Pendant très longtemps, la littérature sénégalaise d’expression française s’est enrichie suivant les canons de l’esthétique occidentale. Du point de vue du style et des techniques de narration, les écrivains sénégalais de la première génération montraient une certaine maîtrise et dépendance de ceux-là. À une période récente, d’autres écrivains ont exprimé, dans leur choix d’écriture, une liberté de style et de ton vis-à-vis de la tradition littéraire. Le corpus choisi dans cette étude, s’inscrivant dans une dynamique de rupture d’avec les anciens récits de héros positifs, est constitué d’échantillons d’oeuvres d’écrivains appartenant à toutes les générations. Ces derniers, ne s’alignant pas sur les anciens canons esthétiques, offrent un nouveau regard à la littérature sénégalaise sous le prisme de la marginalisation.Dans cette étude nous relevons et analysons les éléments constituant l’esthétique de la marginalisation dans le texte sénégalais d’expression française. Pour situer le lecteur dans le contexte sénégalais, il nous incombe de signaler la diversité ethnique et religieuse qui fait du wolof l’une des langues nationales, du français, la langue officielle et de l’Islam, la religion dominante. Ces différentes composantes s’interfèrent dans les textes à travers des procédés narratifs et stylistiques mis en place pour créer d’autres types de discours. Pour donner corps et forme à ceux-là, les écrivains ont créé des figures marginales à cet effet.En définitive, analyser l’esthétique de la marginalisation dans la littérature sénégalaise d’expression française, c’est interroger les formes de discours, de structures des récits et d’images que les auteurs mettent en oeuvre pour transgresser les normes établies. Et quand leur écriture s’approprie la marginalisation, le renouvellement des effets stylistiques et le changement de champs thématiques deviennent des formes de refus et de rébellion. / For a very long time, the Senegalese literature of French expression has expanded following the canons of Western aesthetics. From a stylistic and narrative techniques perspective, the Senegalese writers of the first generation showed a sense of mastery and dependence on the former. Of recent, other writers have expressed in their choice of writing, their freedom of style and tone in relation to literary tradition. The chosen corpus in this study, following a dynamic break from old stories of positive heroes, consists of samples of works by writers belonging to all generations. These, aligning with the old aesthetic canons, offer a new look to the Senegalese literature under the prism of marginalization.In this study we identify and analyze the elements constituting the aesthetics of marginalization in the French-speaking Senegalese text. To place the reader in a Senegalese context, we deem it necessary to point out the ethnic and religious diversity which makes Wolof one of the national languages, French, the official language and Islam, the dominant religion. These different components interfere in the texts through narrative and stylistic processes used in order to create other types of discourse. To give concrete form to them, the writers have created marginal figures to that effect.Finally, to analyze the aesthetics of marginalization in Senegalese literature of French expression, it is to reflect on speech forms, story and image structures that the authors use to transgress the established standards. And when their writing appropriates marginalization, the renewal of the stylistic effects and the change of thematic fields become forms of rejection and rebellion

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No. of bitstreams: 1 riguetto_iz_me_sjrp.pdf: 1133128 bytes, checksum: 473c891b33b02cc4e31b10208e9f9ec6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em nosso trabalho investigaremos as peculiaridades literárias que fazem das duas primeiras obras do projeto Inferno Provisório (2005-2012), de Luiz Ruffato, a saber, Mamma, son tanto felice (2005) e O mundo inimigo (2005), romances originais que, por sua linguagem experimental, sua organização interna e seu compromisso com o real, permitem-nos entrever uma releitura crítica dos discursos histórico e literário. De acordo com Jean Claude Schmitt (2001), a história, a partir do século XX, com a Escola dos Annales, perde seu caráter de representação dos grandes feitos e passa a considerar as mentalidades e a subjetividade como registros historiográficos importantes. Desse modo, abre-se caminho para a inter-relação da história com outras ciências humanas, as sociais, por exemplo, e com a própria arte, levando, portanto, a uma renovação das fronteiras entre a história e a literatura. Assim, a partir das perspectivas teóricas que relativizam tais fronteiras, entendemos que a obra de Ruffato pretende a revisão dos últimos cinquenta anos da história brasileira, em uma leitura a ―contrapelo‖ da história oficial nacional, sem, no entanto, perder ou diminuir as riquezas estéticas da arte literária. Por isso mesmo, é essencial, também, investigar como Luiz Ruffato trabalha a historicidade, já que é inegável a presença desta nos romances; entender se suas obras apresentam determinados aspectos narrativos, formais e temáticos que os aproximem da natureza do romance histórico, já que rompe com características tradicionais desse subgênero, determinadas por Georg