A hipermetioninemia é uma condição caracterizada por altos níveis de metionina no sangue e em outros tecidos, podendo causar danos neurológicos, hepáticos e musculares. Considerando que a placenta transfere a metionina do sangue materno para a circulação fetal e que pouco se sabe sobre o efeito da hipermetioninemia gestacional sobre o feto em desenvolvimento, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo animal de hipermetioninemia materna quimicamente induzido em ratas e utilizar o mesmo para investigar parâmetros bioquímicos (estresse oxidativo, atividade da Mg2+-ATPase, atividade e imunoconteúdo da Na+,K+-ATPase, número de neurônios, níveis de neurotrofinas, metabolismo energético, inflamação e apoptose), moleculares (expressão gênica da Na+,K+-ATPase) e histológicos (microscopia eletrônica) nos encéfalos da prole, bem como avaliar tarefas comportamentais (campo aberto, esquiva inibitória e reconhecimento de objetos). Também analisamos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo/nitrosativo no músculo esquelético e parâmetros de dano muscular e inflamação no soro da prole. A hipermetioninemia foi induzida em ratas através de duas injeções subcutâneas diárias de metionina durante todo o período gestacional. Um grupo de ratas recebeu a dose 1 (1,34 μmol/g peso corporal) e outro recebeu a dose 2 (2,68 μmol/g peso corporal). O grupo controle recebeu salina. Após o nascimento, um grupo de filhotes foi eutanasiado no sétimo dia de vida e outro grupo foi eutanasiado aos 21 dias. Ambas as doses aumentaram os níveis encefálicos de metionina das mães e a dose 2 aumentou os níveis de metionina nos encéfalos da prole. Após estabelecer o modelo, a dose 2 de metionina foi escolhida para estudar os efeitos do tratamento sobre a prole. Os testes bioquímicos subsequentes foram realizados nos filhotes de 21 dias, a histologia foi realizada na prole de 21 e 30 dias e os testes comportamentais foram realizados em filhotes de 30 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que a hipermetioninemia materna reduziu a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+- ATPase, catalase e complexo II/succinato desidrogenase, o conteúdo de sulfidrilas, número de neurônios e níveis de NGF e BDNF, bem como aumentou os níveis de RNAm e imunoconteúdo da Na+,K+-ATPase nos encéfalos dos filhotes. Foram observados também alterações morfológicas, indicativas de degeneração celular nos neurônios da prole, e os testes comportamentais indicaram deficit de memória. Com relação aos danos musculares, houve um aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e lipoperoxidação e uma redução do conteúdo de sulfidrilas, atividades das enzimas antioxidantes e nos níveis de nitritos no músculo esquelético da prole. A atividade da creatina cinase foi reduzida e os níveis de ureia e proteína C reativa foram aumentados no soro. Esses resultados foram acompanhados por perda de massa muscular. Tais achados mostraram que a hipermetioninemia gestacional induziu alterações bioquímicas, moleculares e histológicas no encéfalo e bioquímicas no músculo esquelético e soro dos filhotes, as quais podem contribuir para o entendimento dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos nos danos neurológicos e musculares causados por essa condição. Ressaltamos a importância do desenvolvimento do referido modelo de hipermetioninemia gestacional que além de ampliar o entendimento da toxicidade de altos níveis metionina, também abriu perspectivas para novos estudos a respeito dos efeitos ocasionados pela exposição ao excesso de metionina devido a uma condição genética ou uma dieta rica em proteína durante a vida pré-natal. / Hypermethioninemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of methionine in blood and other tissues and may cause neurological, hepatic and muscular damages. Considering that placenta transfers methionine from maternal blood to the fetal circulation and little is known about the effect of gestational hypermetioninemia on the developing fetus, the main objective of this work was to develop a chemically induced animal model of maternal hypermethioninemia in rats and to use it to investigate biochemical (oxidative stress, activity of Mg2+-ATPase, activity and immunocontent of Na+,K+-ATPase, number of neurons, neurotrophins levels, energy metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis), molecular (gene expression of Na+,K+-ATPase) and histological parameters (electron microscopy) in encephalon of the offspring, as well as evaluate behavioral tasks (open field, inhibitory avoidance and object recognition). We also analyzed oxidative/nitrosative stress parameters in skeletal muscle and parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in serum of the offspring. Hypermethioninemia was induced in rats through two daily