This study consisted of a qualitative analysis of articles from two Canadian newspapers related to North America’s only safe injection facility for drug users, Vancouver’s Insite, and examined the texts for latent themes derived from a review of harm reduction and governmentality literature. The investigation asked “In what ways are Insite and its clients represented in the media and what implications do those portrayals have in terms of Insite’s operation as a harm reduction practice as well as a governmental strategy designed to direct the conduct of drug users who visit the site?” The analysis revealed conflicting representations, some which have positive potential in terms of Insite’s adherence to the fundamental principles of harm reduction and others that undermined those principles and suggested that the site may have traditional governmental functions, perhaps indicating less distance between the harm reduction and governmentality philosophies in the discourse surrounding the SIS than expected.

This study consisted of a qualitative analysis of articles from two Canadian newspapers related to North America’s only safe injection facility for drug users, Vancouver’s Insite, and examined the texts for latent themes derived from a review of harm reduction and governmentality literature. The investigation asked “In what ways are Insite and its clients represented in the media and what implications do those portrayals have in terms of Insite’s operation as a harm reduction practice as well as a governmental strategy designed to direct the conduct of drug users who visit the site?” The analysis revealed conflicting representations, some which have positive potential in terms of Insite’s adherence to the fundamental principles of harm reduction and others that undermined those principles and suggested that the site may have traditional governmental functions, perhaps indicating less distance between the harm reduction and governmentality philosophies in the discourse surrounding the SIS than expected.

Introduction: Social networks have shown promise in curbing drug dependency and infectious diseases among marginalized populations. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how relationship strength in social networks is associated with risk behaviours for infectious diseases. Methods: Two reviews were conducted: 1) a systematic review exploring the association between risk behaviours and relationship strength 2) a review on the utilization of respondent driven sampling (RDS). We also analyzed network data to determine the association between recent injection drug use and recent crack use. Results: Our reviews revealed that few studies link relationship strength and risk behaviours; moreover, RDS is effective method of sampling from marginalized populations. Finally, our analysis demonstrated that close relationships are associated with drug use. Conclusion: “Close” relationships are important in arbitrating injection drug use and crack smoking. More research addressing the issues of using data from dynamic social processes and hard-to-reach populations is needed.

No description available.

This study consisted of a qualitative analysis of articles from two Canadian newspapers related to North America’s only safe injection facility for drug users, Vancouver’s Insite, and examined the texts for latent themes derived from a review of harm reduction and governmentality literature. The investigation asked “In what ways are Insite and its clients represented in the media and what implications do those portrayals have in terms of Insite’s operation as a harm reduction practice as well as a governmental strategy designed to direct the conduct of drug users who visit the site?” The analysis revealed conflicting representations, some which have positive potential in terms of Insite’s adherence to the fundamental principles of harm reduction and others that undermined those principles and suggested that the site may have traditional governmental functions, perhaps indicating less distance between the harm reduction and governmentality philosophies in the discourse surrounding the SIS than expected.

Introduction: Social networks have shown promise in curbing drug dependency and infectious diseases among marginalized populations. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how relationship strength in social networks is associated with risk behaviours for infectious diseases. Methods: Two reviews were conducted: 1) a systematic review exploring the association between risk behaviours and relationship strength 2) a review on the utilization of respondent driven sampling (RDS). We also analyzed network data to determine the association between recent injection drug use and recent crack use. Results: Our reviews revealed that few studies link relationship strength and risk behaviours; moreover, RDS is effective method of sampling from marginalized populations. Finally, our analysis demonstrated that close relationships are associated with drug use. Conclusion: “Close” relationships are important in arbitrating injection drug use and crack smoking. More research addressing the issues of using data from dynamic social processes and hard-to-reach populations is needed.