Lukács (2011), principalmente por não representar ficcionalmente um determinado e pontual evento histórico, como uma revolução, mas todo o processo da modernização do Brasil por meio dos pontos de vista do proletariado urbano, flagrado em sua constituição como classe; por fim, investigaremos como as obras permitem relações com a metodologia da História Nova assim como estabelecida pela Escola dos Annales, ao desvelar literariamente as subjetividades dos indivíduos marginalizados socialmente. / This study investigates the literary features which make Mamma, son tanto felice (2005) and O mundo inimigo (2005) – the first two books of the Inferno Provisório (2005-2012) pentalogy – into original novels whose experimental language, internal organisation and commitment to the real suggest a critical rereading of both the historical and literary discourses. According to Jean Claude Schmitt (2001), with the Annales School in the twentieth century, history has ceased to represent great feats and started considering the mentalities and subjectivity as important forms of historiographical record. This has paved the way for history to intersect with other fields of the humanities, like social sciences, as well as with art, which leads to the redrawing of the bounds between history and literature. Hence, considering the theoretical perspectives that blur these boundaries, we understand that Ruffato‘s works revise the past fifty years of Brazilian history by reading our official national history ―against the grain‖ without sacrificing the aesthetic richness of literary art. Therefore, to argue this case, we need to examine how Luiz Ruffato works out historicity in his novels in order to check whether or not his works contain formal and thematic aspects that bring them closer to the historical novel. works eschew the defining characteristics of this subgenre determined by György Lukács (2011), mainly because they do not fictionally represent a specific historical event, like a revolution. Instead, they portray the whole modernisation process in Brazil from the perspective of the urban proletariat pictured as class. Finally, we shall investigate how these works bear parallels with the methodologies of the Nouvelle histoire and the Annales School as they literarily unveil the subjectivity of the socially marginalised individuals.

The principle objective of this dissertation is to study the living conditions of prison inmates from a resource perspective. The empirical section builds on a level-of-living survey of prison inmates in Sweden. A representative sample of inmates (n=411) were interviewed about their living conditions, with the focus placed primarily on their situation prior to imprisonment. Most of the questions are taken from the national level-of-living surveys of the general population, thus allowing for comparisons with the living conditions of the population at large. The findings are organised into three main areas: childhood, living conditions and recidivism. They reveal large differences by comparison with the rest of the population regarding the areas examined in the level-of-living surveys, i.e. childhood conditions, education, employment, financial situation, housing, health, social relations, political resources and criminal victimisation. These differences are particularly marked when different resource deficiencies/welfare problems are viewed in combination. Low levels of participation in and poor links to the labour market, as well as various welfare problems, mean that as a group the inmates can be described as marginalised and/or socially excluded. Their situation is further affected by aspects of their living conditions not included in the level-of-living surveys of the general population, such as the abuse of alcohol and/or drugs, being sentenced to prison and recidivism. When particular groups of prison inmates are examined separately, the situation of female inmates appears to be particularly problematic. They are more likely to be substance abusers, and have accumulated a larger number of resource deficiencies. Between an individual’s debut in crime and recidivism leading to a new prison or probationary sentence, a selection process takes place on several levels. As a group, inmates differ from the general population inter alia in their experience of worse childhood and living conditions. Further, those inmates who re-offend tend to live under worse conditions than those who desist from crime. This process is interpreted from a perspective which regards an individual’s access to resources as having a vital impact on their chances in life. The conditioning influence of society at large has a profound effect on the level of opportunities available to an individual. The final section of the dissertation therefore focuses on the link between structural factors and a lack of resources at the individual level. Economic trends in Sweden during the 1990s have made this a factor of highly topical interest; already vulnerable groups were hit much harder than others by the economic crisis and rising unemployment. Against the background of this trend and an increasing individualisation in the way social problems are viewed, the distance between prison inmates and the remainder of the population is deemed likely to have increased. This conjecture is given support by the few indicators available.

