The earliest attempt to form a confederation among the British colonies in North America occurred with the creation New England confederation in 1643. For the next one hundred thirty-four years various attempts would be made to organize British America colonies into a confederacy. "Smole Trifeles": The Itinerant in British America moves beyond traditional histories which analyze how the social and political elite worked to bring the colonies together. This work focuses on the peddlers, the hawkers, petty chapmen, and the itinerant preachers who roamed the primitive roads and highways of early America. These wanderers knit together a nation and helped each unique colony communicate with its neighbors. The itinerant traveler is celebrated in folklore, but largely ignored by historians. "Smole Trifeles": The Itinerant in British America works to alleviate this oversight by pulling from travel narratives, criminal cases against vagabonds, and merchant records that chronicle their travels. Looking at itinerants and their world opens new windows on early American business practices, social networks, entertainment, and community-building.

Neste trabalho, disserta-se, por meio da história oral de libaneses que imigraram entre 1950 e 1970, sobre a experiência desses imigrantes na nova terra e sobre suas formas de inserção na cultura local, em São José dos Campos (estado de São Paulo), localizado no Vale do Paraíba. Além da história oral, metodologia fundamental para esta dissertação, recorreu-se a diversas fontes, entre as quais a bibliografia especializada, jornais e fotografias. A pesquisa versa sobre a questão da memória, das lembranças e dos esquecimentos na composição da história do movimento migratório. Realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre o trabalho do imigrante libanês, transcorrendo pela trajetória deste como mascate até o desenvolvimento do estabelecimento comercial e a inserção em alguns setores políticos da sociedade receptora. Também se analisaram os motivos que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento econômico da cidade e, consequentemente, do comércio dos libaneses. A presente pesquisa ressalta também a importância da mulher no processo imigratório, inclusive no trabalho e na manutenção do lar, assim como na tradição do país de origem. Apresenta-se, dessa forma, uma fonte de conhecimento marcada especialmente pela história oral, que permite compreender de forma mais apurada a imigração em São José dos Campos. / The objective of this work is, through the oral history of Lebanese immigrants who immigrated between 1950 and 1970 to Brazil, to analyze the experience of these immigrants in the new land and their forms of insertion in the local culture, in the city of São José dos Campos (São Paulo State), at the region of Vale do Paraíba. Different sources were used, besides oral history: books, newspapers and photographs. The research addresses the issues of memory, remembrance and forgetfulness in the composition of the migratory movement. An important approach about the Lebanese immigrant work was also made, passing by the trajectory from peddler until the development of formal commercial centers and the insertion in some political sectors in the local society. The reasons of the economical development of São José dos Campos were also analyzed in this work. This survey also highlights the importance of the woman in the immigration process, including her role in the labor force and in the household maintenance, as well as the keeping of the tradition of the native country. This work presents, this way, a source of knowledge based mainly on the oral history and its methodology - that allows a more accurate understanding of the immigration in São José dos Campos.

Um grande mercado informal se estende por ruas e praças. Em São Paulo, milhares de homens e mulheres vendem todos tipos de mercadorias para sobreviver. Na sociedade brasileira, a desigual distribuição de educação, cultura, habitação, saúde, etc., assim como a migração e as novas transformações que ocorrem no processo e organização do trabalho, engendram uma combinação perversa, cuja principal causa/conseqüência é o desrespeito ao direito ao trabalho. A leitura e análise de livros e textos acadêmicos, e das entrevistas sobre as experiências de trabalho de camelôs revelam a formação da sociedade brasileira como uma história da (re)produção de indignas condições de vida. / A great informal market extends for streets and squares. In São Paulo, thousands of men and women sell all kinds of goods to survive. In Brazilian society, the unequal distribution of education, culture, houses, wealth and so on, as well as the migration and new transformations that occur to working process and organisation, engender a devilish combination, whose main cause/consequence is the disrespect to the right-to-work. The reading and analysis of academic books and texts, and interviews about street peddlers working experiences reveal the making of Brazilian society as a history of (re)production of unworthy life conditions.

