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No. of bitstreams: 1 riguetto_iz_me_sjrp.pdf: 1133128 bytes, checksum: 473c891b33b02cc4e31b10208e9f9ec6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em nosso trabalho investigaremos as peculiaridades literárias que fazem das duas primeiras obras do projeto Inferno Provisório (2005-2012), de Luiz Ruffato, a saber, Mamma, son tanto felice (2005) e O mundo inimigo (2005), romances originais que, por sua linguagem experimental, sua organização interna e seu compromisso com o real, permitem-nos entrever uma releitura crítica dos discursos histórico e literário. De acordo com Jean Claude Schmitt (2001), a história, a partir do século XX, com a Escola dos Annales, perde seu caráter de representação dos grandes feitos e passa a considerar as mentalidades e a subjetividade como registros historiográficos importantes. Desse modo, abre-se caminho para a inter-relação da história com outras ciências humanas, as sociais, por exemplo, e com a própria arte, levando, portanto, a uma renovação das fronteiras entre a história e a literatura. Assim, a partir das perspectivas teóricas que relativizam tais fronteiras, entendemos que a obra de Ruffato pretende a revisão dos últimos cinquenta anos da história brasileira, em uma leitura a ―contrapelo‖ da história oficial nacional, sem, no entanto, perder ou diminuir as riquezas estéticas da arte literária. Por isso mesmo, é essencial, também, investigar como Luiz Ruffato trabalha a historicidade, já que é inegável a presença desta nos romances; entender se suas obras apresentam determinados aspectos narrativos, formais e temáticos que os aproximem da natureza do romance histórico, já que rompe com características tradicionais desse subgênero, determinadas por Georg Lukács (2011), principalmente por não representar ficcionalmente um determinado e pontual evento histórico, como uma revolução, mas todo o processo da modernização do Brasil por meio dos pontos de vista do proletariado urbano, flagrado em sua constituição como classe; por fim, investigaremos como as obras permitem relações com a metodologia da História Nova assim como estabelecida pela Escola dos Annales, ao desvelar literariamente as subjetividades dos indivíduos marginalizados socialmente. / This study investigates the literary features which make Mamma, son tanto felice (2005) and O mundo inimigo (2005) – the first two books of the Inferno Provisório (2005-2012) pentalogy – into original novels whose experimental language, internal organisation and commitment to the real suggest a critical rereading of both the historical and literary discourses. According to Jean Claude Schmitt (2001), with the Annales School in the twentieth century, history has ceased to represent great feats and started considering the mentalities and subjectivity as important forms of historiographical record. This has paved the way for history to intersect with other fields of the humanities, like social sciences, as well as with art, which leads to the redrawing of the bounds between history and literature. Hence, considering the theoretical perspectives that blur these boundaries, we understand that Ruffato‘s works revise the past fifty years of Brazilian history by reading our official national history ―against the grain‖ without sacrificing the aesthetic richness of literary art. Therefore, to argue this case, we need to examine how Luiz Ruffato works out historicity in his novels in order to check whether or not his works contain formal and thematic aspects that bring them closer to the historical novel. works eschew the defining characteristics of this subgenre determined by György Lukács (2011), mainly because they do not fictionally represent a specific historical event, like a revolution. Instead, they portray the whole modernisation process in Brazil from the perspective of the urban proletariat pictured as class. Finally, we shall investigate how these works bear parallels with the methodologies of the Nouvelle histoire and the Annales School as they literarily unveil the subjectivity of the socially marginalised individuals.

La vie et l’oeuvre de Howard Zinn cristallisent un ensemble de dynamiques contradictoires. Issu d’une génération marquée par la Grande Dépression et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il deviendra – à la différence d’autres figures publiques de sa génération – une figure phare de la nouvelle gauche et de son pendant historiographique, la nouvelle histoire sociale. Hissé ainsi au rang d’intellectuel engagé suite aux mouvements sociaux des années 1960, il reste pourtant influencé par la Weltanschauung de son temps. Or loin d’être une trajectoire atypique au sein de sa classe d’âge, un tel parcours permet d’éclairer autrement les comportements collectifs de cette génération, notamment en permettant de s’extraire d’une grille de lecture encore largement axée sur des identités culturelles spécifiques. A ce titre, il permet une relecture des générations intellectuelles aux Etats-Unis associant des communautés trop souvent dissociées selon une approche idéologique plus inclusive. / Howard Zinn’s life and work embodies contradictory dynamics. Though himself from a generation which came of age during the Great Depression and World War Two, he became a leading figure of the New Left as well as a representative of the new social history. He indeed rose to prominence as a public intellectual through his involvement in the social movements of the 1960s, while remaining influenced by the Weltanschauung of his own times. Far from being atypical for his age group, his trajectory sheds new light on the collective behavior of this generation. Indeed, it points to the possibility of going beyond a historiography which has been largely informed by specific cultural identities. By moving away from an approach too narrowly ideological, the study of Howard Zinn’s life and work will offer a more inclusive approach to generational issues in the United States.

