This article was motivated by a claim in literature that migrants are ruralising Third World cities. It investigates the impacts of migration - the fact that all residents are from somewhere else - on the form and function of an informal settlement, using an illegal shantytown in Mamelodi, Tshwane, as a case study, by exploring the relationships between (1) the demographic profiles of migrant households, including their origins and expectations, (2) the form of a squatter settlement, and (3) how it actually functions as a setting for social and economic activities. Illegal settlement making is finally tentatively explained with a theory developed from the ruralisation hypothesis.

El artículo no presenta resumen.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-95). / This dissertation explores questions relating to informal learning by workers in a municipal workplace. It aims to understand what knowledge workers have about their work, how they have learnt what they know, the context within which learning happens and how power relations impact on the learning process. The study seeks to foreground the knowledge of workers in a context where such knowledge is generally ignored or devalued. The study draws on the literature on workplace learning that recognizes learning as a socially situated process. It makes use of the conceptual framework of situated learning, but draws on various critiques of this conceptual framework as a way of deepening the analysis. The research adopted a case study methodology as I was interested in exploring detail and depth in a specific context. Data collection involved mainly observations of workers at work and informal interviews in the field, and these were supplemented by semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that much informal learning about work takes place amongst workers in a work team, largely through modelling, but that this learning is shaped by power relations between workers. The findings show also that workers' learning, and their perceptions of their learning, have been impacted on by moves towards the formalization of learning. In the context of the pervasive emphasis on formal training and qualifications, studies which focus on workers' informal learning are an important counter-balance in the workplace learning research field.

Informal settlements pose a major developmental challenge for professional urban planners and urban managers and are predicted to continue to do so in years to come. At the heart of this challenge lies the complex relationship between the nature of informality and that of urban planning as a profession and discipline. The greater part of research on informal settlements has focused, and continues to focus, on bottomup approaches. While these approaches are central to global South oriented research, I argue for more focus on what appears to be the overlooked role of the global South planner. Whereas my approach delves into the intersection between managing informal settlements, utopian ideals of urban planning, and a radical push for decolonial thinking, urban planning in both the global North and global South has long been critiqued for its persistent rigid, colonial-modernist approach to the managing and assessment of urban development. The specific emphasis of my approach is on the mindset and sensibility necessary for built environment professionals to adopt when undertaking processes of urban development, a focus which seems so far to have been missing in planning debates. I argue that change cannot fully start from the bottom, that, for several reasons, it needs to start from the top. The modernist colonial origins, influence, and culture of urban planning is critiqued by scholars, particularly in the global South planning field, for ‘saving', ‘hiding', or ‘eradicating', rather than liberating and empowering the ‘other' in urban development processes. Central to this liberation, I argue, is a radical reorientation of planners' consciousness toward the kind of mindset and sensibility necessary when managing ‘the other', i.e. the urban poor, the marginalised, and those living in informal settlements. Any acknowledgement of the importance of both social organisation and identity in informal place-making lies in the shift in urban planning practitioners' mindsets. The focus of my case study is an exploration of the specific ways in which planning practitioners collaborated with each other, and with informal settlement communities. This included the power relations at play within this collaborative process, and the potential this process has to harness and invigorate the informal upgrading process. I explore these by looking at a pilot (Phase 1) Upgrading of an Informal Settlement Programme (UISP) project in Thembalethu, municipality of George, Western Cape Province. Even though the UISP is a housing policy rather than a planning tool, the UISP is actively designed to address and upgrade informal settlements by following a four-phased approach to address broader socio-economic challenges. By exploring the Thembalethu UISP, I explore the degree to which planners are able to intervene and manage the complexities and contradictions inherent in informal settlement upgrading processes such as those in Thembalethu, and the specific factors limiting their role in this process. My study adopted a qualitative case study research design approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the professionals who administered, and were responsible for, the upgrading project, together with field observation. Data were analysed using a system change lens, adjacent to using a deductive thematic analysis technique. The planners were found to have played a marginal role in