While a significant amount of research has examined the more traditional budgetary and procedural controls used by governments to maintain control over social security expenditure, very little research has examined the more obscure formal social controls used to achieve the same purpose. The primary aim of this study was to fill this research vacuum by examining both the formal and informal mechanisms used by governments to maintain control over social security expenditure and to achieve longer-term public policy appropriation. In particular the study focused on the payment of Job Newstart and Youth Allowances and how the social control discourse of marginalisation was used to achieve such control. The study was undertaken in two stages. In stage one, an e-mail questionnaire was distributed to Job Network consultants (n = 739) employed at 66 not-for-profit Job Network Providers throughout Australia. In stage two, focus group interviews were conducted to expand on the responses previously obtained from the e-mail questionnaire survey. The study produced several significant findings from the views of Job Network consultants. Most significantly the results support Foucault's discourse on marginalisation. That is the results help to explain how consultants identify and single out people who do not fit the norm and therefore represent a case for special treatment. The effect of this marginalisation process is that governments are able to assert power and authority over welfare claimants and that the process is justified from the government's viewpoint. It would also seem that society and the individual accept such institutional arrangements. The techniques of marginalisation are disciplinary in their nature and relate to the multiplication of social security rules and procedures and a correlative division of the claimant population in accordance with constitutive criteria of status and entitlement. The study also concluded that Job Network consultants recognised that the breaching regime should be modified longer-term to take account of the i nformal ethical and moral criteria of fairness, justice and the rights of individuals. Having said this however, the same group of consultant's indicated in very strong terms that recipients' of Newstart and Youth Allowances should comply with their mutual obligation requirements and that they should be penalised in those instances where they do not comply with these requirements.

While a significant amount of research has examined the more traditional budgetary and procedural controls used by governments to maintain control over social security expenditure, very little research has examined the more obscure formal social controls used to achieve the same purpose. The primary aim of this study was to fill this research vacuum by examining both the formal and informal mechanisms used by governments to maintain control over social security expenditure and to achieve longer-term public policy appropriation. In particular the study focused on the payment of Job Newstart and Youth Allowances and how the social control discourse of marginalisation was used to achieve such control. The study was undertaken in two stages. In stage one, an e-mail questionnaire was distributed to Job Network consultants (n = 739) employed at 66 not-for-profit Job Network Providers throughout Australia. In stage two, focus group interviews were conducted to expand on the responses previously obtained from the e-mail questionnaire survey. The study produced several significant findings from the views of Job Network consultants. Most significantly the results support Foucault's discourse on marginalisation. That is the results help to explain how consultants identify and single out people who do not fit the norm and therefore represent a case for special treatment. The effect of this marginalisation process is that governments are able to assert power and authority over welfare claimants and that the process is justified from the government's viewpoint. It would also seem that society and the individual accept such institutional arrangements. The techniques of marginalisation are disciplinary in their nature and relate to the multiplication of social security rules and procedures and a correlative division of the claimant population in accordance with constitutive criteria of status and entitlement. The study also concluded that Job Network consultants recognised that the breaching regime should be modified longer-term to take account of the i nformal ethical and moral criteria of fairness, justice and the rights of individuals. Having said this however, the same group of consultant's indicated in very strong terms that recipients' of Newstart and Youth Allowances should comply with their mutual obligation requirements and that they should be penalised in those instances where they do not comply with these requirements.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 2007. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Centre for Asian Studies, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 252-266).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-304). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (M.Sc.U.R.P.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Family Studies and Social Work, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-60).

Zugl.: Siegen, Univ., Diss., 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 315-323)

The Southeast Asian region, as any other regions in the world, has experienced significant impact of globalisation for the past few decades. This development scenario is evident in Southeast Asian mega cities such as Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Bangkok and Manila. Kuala Lumpur in particular has developed into a center of economic growth activities for its Klang Valley and the country. The development of Kuala Lumpur has the pattern of a definite concentration of physical and economic activities in the center with ribbon development happening along the major arterials leading into the city. Development control is very important for Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan, especially in the Commercial Central Area. The existence of a good formal spatial representation such as land use map will enhance the development process in Kuala Lumpur. The thesis focuses on the land use planning process and development in Kuala Lumpur. The aim is to improve land use planning in Kuala Lumpur and the image and identity of Kuala Lumpur through the interaction between formal and informal spatial representations. Thus, the first step is to study the existing formal spatial representation implemented in Kuala Lumpur City Hall. The scope and limitation of the GIS system and its customised SKP application is investigated to identify the potential of enhancing its database. The thesis also looks into the informal spatial representation in Kuala Lumpur. Kampung Baru and Jalan TAR shopping district were identified as the appropriate cases study in investigating the land use planning related issues, informal spatial representation available and public perception in relation to land use planning. The investigation was carried out through observation and random interview using survey questionnaire. Findings from the investigations in Kuala Lumpur City Hall and the two case study areas are compiled to form the basis of integration of the formal and informal spatial representations. Recommendations are then put forward for the possibility of integrating both types of spatial representation in one database.

El fenómeno de las micro y pequeñas empresas (MYPES), las Pymes como anteriormente se les conocía en nuestro entorno y se les denomina aún en otros países latinoamericanos, tiene una importancia destacada y trascendental en nuestro país, tanto desde el punto de vista económico y social como bajo una perspectiva jurídica, aunque en este último caso se pueden resaltar las deficiencias en materia legislativa y aún doctrinaria. Las micro y pequeñas empresas han sido entendidas por quienes han abordado su análisis y problemática como un fenómeno subsidiario, subordinado al tema de la gran empresa, la cual deviene un modelo hierático cuyas características necesariamente deben ser adoptadas por las MYPES. Es más, la propia legislación que regula a éstas, llámese Ley de Promoción y Formalización de la Micro y Pequeña Empresa, Número 28015 y su Reglamento, Decreto Supremo 009-2003-TR, así como toda la gama de dispositivos legales donde se alude a esta forma empresarial, trata al sector MYPE restándole la importancia que su envergadura posee. No olvidemos que este sector empresarial ocupa al menos el 30% de la Población Económicamente Activa del país y genera el 20% del Producto Nacional Bruto. Asimismo, según cálculos gubernamentales, alrededor del 98% de las empresas nacionales son MYPES. Agréguese a estos datos estadísticos la cantidad de familias peruanas que dependen del trabajo y producción de estos negocios. Las cifras son contundentes y demuestran la necesidad de otorgar a las MYPES la importancia que realmente tienen. Sin embargo, la cuestión esencial en éste tema tiene que ver con el factor informalidad, que lamentablemente caracteriza a la micro y pequeña empresa; informalidad que se revela a través de las cifras proporcionadas por el propio Ministerio de Trabajo y Promoción del Empleo, según el cual, solamente un 9% de las microempresas del país es formal, alcanzando el universo de trabajadores visibles, esto es, de los que aparecen formalmente como dependientes en materia de trabajo, solamente un 5%.Tratándose de la pequeña empresa la situación es menos dramática, pero no desprovista de signos preocupantes. Así, las cifras revelaron que al menos un 30% de empresas de este tipo se encontraba en la informalidad. Además, en el caso específico de las microempresas el 95% de estas unidades productivas carece de beneficios laborales. Las consecuencias de estos indicadores son catastróficas desde el punto de vista social y económico. Ahora bien, ¿Cómo incide la informalidad en la vigencia y desarrollo de las MYPES?, precisamente ese es el tópico que vamos a analizar en este trabajo y asimismo ¿Cuál es el nivel de eficiencia que la Ley peruana obtiene en la lucha contra la informalidad en este sector empresarial? / Tesis