La vie et l'oeuvre de Howard Zinn cristallisent un ensemble de dynamiques contradictoires. Issu d'une génération marquée par la Grande Dépression et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il deviendra - à la différence d'autres figures publiques de sa génération - une figure phare de la nouvelle gauche et de son pendant historiographique, la nouvelle histoire sociale. Hissé ainsi au rang d'intellectuel engagé suite aux mouvements sociaux des années 1960, il reste pourtant influencé par la Weltanschauung de son temps. Or loin d'être une trajectoire atypique au sein de sa classe d'âge, un tel parcours permet d'éclairer autrement les comportements collectifs de cette génération, notamment en permettant de s'extraire d'une grille de lecture encore largement axée sur des identités culturelles spécifiques. A ce titre, il permet une relecture des générations intellectuelles aux Etats-Unis associant des communautés trop souvent dissociées selon une approche idéologique plus inclusive.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la lignée des récents travaux de réévaluation de l’histoire des études cinématographiques. Son objectif est de réviser la conception actuelle de l’historiographie du cinéma en France de 1896 jusqu’au début des années 1950 en remettant en question la vision homogène du courant historique de l’histoire traditionnelle du cinéma telle que l’ont présentée les tenants de la nouvelle histoire du cinéma. Cette thèse se divise en trois parties. J’expose dans la première mon cadre et mon principal outil d’analyse. Je présente l’opération historiographique telle que définie par Michel de Certeau, soit comme le croisement d’un lieu social marqué par des cadres intellectuels dominants, d’un ensemble de procédures dont l’historien se sert pour sélectionner ses sources et construire les faits, et enfin, d’une écriture qui implique l’élaboration d’un système de relations entre les différents faits construits. Je décris ensuite les courants historiques en France des années 1870 jusqu’au début des années 1950. Ce panorama me permet de mieux identifier les échanges, les emprunts et les enrichissements qui se sont opérés entre l’histoire et l’histoire du cinéma durant cette période. Dans la deuxième partie, je « construis » depuis l’intérieur d’un vaste ensemble de discours d’historiens du cinéma, d’historiens de la culture et de théoriciens du cinéma ce qui deviendra la conception dominante de l’historiographie du cinéma. Je montre qu’elle est élaborée par ceux que plusieurs commentateurs nomment les nouveaux historiens du cinéma et qu’elle se réduit à la succession de deux grands courants historiques : l’histoire traditionnelle et la nouvelle histoire du cinéma. J’expose ensuite comment cet acte de périodisation est instrumentalisé par ceux qui l’effectuent. L’objectif des nouveaux historiens n’est pas d’exhumer la pluralité des écritures de l’histoire du cinéma, mais plutôt de mettre en évidence la rupture qu’ils opèrent au sein de l’historiographie du cinéma. L’examen de la place accordée au dispositif cinématographique Hale’s Tours dans les histoires générales parues avant et après le Congrès de Brighton me permet finalement d’atténuer la rupture entre ces deux courants historiques. Dans la troisième partie, j’engage l’examen de plusieurs manières d’approcher l’histoire du cinéma. J’identifie différentes ruptures dans l’historiographie française du cinéma concernant l’objet historique que les historiens se donnent, les outils conceptuels qu’ils convoquent et leurs relations aux sources qu’ils utilisent. Ces études de cas me permettent au final de témoigner de la richesse de l’historiographie française du cinéma avant le début des années 1950. / This thesis is one of several recent works to re-evaluate the history of film studies. Its goal is to revise the present-day conception of film historiography in France from 1896 to the early 1950s by calling into question the view of traditional film history as homogeneous portrayed by the new film historians. This thesis is divided into three sections. In the first, I describe my tools and analytical framework. I discuss the historiographical operation as it defined by Michel de Certeau, as the three-way encounter of a social space marked by dominant intellectual frameworks, a range of procedures used by historians to select their sources and construct events, and, finally, the writing of history, which involves creating a system of relations between the various events so constructed. I then describe historical currents in France from the 1870s to the early 1950s. This survey enables me to better identify the exchanges, borrowings and enrichments that occurred during this period between history and film history. In the second part, I “construct” from within a vast range of discourses – those of film historians, cultural historians and film theorists – the dominant conception of film historiography. I show that it is created by product of those who are