subcutaneous injections of methionine throughout the gestational period. A group of pregnant rats received dose 1 (1.34 μmol/g body weight) and the other received dose 2 (2.68 μmol/g body weight). The control group received saline. After birth, a first group of pups was euthanized at the 7th day of life and the second group at the 21st day of life. Both doses 1 and 2 increased methionine levels in the brain of the mother rats and dose 2 increased methionine levels in encephalon of the offspring. After establishing the experimental model, the highest dose of methionine was chosen to study the effects of treatment on offspring. The subsequent biochemical tests were performed on 21-day-old pups, histological analyses were performed on offspring of 21 and 30 days of age, and behavioral tests were performed on 30-day-old pups. The results demonstrated that maternal hypermethioninemia reduced Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, catalase and complex II/succinate dehydrogenase activities, sulfhydryl content, number of neurons and levels of NGF and BDNF, as well as increased levels of mRNA and immunocontent of Na+,K+-ATPase in the brains of the pups. Morphological changes indicative of cellular degeneration were also observed in offspring neurons, and behavioral tests indicated memory deficit. With regard to muscle damage, there was an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and lipoperoxidation, and a reduction of the sulfhydryl content, antioxidant enzymes activities and in the levels of nitrites in skeletal muscle of the offspring. Creatine kinase activity was reduced and urea and C-reactive protein levels were increased in serum. These results were accompanied by loss of muscle mass. These findings showed that gestational hypermethioninemia induced biochemical, molecular and histological changes in the brain and biochemical changes in skeletal muscle and serum of pups, which may contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the neurological and muscular damages caused by this condition. We emphasize the importance of the development of this model of gestational hypermetioninemia that, in addition to increasing the understanding of toxicity of high methionine levels, also opened perspectives for new studies regarding the effects caused by exposure to excess methionine due to a genetic condition or a diet rich in protein during prenatal life.

A hipermetioninemia é uma condição caracterizada por altos níveis de metionina no sangue e em outros tecidos, podendo causar danos neurológicos, hepáticos e musculares. Considerando que a placenta transfere a metionina do sangue materno para a circulação fetal e que pouco se sabe sobre o efeito da hipermetioninemia gestacional sobre o feto em desenvolvimento, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo animal de hipermetioninemia materna quimicamente induzido em ratas e utilizar o mesmo para investigar parâmetros bioquímicos (estresse oxidativo, atividade da Mg2+-ATPase, atividade e imunoconteúdo da Na+,K+-ATPase, número de neurônios, níveis de neurotrofinas, metabolismo energético, inflamação e apoptose), moleculares (expressão gênica da Na+,K+-ATPase) e histológicos (microscopia eletrônica) nos encéfalos da prole, bem como avaliar tarefas comportamentais (campo aberto, esquiva inibitória e reconhecimento de objetos). Também analisamos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo/nitrosativo no músculo esquelético e parâmetros de dano muscular e inflamação no soro da prole. A hipermetioninemia foi induzida em ratas através de duas injeções subcutâneas diárias de metionina durante todo o período gestacional. Um grupo de ratas recebeu a dose 1 (1,34 μmol/g peso corporal) e outro recebeu a dose 2 (2,68 μmol/g peso corporal). O grupo controle recebeu salina. Após o nascimento, um grupo de filhotes foi eutanasiado no sétimo dia de vida e outro grupo foi eutanasiado aos 21 dias. Ambas as doses aumentaram os níveis encefálicos de metionina das mães e a dose 2 aumentou os níveis de metionina nos encéfalos da prole. Após estabelecer o modelo, a dose 2 de metionina foi escolhida para estudar os efeitos do tratamento sobre a prole. Os testes bioquímicos subsequentes foram realizados nos filhotes de 21 dias, a histologia foi realizada na prole de 21 e 30 dias e os testes comportamentais foram realizados em filhotes de 30 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que a hipermetioninemia materna reduziu a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+- ATPase, catalase e complexo II/succinato desidrogenase, o conteúdo de sulfidrilas, número de neurônios e níveis de NGF e BDNF, bem como aumentou os níveis de RNAm e imunoconteúdo da Na+,K+-ATPase nos encéfalos dos filhotes. Foram observados também alterações morfológicas, indicativas de degeneração