ore reserves and is undeniably one of the major producers of ferrochromium globally, with production accounting for approximately 34% of total world production. Despite a mature ferrochromium industry that boasts world-class ferrochromium manufacturing facilities and contributes massively to the domestic and global economies, a declining market share to China threatens the sector. The availability (or lack thereof) of power supply, high energy costs, uncompetitive domestic prices amongst other structural issues are contributing to this decline. The challenge remains in government, the mining industry, labour and all other affected stakeholders to engage robustly in order to preserve a value chain that possesses enough potential to enhance the development of the country, both socially and economically.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management specialising in Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation, 2016 / The successful commercialisation of high-tech products and services require an appreciation of the social context in which such products and services are introduced. The market for high-tech products and services in emerging markets are drawing increasing involvement of small and medium sized firms that are either developing high-tech products and services, or selling such products and services imported from developed markets. The need for basic services at the citizen level in emerging markets necessitate firms to adapt the commercialisation strategies and ultimate sales of products and services to address basic needs. Drawing on the theory of social impact measurement, social enterprise selfefficacy and entrepreneurial orientation, this research aims to assess the way in which emerging market firms – using primarily South African firms in the research sample offering high-tech products and services - have had to adjust commercialisation strategies, so as to take cognisance of the social context specific to the target markets. Data was collected from a number of high-tech firms operating in, or offering hightech products and services to emerging markets. The data was subsequently analysed based on the social impact measures, social enterprise self-efficacy and entrepreneurial orientation constructs found in literature, to assess the overall social impact of high-tech SMEs in an emerging market, being predominantly South Africa. The researcher introduced a tailor-made variable, Success by drawing on various data items collected from respondents, such as the age of the firm, and changes in recent employment and turnover figures. The results point to a positive and statistically meaningful relationship between the Success of such firms in the final sample, and the need to demonstrate social impact considerations in the business strategies of such firms offering high-tech products and services in an emerging market. The research outputs align with theory in so far as social impact not being the primary driver of such high-tech firms, but rather a necessary by-product of ensuring sustainability and success, and the need to adapt to the contextual realities present in an emerging market. This is one of the first studies to test the social impact of high-tech firms in an emerging market, especially in so far as outlining the need to expand commercialisation strategies to incorporate social impact awareness. By applying the theory of self-efficacy to social impact, the findings point to the need for hightech firms in emerging markets to not only take note of social needs, but to adapt firm strategy to integrate social impact considerations into the commercialisation strategies, so as to be successful. In other words, to be successful, such high-tech firms need to both talk-the-talk, and walk-the-walk. The implications of the research extend to the way high-tech SMEs approach commercialisation in emerging markets, as well as the team composition of such high-tech firms in order to integrate the necessary skills and experienced resources beyond those necessary for technological commercialisation, thereby having also human resources with the necessary skills and experience needed to take cognisance of, and adapt to relevant social impact contexts. / XL2018

A research report submitted to the Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management in Finance and Investment, 2016 / This research investigated the application of capital budgeting and risk analysis techniques and their effect on company performance in the South African mining industry. Studies internationally and locally have reported an improved application of capital budgeting techniques— away from the naïve, non-discounted cash flow techniques of the Payback Period (PBP) to the more appropriate discounted cash flow methods of Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). In a survey distributed to the Finance Managers, Officers and Directors of mining companies in South Africa, we confirmed the increased sophistication in capital budgeting— the results suggest that 83.3% prefer NPV, 61.5% always use IRR and only 58.3% use PBP. On the other hand, and in contrast to capital budgeting, risk analysis is still comparatively naïve; with sensitivity analysis being the dominant technique used in the mining industry. The sophisticated methods of scenario testing and real option analysis (ROV) are rarely employed. An empirical analysis on the effects of capital budgeting and risk analysis on company performance has yielded results in contradiction with the theory of capital budgeting. The finding of the study is a negative and/or insignificant relation of capital budgeting and risk analysis sophistication to company performance as measured by return of assets (ROA). Although this finding is counterintuitive and contradicts theory, it is, however, consistent with international studies of this nature. / XL2018

