Magnetgärdets transformatorstation är belägen i Ludvika och ägs av Västerbergslagens Energi AB. Transformatorstationen är nyligen ombyggd och nu mer placerad inomhus, vilket gör att påkänningar från väder och vind minskar. För att minimera behovet av personlig tillsyn och öka tillgängligheten behövs dock någon form av tillståndsövervakning. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att undersöka om det med hjälp av värmekameror är möjligt att tillståndsövervaka de kritiska punkterna i transformatorstationen. För att fastställa detta har teori kring tillståndsövervakning, termografering och värmekameror sammanställts tillsammans med utförda mätningar och tester. Resultaten har sedan diskuterats för att se om ett möjligt lösningsförslag kan presenteras. Viktiga kriterier för att möjligöra tillståndsövervakning med hjälp av värmekameror har tagits fram. Slutsatsen är att det är möjligt, men kräver en komplicerad systemlösning. Lösningsförslaget bygger på flera samspelande delar och bör bli ett kraftfullt övervakningssystem. Huruvida värmekameror är det bästa och enda verktyget är dock tveksamt. Det anses därför väsentligt att även undersöka andra övervakningsmöligheter, som exempel termistorgivare. / The substation called Magnetgärdet is located in Ludvika, Sweden and it is owned by Västerbergslagens Energi AB. The substation has recently been renovated and is now placed indoors, which reduces the influence of weather on the station. To decrease the need for personal supervision and increase the availability of the station a monitoring solution is needed. The purpose of this degree thesis is to examine if it is possible to monitor the condition of critical items in the station with infrared cameras. To determine this, theory on condition monitoring, thermography and thermal imaging cameras has been compiled together with relevant measurements and tests. The results are then discussed to see if a possible solution can be presented. Important criteria for making condition monitoring with infrared cameras possible have also been formulated in this degree thesis. The conclusion is that it is possible, but a complicated system is required. The solution we have given is based on different parts interplaying with each other and it should become a powerful monitoring system. It is however uncertain whether infrared cameras are the only and best tools, therefore other tools should be considered. It might be possible to use thermistors with, or instead of infrared cameras.

Si dans les caméras actuelles, les matrices de photodétection sont planes, dans la nature, aucune surface focale n'est plane : la rétine est soit concave (œil humain), soit convexe (œil d'insecte). Ces architectures offrent deux solutions de miniaturisation et de simplification des systèmes de détection, qui ont fait l'objet des travaux de cette thèse. La courbure concave du détecteur permet de supprimer l'aberration de courbure de champ qui est particulièrement présente dans les instruments grand champ. L'étude théorique de cette solution, étayée par des applications concrètes, a permis de démontrer la simplification des architectures accessibles par cette approche, ainsi que les améliorations en termes de performances optiques. La courbure convexe permet quant à elle de miniaturiser les systèmes grand champ, en s'inspirant de l'œil composé des petits invertébrés. Cette architecture, constituée de groupes de pixels reliés par une métallisation souple, a été réalisée sur une matrice de détecteurs infrarouge en CdHgTe. Les composants obtenus sont fonctionnels et comparables en termes de performances aux valeurs standard. Ils ouvrent à la voie à des architectures grand champ extrêmement compactes. L'originalité du travail a porté sur la mise en forme sphérique de composants monolithiques, dont la couche active n'est pas modifiée, permettant ainsi de produire des systèmes avec un taux de remplissage de 100%. Après une étude de la souplesse d'échantillons de silicium aminci, le procédé de courbure a été transféré sur des composants fonctionnels: circuit de lecture Si-CMOS et matrice de micro-bolomètres infrarouge. La courbure concave des matrices de détection infrarouge de type micro-bolomètres, a mené à la réalisation de deux caméras. La première, constituée de deux lentilles du commerce, a permis de comparer les systèmes composés des détecteurs plan et courbe. Le gain lié à la courbure sphérique de la rétine sur l'uniformité de la réponse impulsionnelle a été prouvé grâce aux mesures de la fonction de transfert de contrastes (FTC). Enfin, à l'image d'un œil humain, un œil infrarouge composé d'une seule lentille et d'une matrice de micro-bolomètres courbée en concave a été réalisée. La qualité des images obtenues, ainsi que la FTC mesurée, ont mis en évidence le potentiel des plans focaux courbés pour des systèmes ultra-compacts, inenvisageables jusqu'à ce jour. / In natural world, plane retina, on which are based our cameras does not exist. The focal plane is either concave for human beings or convex in insects' eyes. Both curvatures offer novel solution to miniaturize and simplify the optical design, and both of them have been studied in this work.The concave curving of the focal plane suppresses one aberration, the field curvature, on which depends the image quality of large field of view instruments. Advantages in image quality and optical design have been studied by theoretical analysis and by real cases of instruments. The convex curvature results in a miniaturization achieved by reproducing the compound eye of small invertebrates. This design, which is composed of several groups of pixels interconnected by metallic lines, has been realized with cooled infrared detecting device. The performed detectors are still electrically functional with a comparable behaviour than conventional sensors. The originality of this work is the spherical curvature of monocrystalline and monolithic components; the active layer is not modified for this purpose. The process of curvature has been developed on thinned square silicon bare dies and then transferred to thinned functional devices: Si-CMOS and micro-bolometers. The concave curvature of bolometers leads to the realization of two cameras. The first one, composed of two commercial lenses, was dedicated to the comparison between a planar traditional camera and a curved detector system. Optical advantages, and especially the response uniformity, have been proved thanks to measures of the contrast modulation function (CMF). Finally, I have realized an infrared eye composed of a unique lens and a curved concave bolometer. Both the image quality obtained and CMF experiments proved the interest of the curved focal plane in miniaturized optical systems.

