Mobile Payments’ is a new technological mantra not only for researchers, innovators, company executives, but also for every household across the globe. True to the statement, Mobile payments are in the verge of taking a giant leap towards a cashless society. Accordingly, mobile payment services are still followed in both developed and developing countries. In the developing economies, mobile based payment services has reached a pinnacle of success in a short span of time due to the favouring conditions such as very few banked people with more mobile phone penetration etc. But in the developed markets such as Europe, USA etc., with more advanced technology and payment solutions find it difficult to reach a steady growth. In this thesis, the main objective is to find out the factors that are hindering the uptake of mobile payments in European market. This is done by comparing the Non-European market with the European one and analysing the factors for success in the developing market and this success factors are considered for the European market which can be the lessons learnt for a better uptake of mobile payments. For this, four countries are selected in each of the markets. This analysis is made by diving into two phases. In the first phase, different cases of mobile payment present in both the markets are taken and analysed. In the second phase, factors considered for influencing the success of mobile payments such as Socio-economic conditions, Technology and Hardware used, Actors involvement, Pricing, Regulatory issues and Consumer acceptance are collected, analysed for both the markets. The analysis is done for two phases and for each phase a separate framework is used. Once the analyses are done, a summary of the results are produced. Based upon the summary of both the phases, the overlying factors causing success in Non-European market are identified and explained. Then they are compared with the European market to identify where certain suitable lessons can be learnt from the developing market. The identified factors are considered as the lessons to be learnt for a big break in mobile payment industry. In the future work section, Contactless mobile payments (CMP) is explained and their future scope in mobile payment ecosystem is discussed.

I would like to thank and offer my sincere gratitude to Associate Professor Jan Markendahl for his continuous support and most of all for offering me the opportunity to enter this innovative domain of techno-economic research.  I am also very grateful to my supervisor, Ashraf Awadelakrim Widaa Ahmed, for his guidance and advices and for allowing me develop my work in an independent way.  Special thanks goes to all who accepted to offer me some minutes of their time and answer my questions; Benny A Ekman, Kenneth Karlberg, Nick Johnson, Geir Ove Jenssen, Ronny Haraldsvik, Alvaro Prieto, Johan Terve and Nick Papadoglou. Thank you for your time and for offering me a highly valuable insight over the industry without which this work wouldn’t have been possible. I am very grateful to the entire team inside Communication Systems department for offering such a friendly environment and especially to Amirhossein Ghanbari who always had an answer for my questions, though not always the right one.  Last but not least, I would like to thank to my family and my girlfriend Nicole, for offering me the opportunity to study abroad and for their continuous encouragement and support.

In the last few years, the whole business world has witnessed the incredible development of mobile technology. Realizing the great potential of being mobile, enterprises have never stopped trying to implement this exciting technology within their business process and mBusiness is just the result of such enduring efforts. With all the fascinating features of mobile technology, mBusiness brings forth lots of opportunities to enterprises who are struggling in today’s fierce competition.  In many developed countries, as Sweden, many systematic researches have been conducted about mBusiness, which provides their enterprises with solid theoretical support in the process of implementing mBusiness. However, in China, the particular developing environment for mBusiness decides that its development will not follow the same road that is taken by Western enterprises. The experiences accumulated in the practices of Western enterprise, therefore, are of limited use to Chinese companies. This thesis attempts to look into the development of mBusiness in China and reveal the most important opportunities of mBusiness for Chinese enterprises, as well as to find out the major challenges that may hinder the realization of these opportunities. It aims to provides Chinese enterprises with a roadmap during their implementation of mBusiness and hopefully contribute the prosperity of mBusiness in China from the theoretical point of view.