Coal combustion is recognized as the primary source of anthropogenic mercury emission in South Africa followed by gold mining. Coal is also known to contain trace concentrations of mercury which is released to the environment during coal mining, beneficiation or combustion. Therefore, determining the mercury speciation in coal is of importance in order to understand its behavior and fate in the environment. Mercury was also used, at a large extent, in the Witwatersrand Basin (South Africa) for gold recoveries until 1915 and is still used in illegal artisanal mining. Consequences of these activities are the release of mercury to the environment. Nowadays, gold (and uranium) is also recovered through the reprocessing of old waste dumps increasing the concern related to mercury pollution. While much effort has been put in the northern hemisphere to understand and control problems related to anthropogenic mercury release and its fate to the ecosystem, risk assessment of mercury pollution in South Africa was based, until very recently, on total element concentrations only or on non systematic fragmental studies. It is necessary to evaluate mercury speciation under the country’s semi arid conditions, which are different to environmental conditions that exist in the northern hemisphere, and characterize potential sources, pathways, receptors and sinks in order to implement mitigation strategies and minimize risk. In this study, analytical methods and procedures have been developed and/or optimized for the determination of total mercury and the speciation of inorganic and organic forms of mercury in different sample matrices such as air, coal, sediment, water and biota. The development of an efficient and cost effective method for total gaseous mercury (TGM) determination was achieved using nano-gold supported metal oxide (1% wt Au) sorbents and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CV-AFS). Analytical figures of merit and TGM concentrations obtained when using Au/TiO2, as a mercury trap, were similar to those obtained with traditional sorbents. The combination of isotope dilution with the hyphenated gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID GC-ICP-MS) was also achieved and used successfully for the speciation analysis of mercury in solid, liquid and biological samples. The developed, or optimized, methodologies were used to estimate the average mercury content and characterize the speciation of mercury in South African coals, and also to study the speciation of mercury in selected South African environmental compartments impacted by gold mining activities. The obtained average mercury content in coals collected from the Highveld and Waterberg coalfields (0.20 ± 0.03 mg kg-1) was close to the reported United States Geological Survey (USGS) average for South African coals. Speciated isotope dilution analyses and sequential extraction procedures revealed the occurrence of elemental mercury, inorganic and organo-mercury species, and also the association of mercury mainly to organic compounds and pyrite. The environmental pollution assessment was conducted within the Witwatersrand Basin, at four gold mining sites selected mainly for their mining history and from geophysical information obtained through satellite images. This study showed a relatively important pollution in three of the four sites, namely the Vaal River west site near Klerksdorp, the West Wits site near Carletonville (both in the North-West Province) and the Randfontein site in the West Rand (Gauteng Province). Only one site, the closed Rietfontein landfill site in the East Rand (Gauteng Province) was found to be not impacted by mercury pollution. The methylation of mercury was characterized in all sites and factors governing the mercury methylation process at the different study sites were also investigated. Geochemical models were also used to explain the distribution, transport and fate of mercury in the study systems.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, 2017 / The Merensky Reef vertical grade distribution is highly variable within Styldrift I Mine. The variable nature of the Merensky Reef mineralisation necessitates regular and timeous updating of the planned mining cut with sampling information so that the optimum can be applied during mining operations. The current geochemical assay analysis that is used for the analysis of platinum group elements (PGEs) has been proven to be accurate and precise however it is expensive with long turn-around times from the laboratory. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) technology has been tested as an alternative to measure the platinum group element content along the Merensky Reef. pXRF technology cannot accurately measure PGE content directly. Copper and nickel are detectable by the pXRF analyser and, like PGEs, copper and nickel mineralisation peaks along Merensky Reef horizon. Copper and nickel were therefore tested as potential pathfinder elements to target PGE mineralisation along the Merensky Unit. The testing of the pXRF analyser was undertaken by analysing the accuracy of the results it produces as well as determining if a regression between copper/nickel to PGE content is possible along the Merensky Unit. The pXRF did not produce results of adequate accuracy as a consistent significant bias was detected with pXRF results which were consistently lower than laboratory results. Calibration of the pXRF using site specific samples was not sufficient to overcome the bias. Regressions from copper/nickel to PGEs were tested for the Merensky Footwall which could be isolated as a single data population. Significant outliers exist that do not fit the regression analysis due to the inconsistent PGE modes of occurrence along the Merensky Unit. Application of the pXRF to the study area therefore does not meet the required conditions. An underground trial of the pXRF has indicated that peaks in pXRF copper and nickel results often, but not always, coincide with peaks in PGE mineralisation. The pXRF can therefore be used as a low confidence indicator of PGE mineralisation however the user must be aware of the limitations of the instrument. pXRF analysis cannot be used reliably therefore geochemical assay analysis remains the most reliable method to analyse PGE content at Styldrift I Mine. / XL2018