Ce travail a pour objectif de développer des techniques théoriques et expérimentales pour la détermination des propriétés thermophysiques et terme source. Deux formes de comportement temporel pour le terme source ont été étudiées : un constant et un qui varie dans le temps. La variation dans le temps a été considérée comme une pulse carrée ou une variation sinusoïdale. Deux formes d’échauffement ont été utilisées : une résistance électrique et un laser diode. Pour l’acquisition des données une caméra de thermographie par infrarouge a été utilisée. La stratégie nodale a été utilisée pour contourner le problème des grosses quantités de données générées par la caméra. Le problème direct a été résolu par différences finies, et deux approches pour la solution du problème inverse ont été utilisées, en fonction du comportement temporel du terme source. Les deux approches sont basées sur des méthodes d’inférence statistiques dans une approche Bayésienne, avec la méthode de Monte Carlo via les Chaînes de Markov pour le terme source constant, et le filtre de Kalman pour le problème dont le terme source varie dans le temps. Des manipulations contrôlées ont été faites dans un échantillon avec des propriétés thermophysiques déterminées par des méthodes classiques dans la littérature. / This work deals with the development of new theoretical and experimental techniques for the efficient estimation of thermophysical properties and source-term in micro and macro-scale. Two kinds of source term were studied: a constant and a time varying source term. The time wise variation of the source term had a sinusoidal and a pulse form. Two devices were used for the sample heating: An electrical resistance and a laser diode. For the data acquisition, an infrared camera was used, providing a full cartography of properties of the medium and also non-contact temperature measurements. The direct problem was solved by the finite differences method, and two approaches were used for the solution of the inverse problem, depending on the time varying behavior of the source term. Both approaches deal with the parameters estimation within the Bayesian framework, using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method via the Metropolis Hastings (MH) algorithm for the constant source term, and the Kalman filter for the time-varying source term. The nodal strategy is presented as a method to deal with the large number of experimental data problems. Experiments were carried out in a sample with well-known thermophysical properties, determined by classical methods.

This diploma thesis is focused on using infrared camera within methods of active thermography. The first part of work is an introduction to the passive and active thermography; and about four basic methods of active thermography: step heating themography, Lock-in thermography and pulse phase thermography. The second part is a proposal of experimental working place. There are also presented results of practical implementation pulse and pulse phase methods tested for application of detection of subsurface defect.

This thesis deals with diagnostics of photovoltaic panels especially with infrared diagnostics. There are described defects which we can examine using thermovision and also this thesis explains the cause of their formation. Practical part deals with the design of the program that automatically detects defects on infrared images.

The thesis brings a project and an implementation of an interactive board game. The implementation can be divided into a detection part and a projection part. Detection, realized by an infra-red camera, serves as a means for recording players' responses. The players interact with the game through simple hand gestures. Projection screens a game plan, which includes the players' figures, on the table with the help of a data projector. The game chosen for projection is a role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons.

The impact phenomena of high velocity micron-size particles, although commonly considered and described as detrimental in numerous engineering applications, can be used in a beneficial way if properly understood and controlled. The Cold Gas Dynamic Spray (CGDS) process, known as a surface modification, repair and additive manufacturing process, relies on such high velocity impacts. In the process, solid particles are accelerated by a supersonic gas flow to velocities up to 1200 m/s and are simultaneously heated to temperatures lower than their melting point. When propelled under proper velocity and temperature, the particles can bond onto a target surface. This bonding is caused by the resulting interfacial deformation processes occurring at the contact interface. Hence, the process relies heavily on the gas/particle and particle/substrate interactions. Although numerous experimental and/or numerical studies have been performed to describe the phenomena occurring during particle flight and impact in the CGDS process, numerous phenomena remain poorly understood. First, the effect of substrate surface topographical condition on the particle deformation and ability to successfully adhere, i.e. atomically and/or mechanically, has not been thoroughly investigated such that its influence is not well understood. Another aspect of the process that is generating the largest gap between experimental and numerical studies in the field is the lack of particle in-flight temperature measurements. Obtaining such data has proven to be technically difficult. The challenges stem from the short particle flight time, low particle temperature and small particle size preventing the use of established thermal spray pyrometry equipment. Relatedly, lack of such measurements precludes a proper experimental study of the impact related phenomena at the particle/substrate interface. As a result, the effect of particle size dependent temperature on overall coating properties and atomic bonding relies currently on estimates. Finally, the effect of particle impact characteristics on interfacial phenomena, i.e. grain size and geometry, velocity/temperature, and oxide scale thickness, on adhesion and deformation upon single particle collision has also been scarcely studied for soft particle depositions on hard substrate. Hence, the current research work aims at studying fundamental aspects of particle/gas heat transfer and particle/substrate impact features in goals to improve the understanding of the CGDS process. Different surface preparation methods will be used to create various surface roughness and topographical features, to provide a clear understanding of the target surface state influence on coating formation and adhesion. Additionally, new equipment relying on novel technology, i.e. high-speed IR camera, will be utilized to obtain particle in-flight temperature readings with sequence recordings. Subsequently, the experimental particle in-flight temperature readings will be used to develop a computational fluid dynamics model in goals to validate currently used Nusselt number correlations and heat transfer equations. The particle size-dependent temperature effect on the particle’s elastic and plastic response to its impact with a targeted surface and its ability to successfully bond and form a coating will be studied experimentally. A thorough CFD numerical work, based on experimental findings, will be included to provide full impact characteristics (velocity, temperature, size and trajectory) of successfully deposited particles. Finally, the numerical results will be utilized in the ensuing study to correlate single particle deformation, adhesion and interfacial features to impact characteristics. A finite element model will be included to investigate the effect of particle size dependent temperature on single particle interfacial pressure, temperature and bonding ability.