the upgrading process, and their agency to have been restricted, both by their employers and by the UISP budget, as their role was limited to technical layouts. Even though planning in this case remained ‘powerless' and tended to fall prey to ‘institutional victimisation', the role of the planner as revealed by the interviews was seen as imperative in providing spatial direction and balance in upgrading projects. Nevertheless, the interviews revealed that, in spite of their lack of agency and power in upgrading processes in the Thembalethu UISP, the planners were starting to reimagine informal spaces and the function of these, and, in so doing, challenging conventional ideas of design and layout, as well as the role of the planner, and their participation with communities in the planning process. This was all in addition, and at times in resistance to, policy considerations. While this process of incipient reimagining may have been the case in this study, the collaboration of built environment practitioners continues to mirror a disproportion of responsiveness between the state and the UISP implementing agent, and, in so doing, exposes the strength of governance systems continuing to remain in place. The current study is expected to hold significance both at empirical and theoretical levels. Some of the theoretical significance resides in the move towards an African or de-colonial turn in planning, as well as towards a grounded learning-driven planning approach. While there is a body of research which shows how planning need not overlook power, I suggest specific ways in which ideas of decentralisation have exposed the strength (i.e., distribution of power) of existing urban governance systems and community participation. The empirical significance of the study calls for a greater emphasis on how the role of the implementing agent has been discounted in the literature. The findings also suggest the necessity for neighbourhood design and scale of intervention in upgrading projects, and for these projects to be more appropriate to the specific needs of informal communities than are large-scale one-size-fits-all state funded projects. Even though there has been a shift in scale and exploration in layout design, there remains a need for a holistic approach to urban development. On a policy level, the findings point to both a gap in, and a need for, greater alignment between housing and planning legislation and policies. Thus, the study offers a deeper knowledge and understanding of policy considerations, and of how custodianship of policies can become a major stronghold, if not a greater power contender, in the urban development spectrum. Furthermore, existing ideas of ‘community empowerment' language in policy documents are interrogated. In the process of understanding the workings of this, I look in detail at management styles and at the kind of leadership necessary for implementing upgrading programmes. Based on the findings, I put forward the importance of ambivalence in any upgrading project. Thus, in the context of urban development as a dynamic ‘collective', I consider the inability of planners to hold ambivalence to be a significant hindrance to their ability to envision, or to re-imagine, informal settlements. I argue that this in turn implicates the way planners think and manage the collective needs, together with the dynamism of informal settlements.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-12T17:53:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCOS ANTÔNIO SOARES TAVARES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGERR 2003..pdf: 13043326 bytes, checksum: 3b5beb5dc51c1841545c770abee0edd2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T17:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCOS ANTÔNIO SOARES TAVARES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGERR 2003..pdf: 13043326 bytes, checksum: 3b5beb5dc51c1841545c770abee0edd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-11 / Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender as causas da formação e expansão do trabalho informal no capitalismo, bem como analisar as relações de trabalho informal com o capital na contemporaneidade. Quanto ao objeto de estudo, o trabalho constitui-se de uma revisão bibliográfica a qual busca entender as diversas teorias que tratam das questões relacionadas ao mercado de trabalho e sua segmentação. A pesquisa teórica revelou controvérsias entre as diferentes escolas — clássica, neoclássica e marxiana — sobre o trabalho informal, no que se refere a sua definição e papel no modo de produção capitalista. Contrariando a visão hegemônica, partindo de uma análise histórica, descritiva e crítica, constatou-se que o germe do trabalho informal se faz presente desde a gênese do capitalismo. Apesar disso, verifica-se que o debate sobre o trabalho informal, deixa subentendido ser ele um fenômeno novo (surge por volta da década de 1970). A insustentabilidade teórica das análises que constroem suas fundamentações, com base nas escolas clássicas e neoclássicas sobre o (desemprego da força de trabalho, deve-se ao fato delas não conseguirem ir além do aparente que dissimula as mediações que existem entre o trabalho informal e o capital. Ao analisar as teorias e a realidade, constatou-se a necessidade de ampliar o conceito de trabalho informal, entendendo ser este constituído pelas atividades que compõem o "setor informal" (atividades de sobrevivência) e por trabalho produtivo e improdutivo. Ao tratar do trabalho informal produtivo, mesmo quando a aparência nega a relação capital/trabalho, apreende-se que não só o trabalho informal pode ser funcional e subordinado, como também pode se encontrar subsumido ao capital, sendo