This study investigates the exclusion of rural communities from the postcolonial South African nation state as a result of the neoliberal agenda of the democratic government. This is a qualitative study that was conducted using a desktop analysis of literature and information on the case of the rural Xolobeni community and their resistance to mining. The secondary sources analysed included books, journal articles, news articles and online court documents. The study was also guided by the postcolonial concepts of the nation state and neoliberalism, which have both contributed to the conceptualisation of citizenship in the postcolonial world. The study found that economic growth-centred development in South Africa is often at the expense of those living in the poor communities of the country, such as in the rural areas (Capps & Mnwana, 2015; Kunnie, 2000). Rural communities, such as the former Bantustans, are often stripped of their land rights and livelihood strategies without their consent, at the hands of the democratic government of South Africa under the guise of development. This study argues that this is an injustice that results in the exclusion of rural communities from the postcolonial nation state. This exclusion is not only undemocratic – it resembles the oppression of these communities that characterised apartheid in South Africa.

Land is a fundamental resource, both as a source of livelihood and as a symbol of identity andbelonging. This is threatened by a global phenomenon, land grabbing, the practice of acquiring andinvesting in land on a large scale, often enabled by national policies. Land grabbing erodes people’sland rights and in particular women’s rights. In Tanzania, marginalisation leads women to be morevulnerable not only through the loss of land – the blanket – but as the main targets of witchcraftaccusations. The latter often arise within land disputes, where litigants might resort to accusation toprevent the woman from claiming her right to land. This thesis aims to explore the effects of landgrabbing on social and gender relations; and to provide a policy framework in response to theseeffects.

Thesis (M.A. (English studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Gender role expectations are mostly influenced and perpetuated by patriarchy whereby women are marginalised by their surroundings while men are granted the will to do as they wish. The institution of patriarchy thrives on oppressing women in many ways and silencing them is one of those various ways. This study was prompted by the need to explore the experiences that surround African women and that of women in the African diaspora with regard to muted voices of marginalised females. Their inability to express themselves in the name of respecting culture and conforming to the expected behaviour as per their gender is majorly explored. The current study is a literary analysis of Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus (2005) which is narrated by fourteen- year-old Kambili. In it, Adichie explores patriarchy through the family of a strict catholic man by the name of Eugene Achike who stifles his family due to his strict supposed laws of God. Also, The Colour Purple (1982) by Alice Walker is analysed. In this epistolary novel, Walker documents the story of two sisters, Nettie and Celie, who become estranged as a result of their muffled conditions. While the contexts for the novels are distinctly different in many ways, they share oppressive ideologies towards women, which is the colonial experience in Africa. The aims and objectives of this study were met by using the Feminism, African feminism, Womanism theories and the concept of intersectionality as references. The findings indicate that sisterhood relationships and economic independence are huge emancipators for marginalised women.

Yes / Joel Joffe Trust

L’intérêt principal proposé par le courant migratoire algérien réside dans son évolution ; il passe ainsi d’une migration marginale, durant les premières années, à une migration de masse et structurée. De 1945 jusqu’aux années 1952-1953, le « second âge de l’immigration algérienne », selon la formule d’Abdelmalek Sayad, se caractérise par une migration masculine essentiellement. Notre propos n’est pas d’expliquer les causes conjoncturelles de cette migration, mais d’insister sur deux aspects : le caractère économique de ces départs massifs vers « l’Eldorado », que représente la France à cet instant, et sur le caractère temporaire de ces départs envisagé comme tel à la fois par les autorités politiques de l’époque,mais aussi par les migrants. Dés le début des années 1950, la présence de femmes algériennes et de leurs enfants sur le territoire métropolitain est attestée. Leurs venues contribuent à modifier la physionomie de cette migration et amorcent le passage d’une migration de travailleurs à une migration familiale, phénomène bien antérieur au regroupement familial de1974.De la Libération à l’indépendance algérienne, les pouvoirs publics mettent en place un vaste dispositif d’aide sans précédent et exclusivement adressé aux Algériens, dans le domaine social, du travail et de la santé. A la fin des années 1950, la création de deux organismes, le Fonds d’Action Social et la SO.NA.CO.TR.AL parachèvent en quelque sorte cette politique sociale. L’objectif officiel de ces infrastructures est de lutter contre « une discrimination de fait » dont sont victimes ces Français Musulmans d’Algérie. Ce