celular nos neurônios da prole, e os testes comportamentais indicaram deficit de memória. Com relação aos danos musculares, houve um aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e lipoperoxidação e uma redução do conteúdo de sulfidrilas, atividades das enzimas antioxidantes e nos níveis de nitritos no músculo esquelético da prole. A atividade da creatina cinase foi reduzida e os níveis de ureia e proteína C reativa foram aumentados no soro. Esses resultados foram acompanhados por perda de massa muscular. Tais achados mostraram que a hipermetioninemia gestacional induziu alterações bioquímicas, moleculares e histológicas no encéfalo e bioquímicas no músculo esquelético e soro dos filhotes, as quais podem contribuir para o entendimento dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos nos danos neurológicos e musculares causados por essa condição. Ressaltamos a importância do desenvolvimento do referido modelo de hipermetioninemia gestacional que além de ampliar o entendimento da toxicidade de altos níveis metionina, também abriu perspectivas para novos estudos a respeito dos efeitos ocasionados pela exposição ao excesso de metionina devido a uma condição genética ou uma dieta rica em proteína durante a vida pré-natal. / Hypermethioninemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of methionine in blood and other tissues and may cause neurological, hepatic and muscular damages. Considering that placenta transfers methionine from maternal blood to the fetal circulation and little is known about the effect of gestational hypermetioninemia on the developing fetus, the main objective of this work was to develop a chemically induced animal model of maternal hypermethioninemia in rats and to use it to investigate biochemical (oxidative stress, activity of Mg2+-ATPase, activity and immunocontent of Na+,K+-ATPase, number of neurons, neurotrophins levels, energy metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis), molecular (gene expression of Na+,K+-ATPase) and histological parameters (electron microscopy) in encephalon of the offspring, as well as evaluate behavioral tasks (open field, inhibitory avoidance and object recognition). We also analyzed oxidative/nitrosative stress parameters in skeletal muscle and parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in serum of the offspring. Hypermethioninemia was induced in rats through two daily subcutaneous injections of methionine throughout the gestational period. A group of pregnant rats received dose 1 (1.34 μmol/g body weight) and the other received dose 2 (2.68 μmol/g body weight). The control group received saline. After birth, a first group of pups was euthanized at the 7th day of life and the second group at the 21st day of life. Both doses 1 and 2 increased methionine levels in the brain of the mother rats and dose 2 increased methionine levels in encephalon of the offspring. After establishing the experimental model, the highest dose of methionine was chosen to study the effects of treatment on offspring. The subsequent biochemical tests were performed on 21-day-old pups, histological analyses were performed on offspring of 21 and 30 days of age, and behavioral tests were performed on 30-day-old pups. The results demonstrated that maternal hypermethioninemia reduced Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, catalase and complex II/succinate dehydrogenase activities, sulfhydryl content, number of neurons and levels of NGF and BDNF, as well as increased levels of mRNA and immunocontent of Na+,K+-ATPase in the brains of the pups. Morphological changes indicative of cellular degeneration were also observed in offspring neurons, and behavioral tests indicated memory deficit. With regard to muscle damage, there was an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and lipoperoxidation, and a reduction of the sulfhydryl content, antioxidant enzymes activities and in the levels of nitrites in skeletal muscle of the offspring. Creatine kinase activity was reduced and urea and C-reactive protein levels were increased in serum. These results were accompanied by loss of muscle mass. These findings showed that gestational hypermethioninemia induced biochemical, molecular and histological changes in the brain and biochemical changes in skeletal muscle and serum of pups, which may contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the neurological and muscular damages caused by this condition. We emphasize the importance of the development of this model of gestational hypermetioninemia that, in addition to increasing the understanding of toxicity of high methionine levels, also opened perspectives for new studies regarding the effects caused by exposure to excess methionine due to a genetic condition or a diet rich in protein during prenatal life.