known by many commentators as the new film historians and that it is reduced as the succession of two great historical currents: traditional film history and new film history. I then discuss how this periodisation has been instrumentalised by those who created it. The goal of the new historians is not to bring to light the plurality of writings on film history, but rather to show the break that they have brought about in film historiography. Finally, a discussion of the role accorded to the mode of film exhibition known as Hale’s Tours in general film histories published before and after the Brighton Congress enables me to soften the break between these two historical currents. In the third part, I examine several ways of approaching film history. I identify various breaks in film historiography in France with respect to the historical topic historians adopt, the conceptual tools they call upon and the relations between these historians and the sources they employ. These case studies, finally, enable me to document the wealth of film historiography in France before the early 1950s. / Thèse de doctorat effectuée en cotutelle au Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques de la Faculté des arts et des sciences de l'Université de Montréal et à la Section d’histoire et esthétique du cinéma de la Faculté des lettres de l'Université de Lausanne.

Thèse de doctorat effectuée en cotutelle au Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques de la Faculté des arts et des sciences de l'Université de Montréal et à la Section d’histoire et esthétique du cinéma de la Faculté des lettres de l'Université de Lausanne. / Cette thèse s’inscrit dans la lignée des récents travaux de réévaluation de l’histoire des études cinématographiques. Son objectif est de réviser la conception actuelle de l’historiographie du cinéma en France de 1896 jusqu’au début des années 1950 en remettant en question la vision homogène du courant historique de l’histoire traditionnelle du cinéma telle que l’ont présentée les tenants de la nouvelle histoire du cinéma. Cette thèse se divise en trois parties. J’expose dans la première mon cadre et mon principal outil d’analyse. Je présente l’opération historiographique telle que définie par Michel de Certeau, soit comme le croisement d’un lieu social marqué par des cadres intellectuels dominants, d’un ensemble de procédures dont l’historien se sert pour sélectionner ses sources et construire les faits, et enfin, d’une écriture qui implique l’élaboration d’un système de relations entre les différents faits construits. Je décris ensuite les courants historiques en France des années 1870 jusqu’au début des années 1950. Ce panorama me permet de mieux identifier les échanges, les emprunts et les enrichissements qui se sont opérés entre l’histoire et l’histoire du cinéma durant cette période. Dans la deuxième partie, je « construis » depuis l’intérieur d’un vaste ensemble de discours d’historiens du cinéma, d’historiens de la culture et de théoriciens du cinéma ce qui deviendra la conception dominante de l’historiographie du cinéma. Je montre qu’elle est élaborée par ceux que plusieurs commentateurs nomment les nouveaux historiens du cinéma et qu’elle se réduit à la succession de deux grands courants historiques : l’histoire traditionnelle et la nouvelle histoire du cinéma. J’expose ensuite comment cet acte de périodisation est instrumentalisé par ceux qui l’effectuent. L’objectif des nouveaux historiens n’est pas d’exhumer la pluralité des écritures de l’histoire du cinéma, mais plutôt de mettre en évidence la rupture qu’ils opèrent au sein de l’historiographie du cinéma. L’examen de la place accordée au dispositif cinématographique Hale’s Tours dans les histoires générales parues avant et après le Congrès de Brighton me permet finalement d’atténuer la rupture entre ces deux courants historiques. Dans la troisième partie, j’engage l’examen de plusieurs manières d’approcher l’histoire du cinéma. J’identifie différentes ruptures dans l’historiographie française du cinéma concernant l’objet historique que les historiens se donnent, les outils conceptuels qu’ils convoquent et leurs relations aux sources qu’ils utilisent. Ces études de cas me permettent au final de témoigner de la richesse de l’historiographie française du cinéma avant le début des années 1950. / This thesis is one of several recent works to re-evaluate the history of film studies. Its goal is to revise the present-day conception of film historiography in France from 1896 to the early 1950s by calling into question the view of traditional film history as homogeneous portrayed by the new film historians. This thesis is divided into three sections. In the first, I describe my tools and analytical framework. I discuss the historiographical operation as it defined by Michel de Certeau, as the three-way encounter of a social space marked by dominant intellectual frameworks, a range of procedures used by historians to select their sources and