este processo de subsunção intensificado pelas crises do capitalismo. / This study has the objective of understanding the causes of the emergence and expansion of informal labor in capitalism, as well as to analyze contemporary relations between informal labor and capital. We start with a review of the literature on informal labor trying to understand the various theories dealing with questions related to labor market and its segmentation. The theoretical research revealed controversies among different schools of thought - Classical, Neoclassical and Marxian - about informal labor, relating to its definition and role in the capitalist mode of production. Contrary to the hegemonic view, we start with a historical, descriptive and criticai analysis to show that the seeds of informal labor were present since the génesis of capitalism. Despite this, it was verified that the debate about informal labor presents it as something new (emerging around the 1970s). The theoretical unsustainability of analyses about unemployment of the labor force, having its foundations on the Classical and Neoclassical schools is due to its incapacity to go beyond the appearance that dissimulates the mediations between informal labor and capital. As we analyzed the theories and reality we noticed the need to amplify the concept of informal labor, to include both the activities of the "informal sector" (survival activities) as well as productive and unproductive labor. When dealing with informal productive labor, even when the appearance denies the relation capital/labor, we verified that not only informal labor can be functional and subordinate, as it can be subsumed to capital, being this process intensified by the crisis of capitalism.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosaneAAS_DISSERT.pdf: 4589226 bytes, checksum: e7b6f28aeddfbb736bf4ddac79e5a70d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-09-30 / The phenomenon of the informality has been common in the quarrels that involve Sciences Social and Human. First for not corresponding to a temporary and isolated phenomenon, and on the other hand for dealing with a presente situation in the majority of the Brazilian urban centers. In Cuiab? municipality, the alternative commerce appears as a social answer to the problems caused for the economic crisis of the country and seems to be deep-rooted to the urban landscape. This assignment angles was the street peddlers, in special that ones who develop their in a specific location on lowered of Cuiab?. Researches pretending to fill a blank of information about this subject involve theoritical and empirical levels. The theory searched to raise in a generalized manner given pertinent the informality and the pratical level through field research searched to analyze excellent aspects on the economic and occupational situation of a composed sample for two hundred and theree workers who develope the pratical one of the informal commerce in Shopping Popular in Cuiaba/MT. The analysis of gotten data alllowed to appreciate some excellent aspects with regard to the activity os the peddler, as: origni, formation, income, perspectives with regard to activity among others. In las analysis it still alllowed to verify the factors that condition the permanence these workers in this type of informal activity / O fen?meno da informalidade tem sido comum nas discuss?es que envolvem as Ci?ncias Humanas e Sociais. Primeiro por n?o corresponder a um fen?meno passageiro e isolado, e por outro lado por se tratar de uma situa??o presente na maioria dos centros urbanos brasileiros. No munic?pio de Cuiab?, o com?rcio alternativo emergiu como resposta social aos problemas ocasionados pela crise econ?mica do pa?s, e parece estar cada dia mais arraigado ? paisagem urbana. O foco desse trabalho foram os camel?s , exclusivamente ?queles que desenvolvem suas atividades em um local espec?fico na Baixada Cuiabana. A pesquisa pretendendo preencher uma lacuna de informa??o sobre o tema compreendeu os n?veis te?rico e emp?rico. A n?vel de teoria buscou-se levantar dados pertinentes a informalidade de maneira geral, e a n?vel pr?tico atrav?s de pesquisa de campo buscou-se analisar aspectos relevantes sobre a situa??o econ?mica e ocupacional de uma amostra composta por duzentos e tr?s trabalhadores que desenvolvem a pr?tica do com?rcio informal no Shopping Popular em Cuiab?/MT . A an?lise dos dados obtidos permitiu apreciar alguns aspectos relevantes com rela??o ? atividade do camel?, como: proced?ncia, forma??o, rendimento, perspectivas com rela??o a atividade entre outros. Em ?ltima an?lise, permitiu ainda verificar que fatores condicionam ? perman?ncia desses trabalhadores, nesse tipo de atividade informal

This thesis analyzes the estimation procedures and policy implications of an underground economy. In completing this task, we reviewed the techniques developed by Gutmann, Ferge, Tanzi, and others. Further attention was also given to the estimation processes, such as the survey approaches, used by various governments. / In analyzing the policy implications of an underground economy, we examined the effects of fiscal and monetary policy, the aggregate statistics, the exchange rate, and other equally important indicators. We concluded that the consequences of a large and growing submerged sector can be devastating to the economic variables. / Finally, this paper attempts to examine the Canadian underground economy. However, since the studies performed on the Canadian underground economy are limited, the task of both reviewing the literature, and determining the Canadian policy implications was perplexing. We concluded that there is a definite need for further study of the Canadian hidden sector.