groupe constitue une catégorie atypique de migrants dans la mesure où ils sont Français depuis 1947 et peuvent à ce titre circuler librement entre les deux rives de la Méditerranée. Leur statut et la singularité de ce traitement les distinguent des autres immigrations présentes à cette époque.Il s’agit d’étudier de quelles manières les politiques mises en place ont contribué à faire de ce groupe migratoire une communauté de l’intérieur. Le recours à l’immigration algérienne a été dicté par des considérations politiques. La France d’après-guerre se trouve face à un paradoxe : cette main-d’oeuvre d’outre-mer, inévitable, est non désirée, par les autorités publiques mais également par le patronat français. Les pouvoirs publics, mobilisés sur ces questions, ont une gestion coloniale de la présence algérienne en banlieue où sous couvert de mener des actions sanitaires et sociales, il s’agit en définitive de mieux circonscrire ce groupe.Le cadre géographique retenu est la Seine-banlieue, et plus particulièrement, l’intérêt se porte sur les communes qui ont dû faire face à ces flux migratoires telles que Saint-Denis,Aubervilliers, Bobigny, Saint-Ouen, La Courneuve, Montreuil... La banlieue parisienne, urbaine et industrielle, est un véritable pôle d’attraction pour ces migrants en quête d’un emploi. Paris et sa banlieue font figure de laboratoires où diverses expériences dans le domaine du logement, de l’aide médicale et sociale ont été menées et ont pu servir de modèles d’inspiration pour d’autres départements. / The main advantage offered by the Algerian migratory flow lies in its evolution as it passes from a marginal migration during the early years to structured mass migration. From 1945until the years 1952 to 1953, the "2th age of Algerian immigration," according to Abdelmalek Sayad, is characterized by a predominantly male migration. Our intention is not to explain thetemporary causes of this migration, but to emphasize two aspects: the economic character ofthese massive departures to "Eldorado", as France was considered at that time, and thetemporary departures considered as such by both the political authorities of that time, but alsoby migrants. From the beginning of the 1950s, the presence of Algerian women and theirchildren in the metropolitan area is attested. This immigration changed the face of thismigration and initiated the transition from labor migration to family migration, a phenomenonwhich occurred well before the reunification in 1974.From Liberation to Algerian independence, the government implemented a comprehensivesystem of unprecedented measures and exclusively addressed to Algerians in the social, laborand health fields. In the late 1950s, the creation of two agencies, the Social Action Fund andSO.NA.CO.TR.AL topped off this social policy in some ways. The official goal of theseinfrastructures was to fight against "de facto discrimination" suffered by these French Muslims from Algeria. This group is a category of a typical migrants in so far as they are French since 1947 and as such can move freely between the two shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The status and uniqueness of this treatment differs from other immigrations present at this time. It is about studying the ways in which the implemented policies have contributed to make this group migration a community group from within. The use of Algerian immigration was dictated by political considerations. Post-war France is facing a paradox : that labor from overseas, inevitable, is unwanted by the public authorities but also by French employers. The government, mobilized on these issues, has a colonial management of the Algerian presence in the suburbs where, under the cover of conducting health and social actions, it is ultimately better to restrain this group. The geographical scope will be the Seine suburbs, and more specifically, the focus is on municipalities that have faced these flows such as Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, Bobigny, Saint-Ouen, La Courneuve, Montreuil. The urban and industrial Parisian suburbs are a real magnet for migrants seeking employment. Paris and its suburbs is a reference laboratory where experiments in the field of housing, medical and social assistance have been conducted and have served as role models for other departments.

Dans la première moitié du Xe siècle, Abū al-Faraǧ al-Iṣfahānī (m. 967) écrit son Kitāb al-Aġānī, le Livre des Chants. Des divers sujets que traite l’ouvrage, nous avons étudié la représentation d’une classe située en bas de l’échelle sociale : celle des chanteurs. Al-Iṣfahānī présente des hommes situés sur les marges de la société autant sur le plan physique que moral. Et leur origine de mawlā ne fait qu’aggraver leur situation. Quant à leurs consoeurs les qiyān, elles usent de leur statut d’esclaves - chanteuse pour transgresser les normes sociales et religieuses et, par leur beauté et leur formation d’excellence, parviennent à soumettre les hommes les fréquentant. De la marge, les chanteurs d’al-Aġānī purent ainsi occuper le centre de la vie de plaisir dans les grandes métropoles musulmans. Toutes ces représentations qu’elles soient vraies ou fausses, réelles ou fantasmatiques, sont transmises sous forme de ḫabar avec de longue chaînes de transmission qu’al-Iṣfahānī tient particulièrement à évoquer suivant l’unique méthode d’authentification des récits reconnue à son époque. / Alī Ibn Al-Ḥusayn, Abū Al-Faraǧ Al-Iṣfahānī (c.967) wrote his masterpieces, Kitāb al-Aġānī : The Book of Songs, in the first half of the tenth century. The various subjects about which the book concerns represent a social class at the bottom of the social ladder : the singers. Al-Iṣfahānī pictures these men physically, socially and morally marginalized. Moreover, their mawlā origin aggravates their situation. On the contrary, Qiyan, their female counterparts, who took advantage of their slave - singer status, their beauty and their excellent training to transgress the social and religious norms, were able to bring the visiting men to their knees. The marginalized singers of Al-Aġānī ironically occupy the center of the life of pleasure in big cities of the Muslim empire. All these representations ; either true or false, real or fantastic, were recorded in the form of Habar through long chains of transmission that al-Iṣfahānī is particularly keen to evoke and repeat one after the other using the unique method of authentication of the celebrated tales of his time.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT : This research study presents a community assessment to explore and construct an overview of the scope and nature of support organisations currently active in the marginalised community of Kayamandi, Stellenbosch. Support organisations play a pivotal role in the global attempt to eradicate poverty by assisting and empowering people to achieve sustained independence and dignified prosperity. In order for support efforts to be properly utilised, people have to be aware that these efforts exist. Residents need to know what services are available and where to find the services. In addition, support organisations providing the services need to be aware of other organisations that could complement their efforts to ensure optimal service delivery. To date, no reliable informative summary of support organisations involved in Kayamandi exists. Therefore the research objective for this study was two-fold: to ascertain which support organisations are currently available in the suburb of Kayamandi and to construct a typology of these organisations in terms of types of services rendered and recipients targeted. A combination of Bronfenbrenner‟s bioecological theory (Bronfenbrenner, 2005) and organisational theory (Jones, 2010) provided the framework within which support organisations could be qualitatively investigated, contextualised and analysed. To collect rich and relevant data, 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants representing 19 support organisations in Kayamandi. The data were analysed by means of a thematic content analysis, using the ATLAS.ti computer software package. Findings revealed various aspects regarding support organisations, the services they deliver, the recipients they serve, the staff and volunteers delivering the services, the funding support as well as the links of cooperation that exist. The themes that emerged during the interviews include insights regarding self-evaluation, sustainability, benefits, constraints, the role of religion as well as values pertaining to service. The findings provide comprehensive and valuable insights which can inform existing as well as new support organisations alike. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Hierdie navorsing behels ‟n gemeenskapsassesering wat uitgevoer is om ‟n oorsig op te stel aangaande die omvang en aard van ondersteuningsorganisasies wat tans in Kayamandi, Stellenbosch werksaam is. Ondersteuningsorganisasies speel ‟n belangrike rol in die wereldwye poging om armoede uit te wis en om mense te bemagtig ten opsigte van onafhanklike en volhoubare voorspoed. Om voldoende gebruik te kan maak van ondersteuningsdienste moet mense van die dienste bewus wees. Inwoners moet weet watter dienste beskibaar is en waar om hulle te vind. Daarbenewens moet ondersteuningsorganisasies wat die dienste lewer ook bewus wees van ander organisasies wat hulle dienste kan aanvul om sodoende optimale dienslewering aan die lede van die gemeenskap te bied. Tans bestaan daar geen samevatting oor die ondersteuningsorganisasies in Kayamandi nie. Die navorsingsvraag in hierdie ondersoek was tweeledig: om vas te stel watter ondersteuningsorganisasies tans beskikbaar is in Kayamandi en om ‟n tipologie op te stel van die tipe dienste wat hulle lewer en die ontvangers van die dienste. Die navorsing is in ‟n kombinasie van die bio-ekologiese teorie van Bronfenbrenner (Bronfenbrenner, 2005) en ‟n organisasieteorie (Jones, 2010) veranker, om sodoende die organisasies in die konteks van hulle omgewing te kan ondersoek en ontleed. Altesaam 19 semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met sleutelinformante wat 19 ondersteuningsorganisasies in Kayamandi verteenwoordig het om sodoende relevante data in te samel. Die data is deur middel van ‟n tematiese inhoudsontleding ontleed met behulp van die Atlas.ti-rekenaarprogram. Die bevindinge het verskillende aspekte in verband met ondersteuningsorganisasies uitgelig, naamlik die dienste wat hulle lewer, die ontvangers van die dienste, die personeel en vrywilligers wat die dienste lewer, die befondsing en die mate van samewerking tussen organisasies. Die temas wat geïdentifiseer is sluit self-evaluasie, volhoubaarheid, die voordele en beperkinge, die rol van godsdiens sowel as die waardes wat aan dienslewering geheg word in. Die bevindinge voorsien omvattende insigte wat bestaande en nuwe ondersteuningsdienste, kan toelig.