Thesis (M.A. (English studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Gender role expectations are mostly influenced and perpetuated by patriarchy whereby women are marginalised by their surroundings while men are granted the will to do as they wish. The institution of patriarchy thrives on oppressing women in many ways and silencing them is one of those various ways. This study was prompted by the need to explore the experiences that surround African women and that of women in the African diaspora with regard to muted voices of marginalised females. Their inability to express themselves in the name of respecting culture and conforming to the expected behaviour as per their gender is majorly explored. The current study is a literary analysis of Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus (2005) which is narrated by fourteen- year-old Kambili. In it, Adichie explores patriarchy through the family of a strict catholic man by the name of Eugene Achike who stifles his family due to his strict supposed laws of God. Also, The Colour Purple (1982) by Alice Walker is analysed. In this epistolary novel, Walker documents the story of two sisters, Nettie and Celie, who become estranged as a result of their muffled conditions. While the contexts for the novels are distinctly different in many ways, they share oppressive ideologies towards women, which is the colonial experience in Africa. The aims and objectives of this study were met by using the Feminism, African feminism, Womanism theories and the concept of intersectionality as references. The findings indicate that sisterhood relationships and economic independence are huge emancipators for marginalised women.

No / The belief in market-driven ideology and the assumption that new business ventures create jobs and foster innovation has embedded entrepreneurship into political discourse. Academics have analyzed government policies on entrepreneurship, but they have tended to share the same underlying beliefs in the function of entrepreneurs within the economic machine. This article explores selected dimensions of the impact of those beliefs by using critical discourse analysis to show how government websites around the world portray entrepreneurs and their role in society. Discourses of government power and self-legitimization are revealed that manifest themselves in a colonizing discourse of entrepreneurial subjugation. The article concludes by challenging government rhetoric on entrepreneurship and questioning the motives underpinning the agenda of government involvement in supporting entrepreneurs.

Patriarchal Trauma in Appalachian Literature examines the effects of subjugation on women as it is represented in three novels set in Appalachia. I define patriarchal trauma as an act causing mental anguish to a woman and perpetrated against her because she is a woman. I use the term to encompass violent, catastrophic harms but more particularly to pinpoint the traumatic effects of the quotidian, systemic deprivation of women’s autonomy. Reconsidering classic texts such as James Still’s River of Earth and Robert Morgan’s Gap Creek: The Story of a Marriage as narratives of women’s trauma establishes a lineage on the subject, which culminates in Lee Smith’s more recent Guests on Earth. This project eschews authenticity as an analytical tool, turning instead to modes of argument in feminism’s toolkit to delineate the potentially grim outcomes for women whose agency is constricted or usurped. While patriarchal control mechanisms such as domestic violence and sexual abuse inflict readily observable injuries on women, I argue that common, everyday subordination to men can exact a similar emotional toll, especially on women who strenuously defy male dominance. These traumatic states, I further contend, have previously been read as inevitable acquiescence or a genuine desire for subjugation in River and Gap Creek, respectively, while experiences of trauma in Guests are directly portrayed as mistaken interpretations of madness. Reassessing women characters’ numb, compliant, depressed, or enraged emotions as responses to patriarchal trauma challenges the practice of pathologizing women’s rebellion.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to focus on the effects of Anglo-American and US language on the Navajos. During that time the language was bias and exclusionary. The Civil War 1861-1865, over time caused a change in the language used during the US subjugation of the Navajo 1863-1868. Data was selected from; The American Antiquarian Society and Historical Newspapers [Series I, 1718-1876]. Searched all of Americas Historical Newspapers dated 1863-1868, for Navajo and received 200 results. Other documents such as letters, reports and visually evidence were used. My research revealed a variety of language and how this language was conveyed minimized the Navajos humanity and sovereignty that also provoked and inspired harsh, unsympathetic and racist treatment of the Navajo. Anglo-Americans changed over time through altruism, the military and legislation. This paper has an introduction, three sections and a conclusion. The first section explains why the language during the Civil War was harsh, unsympathetic and racist to the Navajo. The next section explains why after the Civil War, the language begins to change altruistically, legislatively and militarily, but still remained harsh, unsympathetic and racist to the Navajo. The last section, explains why several years after the Civil War the language shifts through the Sherman Treaty, Congressional legislation, and Military Orders. Anglo-American racialization was shown by comparing and contrasting language from the overlap between the Civil war and the US subjugation of the Navajo. Research revealed the dissemination of racist and exclusionary language. But not until humanitarian efforts were made on behalf of the Navajo by whites, would the language begin to change overtime. The Navajo were excluded from the language by biases, racism, and exclusionary practices. The paper shows an array of concern for the Navajos. My research will be expanded on this subject, also this methodological approach will be employed over time on an array of historical topics and time periods. / History