Um grande mercado informal se estende por ruas e praças. Em São Paulo, milhares de homens e mulheres vendem todos tipos de mercadorias para sobreviver. Na sociedade brasileira, a desigual distribuição de educação, cultura, habitação, saúde, etc., assim como a migração e as novas transformações que ocorrem no processo e organização do trabalho, engendram uma combinação perversa, cuja principal causa/conseqüência é o desrespeito ao direito ao trabalho. A leitura e análise de livros e textos acadêmicos, e das entrevistas sobre as experiências de trabalho de camelôs revelam a formação da sociedade brasileira como uma história da (re)produção de indignas condições de vida. / A great informal market extends for streets and squares. In São Paulo, thousands of men and women sell all kinds of goods to survive. In Brazilian society, the unequal distribution of education, culture, houses, wealth and so on, as well as the migration and new transformations that occur to working process and organisation, engender a devilish combination, whose main cause/consequence is the disrespect to the right-to-work. The reading and analysis of academic books and texts, and interviews about street peddlers working experiences reveal the making of Brazilian society as a history of (re)production of unworthy life conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosaneAAS_DISSERT.pdf: 4589226 bytes, checksum: e7b6f28aeddfbb736bf4ddac79e5a70d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-09-30 / The phenomenon of the informality has been common in the quarrels that involve Sciences Social and Human. First for not corresponding to a temporary and isolated phenomenon, and on the other hand for dealing with a presente situation in the majority of the Brazilian urban centers. In Cuiab? municipality, the alternative commerce appears as a social answer to the problems caused for the economic crisis of the country and seems to be deep-rooted to the urban landscape. This assignment angles was the street peddlers, in special that ones who develop their in a specific location on lowered of Cuiab?. Researches pretending to fill a blank of information about this subject involve theoritical and empirical levels. The theory searched to raise in a generalized manner given pertinent the informality and the pratical level through field research searched to analyze excellent aspects on the economic and occupational situation of a composed sample for two hundred and theree workers who develope the pratical one of the informal commerce in Shopping Popular in Cuiaba/MT. The analysis of gotten data alllowed to appreciate some excellent aspects with regard to the activity os the peddler, as: origni, formation, income, perspectives with regard to activity among others. In las analysis it still alllowed to verify the factors that condition the permanence these workers in this type of informal activity / O fen?meno da informalidade tem sido comum nas discuss?es que envolvem as Ci?ncias Humanas e Sociais. Primeiro por n?o corresponder a um fen?meno passageiro e isolado, e por outro lado por se tratar de uma situa??o presente na maioria dos centros urbanos brasileiros. No munic?pio de Cuiab?, o com?rcio alternativo emergiu como resposta social aos problemas ocasionados pela crise econ?mica do pa?s, e parece estar cada dia mais arraigado ? paisagem urbana. O foco desse trabalho foram os camel?s , exclusivamente ?queles que desenvolvem suas atividades em um local espec?fico na Baixada Cuiabana. A pesquisa pretendendo preencher uma lacuna de informa??o sobre o tema compreendeu os n?veis te?rico e emp?rico. A n?vel de teoria buscou-se levantar dados pertinentes a informalidade de maneira geral, e a n?vel pr?tico atrav?s de pesquisa de campo buscou-se analisar aspectos relevantes sobre a situa??o econ?mica e ocupacional de uma amostra composta por duzentos e tr?s trabalhadores que desenvolvem a pr?tica do com?rcio informal no Shopping Popular em Cuiab?/MT . A an?lise dos dados obtidos permitiu apreciar alguns aspectos relevantes com rela??o ? atividade do camel?, como: proced?ncia, forma??o, rendimento, perspectivas com rela??o a atividade entre outros. Em ?ltima an?lise, permitiu ainda verificar que fatores condicionam ? perman?ncia desses trabalhadores, nesse tipo de atividade informal

Neste trabalho, disserta-se, por meio da história oral de libaneses que imigraram entre 1950 e 1970, sobre a experiência desses imigrantes na nova terra e sobre suas formas de inserção na cultura local, em São José dos Campos (estado de São Paulo), localizado no Vale do Paraíba. Além da história oral, metodologia fundamental para esta dissertação, recorreu-se a diversas fontes, entre as quais a bibliografia especializada, jornais e fotografias. A pesquisa versa sobre a questão da memória, das lembranças e dos esquecimentos na composição da história do movimento migratório. Realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre o trabalho do imigrante libanês, transcorrendo pela trajetória deste como mascate até o desenvolvimento do estabelecimento comercial e a inserção em alguns setores políticos da sociedade receptora. Também se analisaram os motivos que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento econômico da cidade e, consequentemente, do comércio dos libaneses. A presente pesquisa ressalta também a importância da mulher no processo imigratório, inclusive no trabalho e na manutenção do lar, assim como na tradição do país de origem. Apresenta-se, dessa forma, uma fonte de conhecimento marcada especialmente pela história oral, que permite compreender de forma mais apurada a imigração em São José dos Campos. / The objective of this work is, through the oral history of Lebanese immigrants who immigrated between 1950 and 1970 to Brazil, to analyze the experience of these immigrants in the new land and their forms of insertion in the local culture, in the city of São José dos Campos (São Paulo State), at the region of Vale do Paraíba. Different sources were used, besides oral history: books, newspapers and photographs. The research addresses the issues of memory, remembrance and forgetfulness in the composition of the migratory movement. An important approach about the Lebanese immigrant work was also made, passing by the trajectory from peddler until the development of formal commercial centers and the insertion in some political sectors in the local society. The reasons of the economical development of São José dos Campos were also analyzed in this work. This survey also highlights the importance of the woman in the immigration process, including her role in the labor force and in the household maintenance, as well as the keeping of the tradition of the native country. This work presents, this way, a source of knowledge based mainly on the oral history and its methodology - that allows a more accurate understanding of the immigration in São José dos Campos.