Orientador: Washington Luiz Pacheco de Carvalho / Banca: Antonio Fernando Gouveia da Silva / Banca: Luciana Maria Lunardi Campos / Banca: Ana Maria Bellini / Banca: Ana Mariade Andrade Caldeira / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de verificar em que extensão Licenciados em Ciências Biológicas eram capazes de criar argumentos para defender suas posições em relação as pesquisas com células-tronco humanas e também investiguei suas concepções a respeito do início da vida humana, digna de proteção e respeito. Para isso utilizei o grupo focal como estratégia para constituição dos dados que foram analisados tendo como referência o layout argumentativo de Toulmin. Como resultado verifique que, de maneira geral os estudantes são capazes de construir argumentos, entendidos como uma alegação e sua justificativa e que a vida do embrião congelado é diferente da vida do embrião implantado no útero: o primeiro, por ainda não ter sistema nervoso, pode ser usado como matéria-prima para pesquisa, enquanto o segundo é digno de respeito desde a concepção. Portanto, a vida se inicia quando o embrião alcança o útero. Sob o referencial da teoria da Atividade e da Aprendizagem Situada, constatei que a atividade coletiva foi um fator determinante para o desenvolvimento da argumentação. Concluo argumentando que a Aprendizagem Situada pode ser um importante referencial para a formação de professores de ciências e de sua identidade / Abstract: In this research intended to understand the ways preservice science teacher conceptulize the begining of human life, in the sense that it is worthy of respect and protection, and if they are able to develop arguments to support their claims. To reach this aim i used group as a method of data collection. The data was analyzed from a framework adapted from Toulmin's argumentation layout. As a result I found that the preservice teachers are able to develop arguments to support their conclusions and that they differentiate the life of the frozen embryo in a test tube from the life of the embryo in a womb. The former is merely a raw material for biomedical research while the later is a ife worthy of respect from conception. So the life begins when the embryo reaches the womb. Under the framework of Activity Theory and Situated Learning. I noticed that the interaction in a collective activity was decisive one to promote the argumentation. I conclude arguing that Situated Learning can be a significant framework for teacher education and construction of identity / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_ma_dr_bauru.pdf: 784486 bytes, checksum: 39d2cfb7dc1d5f5c58613bd8954f992c (MD5) / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de verificar em que extensão Licenciados em Ciências Biológicas eram capazes de criar argumentos para defender suas posições em relação as pesquisas com células-tronco humanas e também investiguei suas concepções a respeito do início da vida humana, digna de proteção e respeito. Para isso utilizei o grupo focal como estratégia para constituição dos dados que foram analisados tendo como referência o layout argumentativo de Toulmin. Como resultado verifique que, de maneira geral os estudantes são capazes de construir argumentos, entendidos como uma alegação e sua justificativa e que a vida do embrião congelado é diferente da vida do embrião implantado no útero: o primeiro, por ainda não ter sistema nervoso, pode ser usado como matéria-prima para pesquisa, enquanto o segundo é digno de respeito desde a concepção. Portanto, a vida se inicia quando o embrião alcança o útero. Sob o referencial da teoria da Atividade e da Aprendizagem Situada, constatei que a atividade coletiva foi um fator determinante para o desenvolvimento da argumentação. Concluo argumentando que a Aprendizagem Situada pode ser um importante referencial para a formação de professores de ciências e de sua identidade / In this research intended to understand the ways preservice science teacher conceptulize the begining of human life, in the sense that it is worthy of respect and protection, and if they are able to develop arguments to support their claims. To reach this aim i used group as a method of data collection. The data was analyzed from a framework adapted from Toulmin's argumentation layout. As a result I found that the preservice teachers are able to develop arguments to support their conclusions and that they differentiate the life of the frozen embryo in a test tube from the life of the embryo in a womb. The former is merely a raw material for biomedical research while the later is a ife worthy of respect from conception. So the life begins when the embryo reaches the womb. Under the framework of Activity Theory and Situated Learning. I noticed that the interaction in a collective activity was decisive one to promote the argumentation. I conclude arguing that Situated Learning can be a significant framework for teacher education and construction of identity

