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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Development of High Resolution Interferometric Inertial Sensors

Ding, Binlei 13 January 2021 (has links) (PDF)
The gravitational wave observatory and many other large ground-based instruments need to be decoupled from the Earth’s ever-present motion to improve their performance. In such scenarios, inertial sensors which measure the ground motion are necessary, especially those with a high resolution and a large dynamic range. This thesis aims to develop high performance inertial sensors which outperform the commercially available ones in terms of resolution and dynamic range in low frequency down to 0.01 Hz.Inertial sensors essentially consist of two parts: a single-degree-of-freedom mechanism and a transducer which converts mechanical quantities into electrical quantities. In this work, a novel interferometric readout based on homodyne quadrature interferometer is proposed and examined. Experimental results show that its resolution is 1e-11, 1e-12 and 2e-13 m/rtHz at 0.01, 0.1 and 1 Hz respectively. For the mechanical parts, the leaf spring pendulum and Lehman pendulum are used respectively as the restoring springs for the vertical and horizontal inertial sensors. With these, the resonance frequencies are made to 0.26 and 0.11 Hz, respectively. Combined with the interferometric readout, a Vertical Interferometric Inertial Sensor (VINS) and a Horizontal Interferometric Inertial Sensor (HINS) are developed. They are placed together in a vacuum chamber as an inertial unit to measure vertical and horizontal motion.A critical investigation of the developed HINS and VINS is performed. The passive VINS and HINS are compared, firstly, with a commercial seismometer (Guralp 6T) the results showed that they provide equivalent seismograms in frequencies from tides to 10 Hz. Secondly, both simulations and measurements have been conducted in this study, a noise budget of the interferometric readout itself was constructed, which corresponds to the case when the proof-mass of the inertial sensors is blocked. At present, the resolution of the interferometric readout is found to be limited by the photodetector noise from 0.01 to 1 Hz. Moreover, huddle tests were conducted for the inertial units to examine their overall performance. However, extra experiments and simulations are performed and it is found that the resolution identified from the experimental means is worse than that from the simulation. Nevertheless, the mismatch can be reduced by reducing the magnitude of input ground vibration, by reducing undesired inputs and improving the stability of the interferometric readout output signal. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
2

Saddle in Motion : biomécanique dorsale du cheval monté : analyse des interactions entre la selle et le dos et application à la conception de nouveaux prototypes de selles / Saddle In Motion : back biomechanics of the ridden horse : analysis of the interactions between the saddle and the back, and application to the development of news prototypes of saddles

Martin, Pauline 15 December 2015 (has links)
L'objectif de cette thèse était d'analyser les interactions entre le dos du cheval et la selle dans les conditions de l'exercice sportif et de développer, à partir de ces connaissances nouvelles, une gamme de selles adaptées au cheval en mouvement et à son cavalier. L'originalité de cette thèse était entre autre de mesurer les mouvements de la colonne vertébrale dans la région thoracique située sous la selle. Un protocole original de mesure biomécanique des interactions entre le dos et la selle a été mis en place et validé. Ce protocole couplait différents matériels (tapis capteur de pression, cinématique 2D, capteur de force d'étrier et centrales de mesure inertielle) synchronisés et miniaturisés. Grâce à ce protocole, il a été possible de quantifier le mouvement de la colonne vertébrale du cheval, les pressions au cours de l'effort et l'effet du cavalier en comparant des selles dites « standard » avec de nouveaux prototypes de « panneaux » permettant de modifier la portance de la selle sur le dos du cheval. Les résultats de ces études ont permis de mettre en évidence l'impact du cavalier sur l'amplitude des mouvements du dos du cheval et sur sa locomotion au cours du trot et de démontrer qu'une selle dont la portance est modifiée provoque des modifications significatives de la locomotion du cheval au trot. Ces travaux ont permis d'apporter des informations quantifiées sur l'effet de la selle et du cavalier sur la biomécanique dorsale du cheval dans la condition montée lors de l'effort. Ces connaissances nouvelles seront utilisées (1) pour la conception de nouvelles selles mieux adaptées au cheval en mouvement et (2) pour mieux comprendre, prévenir et traiter les dorsalgies chez le cheval / The aim of this thesis was to analyze the interactions between the horse’s back and the saddle during exercise and develop, thanks to these new knowledges, a new range of saddle adapted to horse’s movements and to the rider. The originality of this thesis was to measure the movements of the spine in the thoracic region located under the saddle. An innovative protocol was developed to measure the interactions between the back and the saddle using different materials (pressure mat, 2D kinematics, stirrup force sensors, and inertial measurement units) synchronized and miniaturized. With this protocol, it was possible to quantify the movement of the horse’s spine, the pressure under the saddle and the effect of the rider by comparing a “standard” saddle with new prototype “panels” modifying the contact area of the saddle on the horse’s back. The results of these studies have helped to highlight the impact of the rider on the range of motion of the horse’s back and locomotion during the trot and to demonstrate that a saddle, which the contact area is modified, causes significant changes in the locomotion of the horse. This work helped to provide quantified information on the effect of the saddle and the rider on the horse’s back biomechanics in the ridden condition. These new knowledges will be used (1) to design new adapted saddles to the horse in motion and (2) to better understand, prevent and treat back pain in horses
3