A hipermetioninemia é uma condição caracterizada por altos níveis de metionina no sangue e em outros tecidos, podendo causar danos neurológicos, hepáticos e musculares. Considerando que a placenta transfere a metionina do sangue materno para a circulação fetal e que pouco se sabe sobre o efeito da hipermetioninemia gestacional sobre o feto em desenvolvimento, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo animal de hipermetioninemia materna quimicamente induzido em ratas e utilizar o mesmo para investigar parâmetros bioquímicos (estresse oxidativo, atividade da Mg2+-ATPase, atividade e imunoconteúdo da Na+,K+-ATPase, número de neurônios, níveis de neurotrofinas, metabolismo energético, inflamação e apoptose), moleculares (expressão gênica da Na+,K+-ATPase) e histológicos (microscopia eletrônica) nos encéfalos da prole, bem como avaliar tarefas comportamentais (campo aberto, esquiva inibitória e reconhecimento de objetos). Também analisamos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo/nitrosativo no músculo esquelético e parâmetros de dano muscular e inflamação no soro da prole. A hipermetioninemia foi induzida em ratas através de duas injeções subcutâneas diárias de metionina durante todo o período gestacional. Um grupo de ratas recebeu a dose 1 (1,34 μmol/g peso corporal) e outro recebeu a dose 2 (2,68 μmol/g peso corporal). O grupo controle recebeu salina. Após o nascimento, um grupo de filhotes foi eutanasiado no sétimo dia de vida e outro grupo foi eutanasiado aos 21 dias. Ambas as doses aumentaram os níveis encefálicos de metionina das mães e a dose 2 aumentou os níveis de metionina nos encéfalos da prole. Após estabelecer o modelo, a dose 2 de metionina foi escolhida para estudar os efeitos do tratamento sobre a prole. Os testes bioquímicos subsequentes foram realizados nos filhotes de 21 dias, a histologia foi realizada na prole de 21 e 30 dias e os testes comportamentais foram realizados em filhotes de 30 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que a hipermetioninemia materna reduziu a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+- ATPase, catalase e complexo II/succinato desidrogenase, o conteúdo de sulfidrilas, número de neurônios e níveis de NGF e BDNF, bem como aumentou os níveis de RNAm e imunoconteúdo da Na+,K+-ATPase nos encéfalos dos filhotes. Foram observados também alterações morfológicas, indicativas de degeneração celular nos neurônios da prole, e os testes comportamentais indicaram deficit de memória. Com relação aos danos musculares, houve um aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e lipoperoxidação e uma redução do conteúdo de sulfidrilas, atividades das enzimas antioxidantes e nos níveis de nitritos no músculo esquelético da prole. A atividade da creatina cinase foi reduzida e os níveis de ureia e proteína C reativa foram aumentados no soro. Esses resultados foram acompanhados por perda de massa muscular. Tais achados mostraram que a hipermetioninemia gestacional induziu alterações bioquímicas, moleculares e histológicas no encéfalo e bioquímicas no músculo esquelético e soro dos filhotes, as quais podem contribuir para o entendimento dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos nos danos neurológicos e musculares causados por essa condição. Ressaltamos a importância do desenvolvimento do referido modelo de hipermetioninemia gestacional que além de ampliar o entendimento da toxicidade de altos níveis metionina, também abriu perspectivas para novos estudos a respeito dos efeitos ocasionados pela exposição ao excesso de metionina devido a uma condição genética ou uma dieta rica em proteína durante a vida pré-natal. / Hypermethioninemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of methionine in blood and other tissues and may cause neurological, hepatic and muscular damages. Considering that placenta transfers methionine from maternal blood to the fetal circulation and little is known about the effect of gestational hypermetioninemia on the developing fetus, the main objective of this work was to develop a chemically induced animal model of maternal hypermethioninemia in rats and to use it to investigate biochemical (oxidative stress, activity of Mg2+-ATPase, activity and immunocontent of Na+,K+-ATPase, number of neurons, neurotrophins levels, energy metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis), molecular (gene expression of Na+,K+-ATPase) and histological parameters (electron microscopy) in encephalon of the offspring, as well as evaluate behavioral tasks (open field, inhibitory avoidance and object recognition). We also analyzed oxidative/nitrosative stress parameters in skeletal muscle and parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in serum of the offspring. Hypermethioninemia