yes / This paper introduces the concept of ‘organizational readiness’: socio-cultural expectations about working selves that prepare young people (albeit indirectly and in complex and multi-faceted ways) for their future life in organizations. This concept emerges from an analysis of Disney animations and how they constitute expectations about working life that may influence children through their representations of work and gendered workplace roles. The paper’s exploration of Disney’s earlier animations suggests they circulated norms of gender that girls should be weak and avoid work. In contrast, its contemporary productions circulate gender norms that suggest girls should be strong and engage in paid work. In this reading, the continued circulation of earlier alongside contemporary animations may convey to young viewers a paradox: girls must and must not work; they must be both weak and strong. We thus offer new insights into the puzzle of the continued relegation of women to the side-lines in organizations; although, more optimistically, we also point to ways in which future generations of employees may forge ways of constituting forms of gendered selves as yet hardly imaginable.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:46:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Naoum Coelho.pdf: 1787402 bytes, checksum: 5a248cba5f7b8b867614f7ae9a14cd8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-06 / Interpretation is not a neutral art: it can oppress or it can set free. As women and religion intertwine, Amplifying horizons deals with interpretations taken from the Bible text about women. The question which permeates this study is if and how the Bible text is used to naturalize the subjugation of the female by the male. This is a conceptual and bibliographical work bringing approaches based upon analysis of Bible texts and in speeches extracted from Bible interpretations. In a wide sense, Christianity anchors itself in an anthropological view that acts in a way to establish the place or, function of men and women, in churches as much as in society. Our argumentation is that many Bible interpretations bring in itself universalist and abstract declarations regarding the self, such interpretations stand in patriarchal cultural systems. In our analysis we work with the perspective of gender and with the feminist hermeneutics of liberation, as they are tools of analysis that help us to deconstruct speeches, imaginaries and representations of the female, which were historically constructed and, yet today, corroborate to the perpetuation and legitimization of the female subordination. We start with the presupposition the Christianity was and still is an important influence in the social system and in the cultural world vision of the west. Regarding the contemporaneous use of the Bible text we conclude that the affirmations, declarations and discourses that naturalize the subjugation of the female, support themselves in interpretations that have its fundaments in patriarchal and androcentric concepts. The analysis was made on assertions of the Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil (IPB), a protestant denomination that pledges to guide itself exclusively on the Sola Scriptura principle for biblical interpretations. Our conclusion is that the IPBs theological instructions on the place-function of women, contradict the Sola Scriptura principle, as they are supported by stand alone verses and-or texts which are withdrawn amongst many, not considering a basic rule of this same principle the Holy Scripture is its own interpreter, that is, the Bible explains the Bible itself. The existing polemic among authors and the appropriation of concepts herein presented may characterize a synthesis open to other interpretations, which will only have achieved its goals as other researchers accept the invitation to engage in dialogue. / A interpretação não é uma arte neutra: pode oprimir ou libertar. No entrecruzamento entre mulheres e religião, Ampliando horizontes... lida com interpretações que são feitas das mulheres a partir do texto bíblico. A indagação que permeia a pesquisa é se e como o texto bíblico é utilizado para naturalizar a subjugação do feminino pelo masculino. Trata-se de um trabalho conceitual e bibliográfico que traz abordagens baseadas em análises de textos bíblicos e em discursos retirados de interpretações da Bíblia. De modo geral, o cristianismo se ancora em uma visão antropológica que atua de maneira a estabelecer o lugar ou, a função de homens e mulheres tanto nas igrejas quanto na sociedade. A nossa argumentação é que muitas das interpretações bíblicas trazem em seu bojo declarações universalistas e abstratas em relação ao ser, interpretações estas que se firmam em sistemas culturais de cunho patriarcal. Em nossa análise, trabalhamos com a perspectiva de gênero e com a hermenêutica feminista de libertação pois são ferramentas de análise que nos ajudam no intuito de desconstruir discursos, imaginários e representações do feminino que foram construídos historicamente e que, ainda hoje, corroboram para a perpetuação e legitimação da subordinação feminina. Partimos do pressuposto que o cristianismo foi e ainda é uma importante influência no sistema social e na cosmovisão cultural do ocidente. No que tange ao uso contemporâneo do texto bíblico concluímos que as afirmações, declarações e discursos que naturalizam a subjugação feminina, ancoram-se em interpretações fundamentadas em concepções androcêntricas e patriarcais. A análise foi feita a partir de postulações da Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil (IPB), uma denominação protestante que alega pautar-se exclusivamente no princípio do Sola Scriptura para as interpretações bíblicas. A nossa conclusão é que as instruções teológicas da IPB quanto ao lugar-função das mulheres, contradizem o princípio do Sola Scriptura pois pautam-se em versos isolados e-ou textos que são pinçados dentre tantos outros, desconsiderando a norma básica deste princípio de que a Sagrada Escritura é seu próprio intérprete, ou seja, que a Bíblia explica a própria Bíblia. As polêmicas existentes entre os autores e a apropriação dos conceitos aqui apresentados caracterizam-se como uma síntese aberta a outras interpretações, a qual somente terá alcançado seus objetivos na medida em que outros pesquisadores aceitem o convite ao diálogo.

