Anonymes est un recueil hétérogène de nouvelles courtes sur les thèmes de la mélancolie et de l'exclusion. Chaque nouvelle est la dramatisation d'un instant précis de la vie des personnages et ne sont contenues en elles que les actions qui mènent à l'aboutissement de ce moment. Ainsi, chaque texte se veut le captage instantané d'une expérience humaine. La langue employée est un québécois correct : disons un français académique ponctué d'expressions et de tournures locales. Il y a peu de proximité entre les personnages et l'instance narrative, celle-ci se bornant au rôle de témoin silencieux. La distance entre la narration et l'action vise à produire un effet de détachement vis-à-vis du sujet exploré. Ce détachement est nécessaire à l'expérience de l'exclusion. Les lieux explorés sont ceux qui composent le paysage urbain : un parc, une ruelle, un bâtiment déserté, un appartement. Les noms de ceux-ci ne sont pas dévoilés, pas plus que ceux des personnages : autre manière de suggérer l'anonymat et la cruauté que subissent les personnages. L'auteur, la plume, le texte est une réflexion personnelle sur différents aspects du travail d'écrivain de nouvelles. Divisé en cinq parties, cet appareil réflexif propose une vision selon laquelle la force de la littérature réside dans l'engagement de l'auteur, tant au niveau social qu'artistique, que seul cet engagement permet à la littérature de trouver sa légitimité. Il met également de l'avant l'idée que la littérature a pour rôle d'être le vecteur d'une réalité nouvelle susceptible d'ébranler celle de celui ou de celle qui la lit. De plus, on y expose un questionnement sur la notion de destinataire de l'oeuvre littéraire. L'idée mise de l'avant est que la littérature ne fonctionne pas selon un axe communicationnel standard. En effet, la littérature naît d'une distortion de l'ordre de la communication (locuteur-message-destinataire). On y discute également le rôle du personnage dans les différents genres narratifs de la littérature, notamment le roman et la nouvelle. Quelques nuances apparaissent dans la fonction même du personnage, autour duquel s'organise le roman, mais qui, dans la nouvelle, revêt un rôle plus ambivalent, davantage lié aux autres éléments du texte. Enfin, l'appareil réflexif se questionne sur l'utilisation du langage dans la construction de la réalité du texte littéraire selon le concept de grandiloquence développé par Clément Rosset dans Le réel, traité d'idiotie (Les éditions de Minuit, Paris, 1977). ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Engagement,Réalité, Destinataire, Nouvelle, Mélancolie, Exclusion.

Published Article / This paper seeks to problematise the discourse of social justice in education and engage educational practitioners in tensions that exist in understanding the theory of social justice. I argue that social justice in education is constructed in a way that seeks to disturb not only the tensions of conceptualisation but the traditional power relations present in educational practice as well. This paper is influenced by an eclectic mix of theoretical sources; I have adopted, as a critical lens, poststructuralist, postmodernist, feminist as well as postcolonial theories to interrogate the social justice discourse. While the paper argues that the concept social justice is dynamic and fluid, it attempts to draw the discomforting truths or tensions of conceptualizing social justice. The debates around the conceptualisation of social justice will enable us to better understand the theoretical position which would take us closer to understand social justice in education.

This exegesis follows the development and application of an informal learning model for marginalised young people frequenting the inner city area of Melbourne, Australia. The Melbourne Youth Learning Opportunities (MYLO) project emerged in response to an increasingly visible community of young people frequenting the city campuses and a simultaneous wave of public concern about young people's options in Melbourne around the turn of the millennium. The application of an action research model was central to the research and is reflected throughout this exegesis. The recurring steps of reflection, planning, analysis and action are witnessed throughout the life of the MYLO project on both micro and macro scales. The research methodology reflects action research principles of consultation and continual improvement whilst simultaneously catering for traditional academic principles of rigour and validity. Combined qualitative and quantitative data collection was supported by careful data reduction and display before the determination of findings and according actions. The exegesis follows the creation and trial of an innovative youth learning model. In turn, the work explores the evaluation of the trial, the dissemination of project results, efforts at forward planning and the eventual piloting of the model. Throughout the document the reflections of the project team and, more particularly, the author (as primary researcher) are closely considered. The exegesis concludes with an analysis of developments in literature since the time of MYLO's creation, the contribution of the project to this body of knowledge, the long term outcomes for the MYLO model and the long term outcomes in terms of the author's own personal and professional development.

Through a case study of the experiences of eight undergraduate students participating in the St. Thomas More College/Intercordia Canada international community service-learning programme (2008), this thesis seeks to assess whether the participants learning has proved transformational through an analysis of the forms and processes of transformative learning as developed by Richard Kiely (2002, 2004, 2005). Content analysis of semi-structured student interviews (pre and post-participation), programme materials, student journals, academic reflections and essays reveal transformative shifts across the political, moral, intellectual, cultural, personal and spiritual learning domains. The study adds to the research on international community service-learning through an analysis of Kielys transformative learning theory in a new context, and explores how context affects learning processes. Findings indicate the dynamics of participant vulnerability and acceptance from host communities can provide for transformational relationships of solidarity across difference.