construct events, and, finally, the writing of history, which involves creating a system of relations between the various events so constructed. I then describe historical currents in France from the 1870s to the early 1950s. This survey enables me to better identify the exchanges, borrowings and enrichments that occurred during this period between history and film history. In the second part, I “construct” from within a vast range of discourses – those of film historians, cultural historians and film theorists – the dominant conception of film historiography. I show that it is created by product of those who are known by many commentators as the new film historians and that it is reduced as the succession of two great historical currents: traditional film history and new film history. I then discuss how this periodisation has been instrumentalised by those who created it. The goal of the new historians is not to bring to light the plurality of writings on film history, but rather to show the break that they have brought about in film historiography. Finally, a discussion of the role accorded to the mode of film exhibition known as Hale’s Tours in general film histories published before and after the Brighton Congress enables me to soften the break between these two historical currents. In the third part, I examine several ways of approaching film history. I identify various breaks in film historiography in France with respect to the historical topic historians adopt, the conceptual tools they call upon and the relations between these historians and the sources they employ. These case studies, finally, enable me to document the wealth of film historiography in France before the early 1950s.

Cadet sans terre d’une famille paysanne des Hautes-Alpes, Martin Bertrand (1915-2008) échappe au séminaire en s’engageant dans la garde républicaine mobile qui le conduira à Casablanca, au Maroc, où il sera stationné dès 1941. Mobilisé en 1943 à la suite du débarquement des Alliés en Afrique du Nord, il est affecté à l’encadrement d’une unité coloniale marocaine. Avec « ses » tirailleurs, il participe à la campagne d’Italie, au débarquement en Provence, à la libération de l’Alsace et à l’occupation de l’Allemagne. Après avoir regagné le Maroc pour quelques années, son bataillon est déployé de 1949 à 1951 à Tourane, en Indochine, où l’administration coloniale française tente de reprendre le contrôle de la région. Durant chacune de ses longues absences, Martin Bertrand écrira quasi quotidiennement à son épouse, Hélène, originaire d’une famille de colons espagnols installés en Algérie. Par l’analyse de cette correspondance, ce mémoire de maîtrise propose d’intégrer l’expérience de Martin Bertrand, sous-officier d’un régiment colonial, au sein d’une histoire impériale plus large; celle d’une France qui mène ses troupes au front de ses dernières guerres coloniales et qui déstabilise, dans ce processus, l’ordre qui régit la fonction et la position de chaque soldat. Ainsi, en faisant parler les mots intimes de Martin Bertrand au prisme du contenu de sources plus officielles, telles que les rapports militaires sur le moral des hommes, ce mémoire rend compte à la fois de la complexité des hiérarchies sociales et raciales qui établissent les rapports entre les sous-officiers français et la troupe « indigène » tout autant qu’il explore les questionnements identitaires plus personnels d’un petit cadre. / Deprived of his land inheritance like many youngest-born of peasant descent, Martin Bertrand (1915-2008) eventually fled life as a seminarian in the French High-Alps by enlisting in the Mobile Guard and then being stationed in Casablanca, Morocco in 1941. Following the Anglo–American invasion of French North Africa, he was drafted in 1943 to lead a Moroccan colonial recruit unit. With “his” tirailleurs, he took part in the Italian campaign, the Provence landing, the liberation of Alsace, and the occupation of Germany. After the War, he returned to Morocco only to be deployed 3 years later with the same battalion to Tourane, Indochina where the French colonial administration attempted to retake control of the region. During each one of his long absences, Martin Bertrand wrote almost daily to his wife Hélène, descendent of Spanish settlers established in Algeria. By analyzing these letters, this master’s thesis proposes to integrate Martin Bertrand’s experiences, in his functions as a non-commissioned officer in a colonial regiment, into a broader imperial story where France led her armies through her last colonial wars and destabilized the colonial order under which each soldier was governed. Furthermore, this study compares Martin Bertrand’s private letters with more official sources like troop morale reports which allows for an analysis of the complex social and ethnic hierarchies between French non-commissioned officers and “indigenous” troops. At the same time, it explores the deeper questionings of a military intermediary’s self-identity.