Évaluation de la fatigue musculaire au moyen de capteurs embarqués

Moyen-Sylvestre, Béatrice 10 1900 (has links)
La répétition d’efforts de faible intensité provoque de la fatigue musculaire et représente un facteur de risque de développement des troubles musculosquelettiques (TMS) à l’épaule. La détection de la fatigue musculaire permettrait de meilleures interventions de prévention de TMS liés au travail répétitif. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de développer de nouveaux indicateurs permettant d’évaluer le mouvement des travailleurs à l’aide de capteurs inertiels portatifs afin d’offrir un outil d’évaluation du niveau de fatigue employable sur le terrain. Pour ce faire, vingt-quatre travailleurs ont réalisé une tâche de travail avant et après une tâche de pointage répétitif (RPT) générant de la fatigue musculaire. La fatigue était évaluée à l’aide de l'échelle CR10 de Borg toutes les 30s et d’une contraction maximale réalisée toutes les 2 minutes. Des données de capteurs inertiels, positionnés sur le tronc et les membres supérieurs des travailleurs, ont été analysées en temps-fréquence et leur coordination inter-segment calculée afin d’extraire des indicateurs de fatigue. Les résultats montrent une augmentation du spectre de puissance et de la variabilité de la coordination sur les segments proximaux du haut du corps (tête, sternum, bassin, épaule, bras, avant-bras et main) pendant la RPT. Aussi, une augmentation du spectre de puissance moyen a été observée sur les segments du bras (main, avant-bras et bras supérieur) pendant la tâche de travail réalisée immédiatement après la RPT. En conclusion, il semblerait possible, en observant de tels changements cinématiques, de détecter la fatigue musculaire des travailleurs en industrie à l’aide de capteurs inertiels. / The repetition of low-intensity efforts causes muscle fatigue and represents a risk factor for the development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in the shoulder. The detection of muscle fatigue would allow for better interventions to prevent MSDs related to repetitive work. The objective of this dissertation is to develop new indicators to evaluate the movement of workers using portable inertial sensors to provide a tool for evaluating the level of fatigue that can be used in the field. To do this, twenty-four workers performed a work task before and after a repetitive pointing task (RPT) generating muscle fatigue. Fatigue was assessed using the Borg CR10 scale every 30s and a maximal contraction performed every 2 minutes. Data from inertial sensors, positioned on the trunk and upper limbs of the workers, were analyzed in time-frequency and their inter-segment coordination calculated to extract indicators of fatigue. The results show an increase in the power spectrum and coordination variability on the proximal upper body segments (head, sternum, pelvis, shoulder, arm, forearm and hand) during RPT. Also, an increase in the average power spectrum was observed over the arm segments (hand, forearm, and upper arm) during the work task performed immediately after RPT. In conclusion, it would seem possible, by observing such changes in kinematics, to detect muscle fatigue in industrial workers using inertial sensors.

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