was induced in rats through two daily subcutaneous injections of methionine throughout the gestational period. A group of pregnant rats received dose 1 (1.34 μmol/g body weight) and the other received dose 2 (2.68 μmol/g body weight). The control group received saline. After birth, a first group of pups was euthanized at the 7th day of life and the second group at the 21st day of life. Both doses 1 and 2 increased methionine levels in the brain of the mother rats and dose 2 increased methionine levels in encephalon of the offspring. After establishing the experimental model, the highest dose of methionine was chosen to study the effects of treatment on offspring. The subsequent biochemical tests were performed on 21-day-old pups, histological analyses were performed on offspring of 21 and 30 days of age, and behavioral tests were performed on 30-day-old pups. The results demonstrated that maternal hypermethioninemia reduced Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, catalase and complex II/succinate dehydrogenase activities, sulfhydryl content, number of neurons and levels of NGF and BDNF, as well as increased levels of mRNA and immunocontent of Na+,K+-ATPase in the brains of the pups. Morphological changes indicative of cellular degeneration were also observed in offspring neurons, and behavioral tests indicated memory deficit. With regard to muscle damage, there was an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and lipoperoxidation, and a reduction of the sulfhydryl content, antioxidant enzymes activities and in the levels of nitrites in skeletal muscle of the offspring. Creatine kinase activity was reduced and urea and C-reactive protein levels were increased in serum. These results were accompanied by loss of muscle mass. These findings showed that gestational hypermethioninemia induced biochemical, molecular and histological changes in the brain and biochemical changes in skeletal muscle and serum of pups, which may contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the neurological and muscular damages caused by this condition. We emphasize the importance of the development of this model of gestational hypermetioninemia that, in addition to increasing the understanding of toxicity of high methionine levels, also opened perspectives for new studies regarding the effects caused by exposure to excess methionine due to a genetic condition or a diet rich in protein during prenatal life.

Les défauts d’odeurs, liés à l’accumulation d’androsténone et de scatol dans le tissu adipeux, sont le frein majeur à l’élevage des porcs mâles entiers. L’androsténone est produite par les testicules et le scatol dans le colon. En dehors de la génétique et de l’alimentation, les facteurs de variation ont été peu étudiés.La thèse aborde le problème des odeurs sexuelles sous quatre angles : 1) estimer l’héritabilité des composés odorants du tissu gras et leurs corrélations génétiques avec des indicateurs de santé, du développement sexuel et de l’agressivité ; 2) étudier l’effet de la dominance sur ces composés ; 3) déterminer l’impact d’un état inflammatoire chronique modéré sur le développement sexuel et la concentration en androsténone ; 4) rechercher les effets de conditions d’hygiène contrastées sur la teneur en scatol et analyser l’implication du microbiote intestinalNos résultats confirment l’héritabilité forte des teneurs en composés odorants mais les corrélations génétiques avec les paramètres de santé sont faibles. Une sélection pour réduire la concentration plasmatique en œstradiol et testostérone permettrait de réduire à la fois les teneurs en composés odorants et l’agressivité des porcs. Les porcs de rang de dominance élevé ont une teneur en androsténone supérieure dans le gras. Un état inflammatoire chronique modéré ne semble pas affecter la teneur en androsténone. Enfin, la dégradation de l’hygiène du logement augmente fortement la concentration en scatol, probablement via des changements de composition du microbiote intestinal. / Boar taint, due to the accumulation of androstenone and skatole in the fat tissue, is the major constraint to the production of entire male pigs. Androstenone is produced by the testes. Its synthesis increases during pubertal development. Skatole is produced in the hind gut. Its hepatic catabolism is inhibited by sexual steroids. Apart from genetics and feeding, the factors affecting boar taint have been little studied.The current thesis approaches four aspects of the boar taint problem: 1) the heritability of the fat content of odorous compounds in the fat tissue and their genetic correlations with indicators of health, sexual development and aggressiveness; 2) to study the effect of dominance on the fat content of boar taint compounds; 3) to