Signal averaging is a signal processing technique applied in the time domain, intended to increase the strength of a signal relative to noise that is obscuring it. From a very long sequence of data, a number of smaller data sequences called records are collected. The form of averaging performed in this thesis was not among samples within a record, but among samples from different records. For example, let's say a sample x(n, k) which is a sample n from record k, where 1 <= n <= N and N is the record size, and 1 <= k <= K, where K is the total number of records it would perform the averaging. Input signals for multi-record is periodic, typically repeated pulses. These records are stored in the memory of the Signal Processing (SP) Devices Digitizer ADQ214. Averaging is being implemented in two ways: software implementation and hardware implementation. In a software implementation the stored records are read out from a Digitizer to PC over a USB interface and averaging is performed in a PC with Matlab. Averaging in a PC takes a significant amount of time because of reading out data through USB interface. The amount of records and number of samples per record play an important role in transferring a record from the Digitizer on board DDR memory to the PC through a USB interface. A large number of records and long record length increases the time to perform averaging. This limitation is removed by implementing averaging in hardware. Verilog, a hardware description language is being used for designing the averaging unit in one of the Virtex5 FPGAs available on the Digitizer ADQ214. Performing averaging in hardware takes much less time than averaging in software. In a hardware implementation it is required to transfer data, which is the result in this case, only once from the Digitizer board to the PC regardless of the number of records under consideration.

Group IV-based nanowires are excellent designed thermoelectric materials for high temperature applications. Ni silicide (germanide) has been widely used to reduce the contact resistance for group IV nanowires. In this work, the interaction of Ni with relaxed, compressive and tensile strained GeSn was investigated. The layers were epitaxially grown by chemical vapor deposition in temperature range 290-350 °C and the phase transformation of germanides was studied for three different rapid thermal annealing (RTA) temperatures of 350, 450, and 550 °C. The germanide layers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, high resolution X-ray diffraction, and four point resistivity measurements. The results showed that NiGeSn phase with lowest resistivity is formed at 450 °C annealing and was stable up to 550 °C. The thermal stability of NiGeSn is dependent on the type, amount of the strain and the Sn content. The thickness of germanide layer for a certain RTA treatment was dependent on strain.

Under de senaste åren har e-handel blivit vanlig bland folk i Sverige. Enligt en undersökning gjord av Statistiska centralbyrån nyttjade tre fjärdedelar av Sveriges befolkning i åldrarna mellan 16 till 74 år under perioden april 2011 till mars 2012, e-handel. Det har visat sig att användarvänligheten på en e-handelswebbplats kan vara bland annat en viktig faktor för ett framgångsrikt e-handelsföretag. Den största risken med att en kund får svårigheter att navigera i webbplatsen är att han/hon omedelbart lämnar den samt väljer att inte återbesöka den. Uppsatsen syftar till att designa en prototyp för en nystartad webbutik som kallas för Goben Skal. Designen av prototypen utgår från användbarhetsprinciper och designregler för att nå målet med arbetet. Denna uppsats beskriver en prototyp som illustrerar alla funktionskrav som ställdes av beställaren i en kravspecifikation. Den skapade prototypen utvärderas med hjälp av användartestmetoder såsom observationer och intervjuer samt hur en god användarvänlig design kan uppnås vid utvecklingen för en webbutik. Efter genomförande av användartestningen kom det fram till att personerna som ingick i testet upplevde webbplatsens prototyp som trevlig att använda samt gav förslag som förbättrar och förenklar användarens interaktion med webbplatsen. Utifrån de angivna förslagen skapades en ny utformning av prototypen. / In recent years, e-commerce has become common among people in Sweden. According to a survey by Statistics Sweden (SCB) e-commerce was used by three-quarters of the population aged between 16-74 years from April 2011 until March 2012. It has been shown that the usability of an e-commerce website can be including an important factor for a successful ecommerce company. The major risk with the customer that has trouble navigating the site is that he/she immediately leaves and chooses not to re-visit it. The objective of this thesis is to design a prototype of a newly started web store called Goben Skal. The design of the prototype is based on usability principles and design rules for achieving the goal of the work. This thesis describes that illustrates all functinal requirements set by the client in a specification. The created prototype is evaluated by user testing methods, such as observations and interviews, as well as how a good user friendly design can be achieved in the development of a web store. After the implementation of user testing, it came up that the persons included in the test experienced of the website's prototype as pleasant to use, and gave suggestions to improve and simplify the user's interaction with the site. Based on the given proposals a new design of the prototype was created.