EDF exploite sur son parc de production de nombreuses machines électriques tournantes. Les contraintes thermiques subies par celles-ci engendrent des échauffements locaux qui nuisent à leur intégrité. Le présent travail contribue à fournir des méthodes de calcul adaptées à la détection et à la localisation des points chauds. Il participe à améliorer la compréhension des écoulements en rotation et leurs effets sur les transferts thermiques. Plusieurs dispositifs expérimentaux, de complexité ascendante, ont été utilisés pour comprendre et valider les simulations numériques. Une première étude sur une marche descendante (demi-pôle) parcourue par un jet de paroi non-confiné a mis en avant des différences par rapport à un jet confiné ; ces deux cas existent dans un alternateur. Une seconde étude menée sur une cavité tournante confinée a analysé l’impact d’un écoulement de Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille sur la température et la position des points chauds créés, en balayant l’ensemble des régimes d’écoulement. Ces études ont mis en exergue une première méthode de calcul fiable, fondée sur l’étude numérique CHT. Une autre méthode, basée sur la FEM couplée à une méthode inverse, a été testée sur une maquette d’alternateur hydraulique afin de pallier aux temps de calcul longs de la première. Cette méthodologie remonte aux coefficients d’échanges convectifs numériques à partir des mesures du champ thermique du rotor, mais n’est envisageable que lorsque l’on dispose de données expérimentales suffisantes. Ces travaux ont aussi mis en évidence de nouvelles techniques de mesures sans contact, comme l’utilisation d’un pyromètre à haute fréquence pour la mesure de température sur des machines tournantes. / EDF operates a large number of electrical rotating machines in its electricity generation capacity. Thermal stresses which affect them can cause local heating, sufficient to damage their integrity. The present work contributes to provide methodologies for detecting hot spots in these machines, better understanding the topology of rotating flows and identifying their effects on heat transfer. Several experimental scale model were used by increasing their complexity to understand and validate the numerical simulations. A first study on a turbulent wall jet over a non-confined backward-facing step (half-pole hydrogenerator) notes significant differences compared to results from confined case : both of them are present in an hydrogenerator. A second study was done on a small confined rotating scale model to determinate the effects of a Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille on temperature distribution and position of hot spots on the heated rotor, by studying the overall flow regimes flow. These studies have helped to obtain a reliable method based on conjugate heat transfer (CHT) simulations. Another method, based on FEM coupled with the use of an inverse method, has been studied on a large model of hydraulic generator so as to solve the computation time issue of the first methodology. It numerically calculates the convective heat transfer from temperature measurements, but depends on the availability of experimental data. This work has also developped new no-contact measurement techniques as the use of a high-frequency pyrometer which can be applied on rotating machines for monitoring temperature.

Omni-directional (O-D) infrared (IR) vision is an effective capability for mobile systems in robotics, due to its advantages: illumination invariance, wide field-of-view, ease of identifying heat-emitting objects, and long term tracking without interruption. Unfortunately, O-D IR sensors have low resolution, low frame rates, high cost, sensor noise, and an increase in tracking time. In order to overcome these disadvantages, we propose an autonomous system application in indoor scenarios including 1) Dynamic 3D Reconstruction (D3DR) of the target view in real time images, 2) Human Behavior-based Target Tracking from O-D thermal images, 3) Thermal Multisensor Fusion (TMF), and 4) Visual Perception for Social Cognition from the motion behavior of the human target.

The main aim of this dissertation is to suggest an application of unmanned aircrafts and to compare them with the currently used methods. In the introductory part the dissertation deals with the history and development of unmanned aircrafts. Further, it presents a theory essential to understand a principle of operation of the proposed methods and its analysis of the currently used methods and procedures. In the final part the dissertation explains a proposal of use of unmanned aircrafts in the industry and compares them with the methods currently used.