Through a case study of the experiences of eight undergraduate students participating in the St. Thomas More College/Intercordia Canada international community service-learning programme (2008), this thesis seeks to assess whether the participants learning has proved transformational through an analysis of the forms and processes of transformative learning as developed by Richard Kiely (2002, 2004, 2005). Content analysis of semi-structured student interviews (pre and post-participation), programme materials, student journals, academic reflections and essays reveal transformative shifts across the political, moral, intellectual, cultural, personal and spiritual learning domains. The study adds to the research on international community service-learning through an analysis of Kielys transformative learning theory in a new context, and explores how context affects learning processes. Findings indicate the dynamics of participant vulnerability and acceptance from host communities can provide for transformational relationships of solidarity across difference.

Si de nombreux travaux se sont employés à décrire les rapports biographiques de Balzac avec la peinture, à relever les oeuvres et les artistes réels cités dans La Comédie humaine ou à étudier les emprunts à la technique picturale au sein même de l'esthétique romanesque balzacienne, peu de chercheurs se sont précisément penchés sur le personnage du peintre dans l'oeuvre de Balzac. Profitant de cette lacune dans les études balzaciennes, le but de notre mémoire est d'étudier de plus près les modalités, les fondements et les implications d'une hypothétique mise à l'écart sociale du peintre balzacien pour évaluer si elle est finalement évidente et inéluctable, ou si elle n'est pas plutôt nuancée, selon les figurations. Dans notre premier chapitre, nous nous sommes penchée sur la marginalisation du peintre en appréhendant ce dernier en tant qu'individu hors-norme et décalé vis-à-vis de la société fictive au sein de laquelle il évolue. Nous avons pu observer que sa singularié était traduite tant dans sa corporalité problématisée par une suractivité intellectuelle que dans sa moralité forcément influencée par son activité artistique. Au second chapitre, nous avons plutôt cherché à appréhender le peintre balzacien, non plus individuellement, mais en tant qu'élément d'un collectif fictif lui-même marginalisé dans l'univers balzacien. Grâce à cet angle de recherche, nous avons remarqué que le collectif fictif des peintres balzaciens semblait bel et bien se constituer et se placer lui-même en marge du monde balzacien, que ce soit symboliquement, dans la nature de ses rapports à d'autres classes sociales fictives, ou géographiquement, vu le nombre restreint des lieux qu'il fréquente. Enfin, dans le dernier chapitre de notre mémoire, nous avons examiné les compromissions auxquelles se livre le peintre qui, bien que marginalisé individuellement et collectivement, fait quelques tentatives afin de mieux s'intégrer à la société fictive dont il est issu. À ce propos, nous avons compris que les peintres balzaciens pouvaient acquérir un confort économique par la réalisation de tâches artistiques subalternes et bénéficier de certains avantages institutionnels et sociaux, à la condition de ne pas compromettre, pour y parvenir, leur intégrité artistique et leur nature désintéressée au sein d'une vie dissolue et de la prostitution de leur art. L'ambivalence entre, d'une part, le peintre marginalisé et le collectif mis à l'écart auquel il appartient, et, d'autre part, les compromissions faites par les peintres dans le but d'atteindre une réussite économique et sociale, pourrait sembler une véritable contradiction. Cependant, comme dans l'oeuvre balzacienne le désir d'élévation sociale caractérise tous les personnages, il n'est que naturel qu'une telle ambigüité préside dans le portrait des peintres de La Comédie humaine. De plus, c'est peut¸être grâce à la marge où les place Balzac en tant qu'individus et collectif fictif, que les peintres s'en sortent si bien dans leurs compromissions avec le jeu social.

Em 1849, Dostoiévski publica Niétotchka Niezvânova. No centro da narrativa temos uma mulher cujos fatos de sua vida (na infância) são trazidos à tona pelo seu próprio ponto de vista. Suas memórias, dadas as ambiguidades presentes, vão ao encontro de Memórias do Subsolo, publicada em 1864. Memórias, apesar de ser uma obra posterior de Dostoiévski em relação à Niétotchka Niezvânova, faz-nos pensar em muitos procedimentos literários e temas desenvolvidos que já fermentavam antes, de algum modo e com certas particularidades, nesta obra que será analisada aqui. Haverá um esforço em demonstrar como Niétotchka (uma mulher) fala do seu subsolo e como aquilo que é narrado em primeira pessoa, da maneira como é exposto a nós leitores, diz-nos muito sobre o verdadeiro caráter desta personagem feminina. O que nos leva, inevitavelmente, a uma questão fundamental na elaboração da personagem: a marginalização do ser humano, em seus diversos aspectos, que pretendemos discorrer ao longo da pesquisa apresentada aqui. / In 1849, Dostoevsky publishes Netochka Nezvanova, which has the plot focused ona woman that has thefacts of her life (in childhood) brought outthrough her own point of view. Her memories, given the held ambiguities, go against Notes from Underground, which was published in 1864. Although it came out later than Netochka Nezvanova, Notes makes us recall many literary methods and handled themes which, in some extent, were latent in the book analysed here. It will be sought to demonstrate how Netochka (a woman) speaks out from her underground and howher first-person narrative, as it is exposed to us readers, says a lot about the true nature of this female character. It leads us, inevitably, to a fundamental pointin the creation of such a character: the many facets of human marginalisation, which we intend to discourse along this research.