Since the initial research was begun on this dissertation, the role of intervention by the State in the economic affairs of a country has assumed renewed topicality. While much of the impetus for this interest in the subject can be related to the bicentennial anniversary of the appearance of 'The Wealth of Nations', the emergence of certain political and economic problems in the South African context has been responsible for the increased controversy in this country. While recognising that che field of state intervention in the South African economy is so widespread and its effects, in many cases, so indirect that detailed and objective analysis of every avenue of intervention is impossible within the confines of the present study, the researcher has attempted to analyse the effects of the State's policy of intervention (in the form of industrial protection) on industrial growth in South Africa. This has been done m an endeavour to relate how some of the current economic problems faced by the country can possibly be attributed to such policy. The method involved in the study consists initially of an attempt to justify economic intervention by the State. Applying this rationale to the policy of industrial protection in South Africa after the first quarter of this century, the conclusion that emerges, is that, although much of the initial arguments for protection were clouded by political considerations, there were several Important economic arguments for Industrial diversification that warranted the State protecting certain industries, It appears highly unlikely that secondary Industry in South Africa would have grown to the extent that it did, after the first quarter of this century, in the Absence of che tariff and other protective policies followed by the State, Similarly, it can be argued, that many of the problems that recently have manifested themselves would not have occurred were it not for the persistence and continuation of such policies beyond the initial period. Growth in secondary industry continued on a rapid basis until the nineteen sixties after which there was a levelling off and the economy began to suffer severe unemployment problems coupled with persistent deficits in the current account of the balance of payments. The study attempts to analyse these problems according to the type of protective policies pursued by the State during this period. The pattern of tariff protection in South Africa is analysed both on a historical basis, (according to various investigations into such policy over time) and on an effective basis (according to two recent attempts at this type of measurement that have recently become available), In addition, the study attempts to relate the predictions of some of the theoretical literature on effective protection and patterns of industrialisation to the South African situation. The broad conclusion that emerges is that the nature of protective policies in South Africa appears to have been such as to have induced a specific type of import substitution which although 'initially responsible for high levels of growth is presently proving restrictive, In addition, one can attribute the importation of vast amounts ef capital goods as well as the lack of exports ef manufactured goods to such policies, The major recommendation that emerges from the study is that, given the present situation in South Africa, a possible way for the country to recover from some of its present problems as regards unemployment and balance of payments difficulties is for the State to modify its protective policies. In addition, it is suggested that this modification be framed in such a way as to increase the level of tariff protection on more intermediate stages of the productive process. While this may encourage a greater amount of import substitution at these stages it may well induce local producers to substitute labour for capital and thus reduce the heavy reliance on imported capital goods that appears to be characterising local production. By encouraging the use of one of the country's most abundant resources, viz. labour, the country may yet develop a considerable comparative advantage that may facilitate exports of manufactured goods.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, 2017 / Empowerment of previously disadvantaged groups has been applied in many countries, in order to achieve specific political, economic and social outcomes. Group preferences and preferential policies are common in developed and developing countries under various names. They have been mostly implemented in countries where a specific ethnic, religious, or gender group has been discriminated against historically. An ESOP is an empowerment tool that can be adapted and designed to achieve the goals of companies, employees and governments. An ESOP is an instrument used to enable employee ownership in private and public companies. Internationally the application of ESOPs have taken various architectures highly dependent on individual company and country circumstances. SA has a long and well documented history of racial discrimination and economic exclusion. Poverty, unemployment and inequality continue to bedevil the South African economy. Transformation in the mining industry is given effect in the Mining Charter which is governed under section 100 of the Minerals and Resources Development Act. The Charter is buttressed by a key set of pillars. These pillars are supplemented by the codes of good practice as well as the housing and living conditions standards. These pillars include reporting; ownership; housing and living conditions; procurement and enterprise development; employment equity; human resource development; mine community development; sustainable development and growth and beneficiation. This report focusses on the ownership pillar of the Charter. The mining industry has completed a number of empowerment deals post implementation of the Mining Charter. The impacts of most BEE deals have not been broad-based; and have mostly benefitted only a few HDSA entrepreneurs. The value and number of transactions have coincided with the rise and fall of the JSE, making the deals expensive – due to elevated stock prices in favourable market conditions. ESOPs enable extensive employee ownership; and have the ability to foster a sense of individual enterprise that fuels productivity in companies that have imbued a culture of ownership amongst their employees. ESOPs generally contribute positively to company