Intraspecific aggression is a widely distributed, highly plastic behaviour throughout the animal kingdom and serves to secure resources, as members of the same species compete for identical ecological niches. But the costs can rapidly exceed the advantages. Over the past years, the two-spotted Mediterranean field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, has emerged to a model organism for studying the mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviour. Crickets implement seemingly complex decisions via the action of well-known neuromodulators with analogues in vertebrates including humans. This study shows that an individual´s decision to approach or avoid an agonistic stimulus is mainly shaped by social experiences gathered during nymphal development and early adult life. In particular, the chronic subjugation of nymphs by adult males in the breeding colony and the absence thereof lead to the establishment of distinct behavioural ethotypes shifting the answer to the question of whether inter-individual differences are nature or nurture in favour of nurture. Individuality in adult behaviour can thus result from social experiences during development alone. Moreover, the decision to approach or avoid a potentially agonistic stimulus is differentially modulated by the actions of the neuromodulators octopamine, serotonin and nitric oxide, which are released in response to social interactions. Interestingly, the social status dependent predisposed response to an antennal stimulus can be altered by octopamine alone. Furthermore, the present study reveals that the nitridergic and serotonergic system play a major role in the assessment of agonistic signals.:1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 2 Methods ............................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Experimental animals .................................................................................... 6 2.2 Experimental groups based on social experiences and isolation time .................................................................................. 8 2.3 Evaluation of dominance and subordination ......................................... 10 2.4 Multiple wins and defeats ...................................................................... 12 2.5 Contests against a hyper-aggressive opponent .................................... 13 2.6 The mandible threat display in response to antennal stimulation and feeding ............................................................................. 13 2.7 The priming effect .................................................................................... 14 2.8 Influence of food as a resource ............................................................... 14 2.9 Set up and video tracking ....................................................................... 15 2.10 Evaluation of exploratory behaviour ..................................................... 16 2.11 Response to a single antennal touch with an adult male´s antenna ..................................................................................................... 17 2.12 Pharmacological treatment ...................................................................... 18 2.13 Data analysis ............................................................................................. 20 3 Results ............................................................................................................ 22 3.1 Responses of nymphs and adults towards conspecifics ........................... 22 3.2 Mandible threat display and the mandible spread angle .......................... 24 3.3 Influence of dominance and subordination ................................................. 26 3.4 Influence of prior antennal stimulation (priming) .......................................... 28 3.5 Influence of priming coupled with CDM ...................................................... 30 3.6 Influence of food as a resource .................................................................... 30 3.7 Effects of different social experiences during nymphal development on adult behaviour ................................................................. 31 3.8 Turning responses as a reaction to a single antennal touch with an adult male´s antenna ....................................................................... 34 3.8.1 Short term isolates ............................................................................... 34 3.8.2 Long term isolates ............................................................................... 38 3.9 Effects of neuromodulatory drugs on behavioural elements in STI and LTI crickets ............................................................... 43 3.9.1 Aggression ............................................................................................ 43 3.9.2 General motility .................................................................................... 46 3.9.3 Turning responses ................................................................................. 50 3.9.3.1 Influence of octopaminergic drugs .................................... 50 3.9.3.2 Influence of nitridergic drugs ............................................... 53 3.9.3.3 Influence of serotonergic drugs .......................................... 58 4 Discussion .................................................................................................... 68 4.1 Nymphal interactions and their consequences for adult behaviour .......... 68 4.2 The decision to approach or avoid an agonistic stimulus ........................... 72 4.3 The role of neuromodulators released in response to social experience .... 77 4.4 Overall conclusion and outlook .................................................................... 84 5 Summary .......................................................................................................... 86 6 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................... 91 7 References ........................................................................................................ 98 8 Appendix .......................................................................................................... 109 8.1 Figures and Tables .......................................................................................... 109 8.2 Publications and published abstracts ............................................................ 111 8.3 Curriculum vitae ............................................................................................ 113 8.4 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... 115

No description available.

No description available.

As long as disparities persist in the way women are treated as compared to their male counterparts, the issue of gender will continue to call forth literary productions. For this reason, female writers are on a mission to dismantle the stereotypes that keep women confined to societal roles. Grounded in a feminist framework, this study focuses on the gender disparity theme in Chimamanda Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus and Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions. The aim is to examine how these writers represent the trauma of women living in an African patriarchal system. The traumatic experiences of the female characters in both texts for this study are analyzed using Judith Herman’s Psychological trauma and Bessel Van der Kolk’s trauma theory to explain women’s struggles and their responses to traumatic experiences. A content analysis of the novels shows that resilience and agency are achievable and that one way to achieve agency is through interdependence which is a crucial dimension often overlooked in existing scholarly engagements.