This thesis examines why, in spite of three decades of EO policy, workplace inequality persists between women and men. At the heart of this is the explicit question of whether the law is an effective vehicle for change. This thesis researches and analyses the four predominant areas in the EO policy process: EU approach to EO policy, national approach to EO policy, company approach to EO policy, and employee approach to and use of EO policy. This thesis argues that a liberal approach to the law (men's rules for women's rights) is not an effective means of attaining equality. In terms of both policy content and the process of policy making the status quo is upheld rather than challenged. In terms of policy content, the current trend for reconciliation of work and family, aimed predominantly at women, upholds the 'mother as carer' archetype. This has a marked effect even on women who are not mothers: childless women suffer from anticipatory discrimination yet do not benefit from child based policies. Importantly, this thesis shows that at a workplace with a more traditional EO policy awareness and use of EO policy, as well as attitude towards it, are all low. However, at a workplace with a more proactive EO policy, based on the inclusion of all groups of workers, these three areas are marked considerably higher. Despite their increased presence, women may continue to be marginaIised from policy making because they approach politics differently from men. The things women value, such as conciliation, inclusion, and the pooling of ideas, lose out to the confrontational 'power over' style of a political system designed for men. Research of UK MEP's demonstrates that women and men have different attitudes towards working women, towards EO policy, and towards the changes necessary to affect equality for women. Crucially, unless women's alternative approach is allowed to sit alongside the more traditional liberal approach to policy making, women will continue to be marginalised politically. However, women should not wait for change to happen, but orchestrate their own liberation. Women need to start setting the beat by banging their drums.

While a significant amount of research has examined the more traditional budgetary and procedural controls used by governments to maintain control over social security expenditure, very little research has examined the more obscure formal social controls used to achieve the same purpose. The primary aim of this study was to fill this research vacuum by examining both the formal and informal mechanisms used by governments to maintain control over social security expenditure and to achieve longer-term public policy appropriation. In particular the study focused on the payment of Job Newstart and Youth Allowances and how the social control discourse of marginalisation was used to achieve such control. The study was undertaken in two stages. In stage one, an e-mail questionnaire was distributed to Job Network consultants (n = 739) employed at 66 not-for-profit Job Network Providers throughout Australia. In stage two, focus group interviews were conducted to expand on the responses previously obtained from the e-mail questionnaire survey. The study produced several significant findings from the views of Job Network consultants. Most significantly the results support Foucault's discourse on marginalisation. That is the results help to explain how consultants identify and single out people who do not fit the norm and therefore represent a case for special treatment. The effect of this marginalisation process is that governments are able to assert power and authority over welfare claimants and that the process is justified from the government's viewpoint. It would also seem that society and the individual accept such institutional arrangements. The techniques of marginalisation are disciplinary in their nature and relate to the multiplication of social security rules and procedures and a correlative division of the claimant population in accordance with constitutive criteria of status and entitlement. The study also concluded that Job Network consultants recognised that the breaching regime should be modified longer-term to take account of the i nformal ethical and moral criteria of fairness, justice and the rights of individuals. Having said this however, the same group of consultant's indicated in very strong terms that recipients' of Newstart and Youth Allowances should comply with their mutual obligation requirements and that they should be penalised in those instances where they do not comply with these requirements.

While a significant amount of research has examined the more traditional budgetary and procedural controls used by governments to maintain control over social security expenditure, very little research has examined the more obscure formal social controls used to achieve the same purpose. The primary aim of this study was to fill this research vacuum by examining both the formal and informal mechanisms used by governments to maintain control over social security expenditure and to achieve longer-term public policy appropriation. In particular the study focused on the payment of Job Newstart and Youth Allowances and how the social control discourse of marginalisation was used to achieve such control. The study was undertaken in two stages. In stage one, an e-mail questionnaire was distributed to Job Network consultants (n = 739) employed at 66 not-for-profit Job Network Providers throughout Australia. In stage two, focus group interviews were conducted to expand on the responses previously obtained from the e-mail questionnaire survey. The study produced several significant findings from the views of Job Network consultants. Most significantly the results support Foucault's discourse on marginalisation. That is the results help to explain how consultants identify and single out people who do not fit the norm and therefore represent a case for special treatment. The effect of this marginalisation process is that governments are able to assert power and authority over welfare claimants and that the process is justified from the government's viewpoint. It would also seem that society and the individual accept such institutional arrangements. The techniques of marginalisation are disciplinary in their nature and relate to the multiplication of social security rules and procedures and a correlative division of the claimant population in accordance with constitutive criteria of status and entitlement. The study also concluded that Job Network consultants recognised that the breaching regime should be modified longer-term to take account of the i nformal ethical and moral criteria of fairness, justice and the rights of individuals. Having said this however, the same group of consultant's indicated in very strong terms that recipients' of Newstart and Youth Allowances should comply with their mutual obligation requirements and that they should be penalised in those instances where they do not comply with these requirements.