determine the influence of a moderate chronic inflammatory status on the sexual development and the fat concentration in androstenone; 4) to evaluate the effect of contrasting hygiene conditions on the fat concentration in skatole and, to analyOur results confirm the high heritability of the fat concentrations of boar taint compounds but their genetic correlations with health indicators are low. A selection to decrease the plasma concentrations in estradiol and testosterone should decrease both boar taint compound concentrations and aggressiveness of boars. Boars with a high dominance rank have a higher fat concentration in androstenone. Lastly, the degradation of the housing hygiene conditions strongly increases the concentration in skatole, probably through modifications in gut microbiota composition

La malnutrition liée au vieillissement est souvent accompagnée de nombreux dérèglements et dysfonctionnements métaboliques, notamment la perturbation de l'homéostasie énergétique (installation de l’insulinorésistance), la fragilité, la diminution de la masse musculaire et les troubles de la réponse immunitaire. Ainsi, la manipulation nutritionnelle, au cours du vieillissement, est considérée comme l'une des solutions possible pour prévenir et traiter ces troubles. Parmi les substances nutritives qui ont été largement étudiées, la composition en protéines (acides aminés), la qualité des lipides (AGPI n-3) et les micronutriments (vitamine D).L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à déterminer l’impact de la dénutrition et d’évaluer le potentiel d'une des formules de réalimentation contenant un mélange à haute teneur en protéines solubles du lait, associées à de la matière grasse laitière, enrichie en acides gras polyinsaturés de la famille omega 3 (précurseur ALA et DHA) et en vitamine D sur la composition en acides gras (AG) du plasma, des globules rouges et du cerveau ainsi que ses conséquences sur les marqueurs du statut inflammatoire, la réponse hépatique à l’insuline, l'expression de gènes impliqués dans la régulation de l'homéostasie énergétique et l’inflammation hypothalamique, chez des rats âgés préalablement soumis à une restriction alimentaire. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que la restriction alimentaire de trois mois, non carencée en ALA, induit une perte importante en omega3 (ALA et dérivés LCn-3) alors que le dérivé ARA de la série n-6 est peu modifié, conduisant ainsi à une élévation du statut pro-inflammatoire exprimé sous forme d’une augmentation du ratio ARA/LCn-3.Toutefois, les quatre semaines de réalimentation, notamment avec la formule contenant le mélange matière grasse laitière, colza et DHA, associé à de la caséine ou des protéines solubles du lait, restaure 1/ les valeurs de DHA du cerveau non restaurées par un régime contrôle de renutrition, 2/ augmente les valeurs des dérivés LCn-3 (EPA, DHA) à des niveaux supérieurs à ceux d’un régime contrôle non dénutris et de renutrition. Cette augmentation s’accompagne d’une réduction des valeurs d’ARA, induisant une baisse drastique dans le plasma et les globules rouges du ratio ARA/EPA. Ces formules montrent pour la première fois qu’elles peuvent induire une réduction très importante du statut inflammatoire par rapport à celui observé généralement chez les vieux rats et pourrait présenter un intérêt beaucoup plus général en prévention des pathologies associées au vieillissement, liées ou non à la dénutrition.Dans un second temps, nous avons montré que la restriction alimentaire de trois mois entraîne 1/ une augmentation de l’expression du récepteur à l'insuline dans l'hypothalamus, le foie et le tissu adipeux, accompagnée d'une augmentation du facteur pro-inflammatoire TNFα dans l’hypothalamus. Cependant, la réalimentation de quatre semaines entraîne 2/ un gain de poids similaire et maintient l’insulinosensibilité hépatique. En effet, nous avons montré, pour la première fois, qu’une réalimentation avec les régimes comportant le mélange MGLA/colza/DHA, permettrait 3/ d’augmenter la prise alimentaire et de diminuer l’inflammation hypothalamique, notamment, avec la formule complète contenant un mélange de haute teneur en protéines solubles de lait, associée à la matière grasse laitière /colza/DHA et enrichie en vitamine D. / Malnutrition related to aging is often accompanied by many metabolic disorders, including the disruption of energy homeostasis (installation of insulin resistance), fragility, decreased muscle mass and immune response deficiency. Thus, the nutritional manipulation, during aging, is considered to be a solution to prevent these disorders or to treat and limit damages. Amongst the nutrients that have been widely studied, we find the quality of proteins (or amino acids), of lipids (n-3 