performance; and they provide a stable and dynamic working environment, when administered effectively. ESOPs cannot be implemented in isolation; but they require a combination of factors to make them successful. ESOPs generally contribute positively to company performance; and they provide a stable and dynamic working environment, when administered effectively. Effective ESOPs require a combination of elements for success: these comprise of financial incentives, employee-involvement mechanisms and the instilling of an ownership culture. Anglo American was used as a proxy for the industry due to its size and diversity. ESOPs that have been implemented have failed to meet stakeholders’ expectations. These ESOPs are inconsistent, complicated and mostly opaque to employees; whilst delivering modest returns to employees. This report proposes the application of a new ESOP framework that is to be considered in amending existing ESOPs or in the crafting of new programmes. Existing ESOPs are assessed against this proposed framework in this report. The proposed ESOP framework is supported by a set of key principles, essential to the success of the framework. The performance of ESOPs in Anglo American varied when assessed against the framework. With the exception of Envision, Anglo American’s ESOPs have delivered very modest financial benefits to employees. They have not achieved their intended purpose, of empowering employees and aligning company performance with individual employee performance. When assessed against the other pillars of the framework, KIO and AAP did not perform satisfactorily. / XL2018

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management / In order to provide an effective legal service, all attorney must, inter alia, be an effective manager and service provider. Competencies are characteristics that are causally related to effective performance. The study investigated the managerial and service competencies which attorneys require to perform effectively. In addition, the perceived training needs of attorneys in the identified competencies were investigated. The competencies were initially identified by means of a literature review and interviews with senior members of the legal profession. The thirty-one competencies so identified formed the basis for a questionnaire which was administered to practising attorneys. The 85 respondents rated the importance of the competencies and determined the need for training in these competencies. The survey revealed that twenty-nine competencies were considered important for effective management and service provision. The competencies were ranked in order of importance. / AC 2018

Thesis presented in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Public Sector Monitoring and Evaluation) to the Faculty of Commerce, Law, and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, 2016 / The South African Government set up the Mining Qualifications Authority (MQA) in 1996 under the Mine Health and Safety Act, 29 of 1996 to train mineworkers on health and safety issues to minimise injuries and deaths. Later the then Minister of labour reestablished the Authority as a Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA) in 2000 when SETAs were set up to replace the old Industry Training Boards (ITBs) (Skills Development Act, 97 of 1998). The mandate of SETAs includes providing for learnerships, internships, undergraduate bursaries, graduate development programmes, and apprenticeships. These Authorities have several challenges. These include poor governance, lack of accountability, Lack of and poor quality data, inadequate information management, and absent or ineffective monitoring and evaluation arrangements (Ministerial Task Team on Performance of SETAs, 2013). These challenges have not spared the MQA and has led to declining performance for two consecutive financial years; namely, 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 (MQA Annual Reports, 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. However, only effective monitoring and evaluation arrangements can track and assess reliably how the Authority is performing and why. Therefore, we need to examine the Authority’s monitoring and evaluation system. To undertake this examination, the study posed two questions. To understand our research context, we reviewed literature relating to the history and description of the Authority and the establishment of the SETAs in general. We further undertook a research problem analysis to understand the history and description of monitoring and evaluation in the South African public sector. To do this, we reviewed briefly monitoring and evaluation systems of other developed and developing countries globally. From the reviewed literature, we developed a conceptual framework to guide our research in collecting, processing, and analysing of results. Relatedly, we developed an explanatory framework that helped us in interpreting our findings. Some of our findings pointed to the weaknesses of the MQA’s monitoring and evaluation system in such areas of monitoring and evaluation organisational capacity and documented monitoring and evaluation reporting processes and system. We concluded by providing some recommendations to strengthen the MQA’s monitoring and evaluation system / XL2018

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Anthropology, Johannesburg 2015 / Research in the mining community of Carletonville focused on how individuals negotiate and contest different value orientations in trying to construct a workable moral economy. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews and observations of respondents from lower and higher wage classes, the report deconstructs the elements of differential value sets that are redefining and sometimes destabilizing the moral economy and underlining views of inequality. Wage disputes are seen not only as mine workers' expressions of economic injustice but perhaps more crucially as a form of control and protection of their craft and status. The dominance of global economic governance and decision-making is leading to more acute internal divergences but can also be a starting point for a discussion about the impact of conflicts in social values. / XL2018