IP-telefoni etablerar sig alltmer i takt med teknologins framsteg men tekniken har och har haft svårigheter att etablera sig på marknaden då människor av olika anledningar inte väljer att använda sig av IP-telefoni. Detta examensarbete försöker reda ut de faktorer som påverkar kundernas beslut att välja byta eller att inte byta till IP-telefoni. Här diskuteras den teoretiska bakgrunden till acceptansen av ny teknik, i det här fallet IP-telefoni. Studien bygger på en kvantitativ metodansats där ett urval av boende i Stockholmsregionen har besvarat ett frågeformulär. Resultat av denna studie visar på några faktorer som påverkar kundernas beslut när det kommer till valet av telefoni. Hit hör exempelvis bristande kunskaper om IP-telefoni. Den ursprungliga hypotesen som detta examensarbete har utgått ifrån, nämligen att det är de äldre som är mindre benägna att använda sig av IP-telefoni, har visat sig inte stämma. / IP-telephony is continuously gaining larger market share but it has had and has difficulties being established in this market because one or another reason customers are not willing to switch to using IP-telephony. This thesis is to give a hint of the different reasons why customers are not or are willing to switch to using IP-telephony. Furthermore gives an insight in the theoretical background to accepting of new technologies in this case the IP-telephony. The thesis is done using a quantitative approach where a random group of the inhabitants living in the Stockholm region have been questioned to answer a survey. The thesis proofs different factors from the thesis point of view that has an impact on customers choice of telephony option for example the lack of knowledge regarding IP-telephony is suggested. The hypothesis that this thesis is based on, that the older population is not willing to use IP telephony, has proven to be wrong.

Software Defined Networks (SDN) is a paradigm in which routing decisions are taken by a control layer. In contrast to conventional network structures, the control plane and forwarding plane are separated and communicate through standard protocols like OpenFlow. Historically, network management was based on a layered approach, each one isolated from the others. SDN proposes a radically different approach by bringing together the management of all these layers into a single controller. It is therefore easy to get a unified management policy despite the complexity of current networks requirements while ensuring performance through the use of dedicated devices for the forwarding plane. Such an upheaval can meet the current challenges of managing an increasingly dynamic network imposed by the development of cloud computing or the increased mobility of everyday devices. Many solutions have emerged, but all do not satisfy the same issues and are not necessarily usable in a real environment. The purpose of this thesis is to study and report on existing solutions and technologies as well as conceive a demonstration prototype to present the benefits of this approach. This project also focuses on an analysis of risks posed by these technologies and the possible solutions.

The electrical conductivity of icosahedral Al70:5Pd21Re8:5 samples with residual resistance ratio RRR = p(4:2K)=p(295K), in the range from 10 to 220 are reported. The samples were manufactured by melting in an arc furnace and then annealed at 940 °C. One of the samples (RRR=10) was made by melt spinning. In this work, the magnetoresistance, MR, and resistivity, p(T), of the samples with RRR values 10, 31, 71 and 220 has been measured in the temperature range from 50 K to 250 K and the magnetic field up to 12 Tesla. The electronic transport properties of the sample Al-Pd-Re strongly depend upon temperature. The p(T) increases with decreasing temperature. The MR of the sample is larger than the MR of most metals. At 50 K, MR increases with increasing magnetic field for samples with RRR value of 10, 31 and 220. At 100 K and 175 K, MR decreases with increasing magnetic field. But MR at 100 K decreases more than MR at 175 K. At 250 K, MR increases even more than MR at 50 K, which is very strange behaviour. Sample with RRR value 71, MR behaviour is quite different from remaining samples. MR of this sample decreases with increasing field, at decreases more at 175 K and less at 250 K. The present samples show high MR at temperature (100-250 K) as compared with Al-Cu-Fe.

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