MPH / Department of Public Health / Introduction: Street food vending is a source of income for billions of people around the world. In most developing countries, including South Africa street food is popular. However, most street food has been linked to outbreaks of foodborne illness. The assessment was based on the general hygiene requirement stipulated in R962 of November 2012 framed under Foodstuff cosmetics and Disinfectant Act of 1972 Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess compliance of street food vendors with food and safety regulations in Thulamela Municipality. Method: The study used a quantitative, cross- sectional survey, descriptive design. A convenience sampling was used to sample 155 street food vendors. Data was collected using two instruments; namely, a self-administered questionnaire and an observation checklist. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.Validity and Reliability will be ensured and measures to ensure ethical considerations were adhered to. Results: A total of 155 street food vendors participated in the study. Most of the street food vendors were in the age group 25- 30 years. There were more females than males. Furthermore, the majority of street food vendors had experience of 5-10 years. The majority (n=61; 39.4%) of street food vendors were operating in Thohoyandou, while some (n=25.8%)operated in Sibasa and forty others (25.8%) operated in Shayandima. Forty-five (29%) of them were illiterate, fifty (32, 3%) did primary education, thirty two (20.6%) had secondary education, four (2.6%) had a matric certification and twenty- four (15.5%) had vocational training. More than half of the In regard to knowledge items on preventing foodborne vendors (n=100; 64.5%) did not attend food hygiene training while (n=55; 35.5%) did. Lastly about a third most (n=48; 31%) of the street food vendors were selling their food in the transport terminals. The survey results indicate that street food vendors exhibited high levels of knowledge regarding items pertaining to hand hygiene. Therefore street food vendors were highly knowledgeable with regard to how much time should be spent when washing hands with soap, the correct way of stopping bleeding while at work, important measures to keep germs away from the food, hand washing and methods of drying hands. However, the street food vendors displayed poor knowledge with regard to reasons why they should dry their hands. Regarding knowledge items on preventing foodborne illnesses, the street food vendors were knowledgeable about the symptoms that make a street food vendors stay away from the workplace, that the best way to destroy any harmful germs is to cook food to the right temperature, that a combination of washing hands, using gloves and keeping food at the right temperature are ways of preventing food borne illnesses. However, street food vendors displayed some knowledge gaps with regard to the correct detergents for washing vessels and why food handlers require some knowledge on food hygiene. A total of 155 vending stalls were observed. The results from the checklist indicated that three quarters (n=116; 75%) of the stalls were protected from the sun, wind and dust. In addition, about (n=136; 87.7%) of the stalls did not have direct access to potable water. Furthermore, about (115; 74.2 %) did not have adequate hand washing facilities and 141(91%) did not have waste disposal facilities. Animals, flies and insects were indeed evident around the stalls in 124(80%) of the 155 stalls. In addition the majority of street food handlers (136; 87.7%) did not wash their hands before preparing food. Regarding hand washing after using toilet, all of the vendors said that they washed their hands each time after visiting the toilet. This was not confirmed as the researcher did not follow the vendors into the toilets. More than three quarters (120; 77%) of the food handlers operated in clean clothes. However, only 39(25%) used an apron when handling food, while 124(80%) did not use gloves to handle food and only 24(15%) used disposable gloves. Although the street food vendors complied with wearing clean clothes, they did not consistently wear aprons and they also used bare hands to touch food. Conclusion: Although the street food vendors were knowledgeable about food hygiene and safety practices, the majority displayed poor hygienic practice and prepared food on unhygienic sites. / NRF