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Estudos Avançados e Multidisciplinares, Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento, Sociedade e Cooperação Internacional, 2014. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2014-10-24T12:21:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_CarlosEduardoPintoSantiago.pdf: 419900 bytes, checksum: f73f18881e790f5436ee7a864a56a741 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tania Milca Carvalho Malheiros(tania@bce.unb.br) on 2014-10-29T13:12:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_CarlosEduardoPintoSantiago.pdf: 419900 bytes, checksum: f73f18881e790f5436ee7a864a56a741 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-29T13:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_CarlosEduardoPintoSantiago.pdf: 419900 bytes, checksum: f73f18881e790f5436ee7a864a56a741 (MD5) / A partir da crítica ao paradigma que associa irrestritamente o trabalho por conta própria à informalidade, esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar o que determina o fato de alguns indivíduos inseridos nessa categoria formalizarem suas atividades enquanto outros permanecem sem contribuir para a previdência social e sem o registro de seus negócios no Cadastro Nacional da Pessoa Jurídica (CNPJ). Num primeiro momento é feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os estudos que originaram o conceito “setor informal”, bem como são exploradas diferentes abordagens teórico-metodológicas e suas postulações sobre a gênese e evolução da informalidade. Ao explorar a operacionalização do conceito, ou seja, a forma como o mesmo é mensurado, o autor argumenta que o termo “emprego informal” ratifica a ideia de que existem casos em que o trabalhador por conta própria pode ser considerado como formal. A partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD 2012) é traçado um panorama geral do trabalho por conta própria no Brasil, com destaque para o fato de que entre os indivíduos adultos e residentes em áreas urbanas, apenas 13,7% são formais – contribuem para a previdência social e, simultaneamente, possuem o registro no CNPJ. Foi empregada uma regressão logística que aponta haver maior chance de formalização entre homens, da cor/raça branca e amarela, com idade entre 35 e 44 anos, residentes no Sul e no Sudeste e em domicílios com rendimento per capita superior a 3 salários mínimos, com escolaridade elevada (11 ou mais anos de estudo) e ocupações mais qualificadas, que desempenham a atividade há mais de 6 anos, nos setores de comércio e serviços. Conclui-se, portanto, que a taxa de formalização do trabalho por conta própria pode ser ampliada, e que para isto ocorra é fundamental um conhecimento mais apurado sobre essa heterogênea categoria ocupacional, que engloba do catador ao doutor. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Based on a review of the paradigm that unrestrictedly associates self-employment to informality, this dissertation aims to analyze what determines the fact that some individuals within this category formalize their activities while others remain without contributing to social security and without the record of their business at the Brazilian Registry of Legal Entities (CNPJ). At a first moment a bibliographical review is made on studies that originated the concept of "informal sector", as well as different theoreticalmethodological approaches and their postulations about the genesis and evolution of informality are explored. By exploring the operationalization of the concept, in other words, how it is measured, the author argues that the term "informal employment" reinforces the idea that there are cases where the self-employed can be regarded as formal. An overview of self-employment in Brazil is plotted based on the data from the National Survey by Household Sampling (PNAD 2012), highlighting the fact that among adults and individuals living in urban areas only 13.7% are formal - contribute to social security and simultaneously have the CNPJ registration. A logistic regression was used pointing higher odds ratio of formalization among men, white people, aged between 35 and 44 years living in the South and Southeast and in households with per capita income above 3 minimum wages, with higher education (11 or more years of schooling) and skilled occupations, which perform the activity for more than 6 years and engaged in trade and services sectors. Therefore, it is concluded that the rate of formalization of self-employment can be expanded and for this to occur it is essential to have a more accurate understanding of this heterogeneous occupational category which encompasses both waste pickers and physicians.