PUFA) and micronutrients (vitamin D).The aim of this thesis is to determine the impact of undernutrition and assess the potential of the refeeding formulas containing a high content of soluble protein of milk, associated with milk fat enriched with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ALA precursor and DHA) and vitamin D, on the fatty acid (FA) of the plasma, red blood cells and brain and its consequences on markers of inflammatory status, the hepatic response to insulin, the expression of genes involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis as well as hypothalamic inflammation, in old rats previously submitted for food restrictionAs a first step, our results showed that the dietary restriction of three months, despite being only moderately ALA deficient, induced a drastic loss omega3 (ALA and derivatives LCn-3), whereas a weak increase of ARA derived from n-6 series is observed, leading to a rise of the pro-inflammatory state expressed as an increase in the ratio ARA/LCn-3.However, we have shown that the four-week-refeeding formulas containing a blend of dairy-fat, rapeseed and DHA associated with casein or milk soluble proteins, restored 1 / DHA values of the brain not previously restored by the refeeding control diet, 2 /increases the values of LCn-3 derivatives (EPA, DHA) to levels above those obtained with the control non-malnourished and refeeding diets. This increase was accompanied by a reduction in ARA values, leading to a drastic drop in plasma and red blood cells ratio ARA / EPA. These formulas show for the first time that they can induce a very significant reduction of inflammatory status compared to that usually seen in old rats and could therefore present a more general interest in prevention of ageing diseases associated or not to undernutrition.In a second step, our results showed that dietary restriction of three months resulted 1/increased expression of the insulin receptor in the hypothalamus, liver and adipose tissue, accompanied by an increase of the proinflammatory factor TNF in the hypothalamus. However, the four-weeks-refeeding produces 2/ a similar weight gain and maintains hepatic insulin sensitivity. Indeed, we showed, for the first time, that refeeding, with diets containing the blend of dairy-fat / rapeseed / DHA, would 3/ increase food intake and decrease the hypothalamic inflammation, especially with the full formula containing a mixture of high content of soluble milk proteins, associated with dairy-fat / rapeseed / DHA fortified with vitamin D.

La nutrition périnatale conditionne durablement les fonctions physiologiques, avec des conséquences sur la susceptibilité à développer des maladies métaboliques à l’âge adulte. Le microbiote représente un des acteurs de cette empreinte nutritionnelle. L’objectif est de déterminer chez le porc l’impact d’une supplémentation périnatale en fructo-oligosaccharides à courte chaîne (scFOS) sur le développement des fonctions immunitaires et endocrines intestinales et les conséquences sur la santé métabolique de l’adulte en situation de déséquilibre nutritionnel.La supplémentation maternelle en scFOS, en modifiant le microbiote de la mère et de la descendance et la qualité du lait, accélère la maturation du système immunitaire intestinal des porcelets allaités.La fenêtre d’exposition (maternelle vs post-sevrage) conditionne la nature des modifications immunes induites par les scFOS. La supplémentation périnatale en scFOS modifie la réponse métabolique de l’adulte à un régime déséquilibré en stimulant la fonction endocrine intestinale et la sensibilité du pancréas au glucose, en réduisant les risques d’inflammation, et en modifiant l’homéostasie métabolique, associé à des modulations du microbiote.En résumé, la consommation périnatale de prébiotiques programme le phénotype métabolique et immunitaire de l’adulte via des modulations persistantes du microbiote. L'approche intégrée des données a permis d’identifier des acteurs moléculaires impliqués dans l’adaptation différentielle des individus à un régime déséquilibré en fonction de leur alimentation périnatale. / Perinatal scFOS supplementation modifies metabolic response to an unbalanced diet in adults by stimulating intestinal endocrine function and pancreas sensitivity to glucose, by reducing risks of inflammation, and in fine by changing metabolic homeostasis in association with modifications of microbiota.In summary, prebiotic consumption during perinatal life programs the immune and metabolic phenotype of adults through persistent modulations of intestinal microbiota. The integrated approach of data enables us to identify molecular actors involved in the differential adaptation of individuals to an unbalanced diet according to their perinatal nutrition.