L’infection par le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) est l’un des principaux problèmes de santé publique chez les utilisateurs de drogues injectables (UDI). Actuellement, plusieurs outils sont disponibles pour réduire le fardeau du VHC dans cette population. Ceux-ci incluent des programmes de réduction des méfaits, tels que le traitement par un opioïde agoniste (TAO), pouvant réduire le risque d'infection par le VHC, ainsi que des traitements antiviraux extrêmement efficaces pour éradiquer le virus parmi les infectés. Plus récemment, il y a eu un intérêt national et international à éliminer le VHC en tant que menace pour la santé publique d'ici 2030, tout en priorisant les UDI dans les efforts de prévention et traitement. Parallèlement à ce mouvement, plus globalement, le fardeau des méfaits liés aux pratiques d’injection chez les UDI, tels que la surdose, soulignent la nécessité d’adopter une vision plus large sur leur santé. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse vise à combler certaines lacunes dans les connaissances vis-à-vis de l’élimination du VHC chez les UDI. Premièrement, puisque le lien entre l’adéquation du dosage des TAO et le risque d’infection au VHC est peu connu, j’examine cette relation dans un échantillon d’UDI suivis dans la cohorte HEPCO à Montréal. Les résultats indiquent que le risque d'infection par le VHC ne serait pas systématiquement réduit chez toutes les personnes recevant des TAO, mais plutôt que ce risque varie en fonction de la dose prescrite et de l’adéquation du dosage telle que perçue par le patient. Ces résultats soulignent qu’un élargissement de l'accès aux TAO ne serait pas suffisant pour atteindre les objectifs de prévention et d'élimination du VHC, et que l’adéquation du dosage devrait être prise en compte dans le cadre de nos efforts de prévention. Deuxièmement, l’accès aux traitements antiviraux est faible chez les UDI, en partie à cause des préoccupations des prestataires et des décideurs politiques qui craignent une augmentation de la consommation de drogues et des comportements à risque après le traitement. En capitalisant sur deux études différentes - la cohorte IMPACT à Montréal et les essais SIMPLIFY / D3FEAT menés dans plusieurs pays - je montre que les comportements liés à la drogue diminuent ou restent stables après le traitement du VHC. Ensemble, ces deux études suggèrent que les préoccupations liées à une consommation élevée de drogue ou à une hausse des comportements à risque après le traitement ne seraient pas fondées. Ainsi, ces résultats appuient davantage une augmentation de l’accès au traitement chez les UDI. Troisièmement, allant au-delà du VHC en tant que problématique principale, en capitalisant une fois de plus sur les données collectées dans HEPCO, j’examine les associations entre trois facteurs - le TAO, le logement et le revenu - et la fréquence d’injection chez les UDI. Puisque la consommation de drogues est dynamique dans le temps, j'examine dans quelle mesure ces trois facteurs sont liés à la fréquence d’injection chez des UDI ayant des trajectoires d’injection variées. Nos résultats indiquent que la stabilité socioéconomique et le TAO seraient systématiquement liés à une fréquence d'injection inférieure chez les UDI, quelles que soit leurs trajectoires d’injection sous-jacentes. Globalement, ces résultats suggèrent qu’il y aurait des moyens de soutenir tous les UDI à atteindre de petits changements comportementaux qui pourraient réduire les risques liés aux pratiques d’injection, qu’ils soient ou non en mesure d’arrêter l’injection de drogues. En conclusion, alors que presque tous les pays ont lancé un effort mondial pour éliminer le VHC, des efforts sont nécessaires pour optimiser les programmes de réduction des méfaits bien établis afin de réduire la transmission du VHC, et d’accroître l’accès au traitement chez ceux qui sont infectés, tout en considérant les besoins et les préoccupations des communautés touchées. Cette thèse a fourni des données permettant d’éclairer (i) l’optimisation des TAO dans la prévention de la transmission du VHC, (ii) l’élargissement de l’accès au traitement du VHC et (iii) l’accès à des logements et revenus stables afin de réduire plus globalement les risques liés aux pratiques d’injection chez les UDI. Ainsi, ces résultats pourraient aider à réduire le fardeau du VHC chez les UDI et à soutenir le progrès vers l'élimination du VHC. / Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main public health concerns affecting people who inject drugs (PWID). Although no effective prophylactic vaccine currently exists to prevent acquisition of HCV, a number of other tools are available to curb the HCV burden among PWID. These include harm-reduction programs, such as opioid agonist treatment (OAT), which can reduce the risk of HCV infection among those susceptible, and highly effective antiviral therapies to eradicate the virus among those who are infected. In recent years, there has been national and international interest in eliminating HCV as a public health threat by 2030, prioritising PWID in prevention and treatment efforts given that they are the population most affected. In parallel to this global effort, the high prevalence of injection-related harms among PWID that are unrelated to HCV, such as overdose, highlight a need to adopt a broader view on drug user health. Overall, this thesis is concerned with addressing some of the knowledge gaps and barriers that remain to achieving HCV elimination in PWID. First, because little is known about the importance of OAT dosage in influencing the risk of HCV acquisition, I examine this relationship in a sample of PWID followed in the Hepatitis Cohort (HEPCO) in Montreal. Findings indicate that the risk of HCV infection may not be systematically reduced for everyone receiving OAT and rather, that the risk of infection varies considerably according to the level of the prescribed OAT dosage and patient-perceived dosage adequacy. These findings suggest that simply scaling-up OAT access may not be sufficient to achieving the HCV elimination goals, and that the dosage of treatment should be considered as part of prevention efforts. Second, uptake of HCV treatment is low among PWID, partly due to concerns among providers and policymakers that drug use and injection risk behaviours may increase following treatment, thereby negating the benefits of therapy. Capitalising on two different studies - the IMPACT Cohort in Montreal and the SIMPLIFY/D3FEAT trials conducted in several countries - I illustrate that drug-related behaviours decrease or remain stable following HCV treatment. Together, these two studies suggest that concerns of escalating drug use or risk behaviours following HCV treatment are unfounded, further supporting the importance of expanding access to therapy among PWID. Third, moving beyond HCV as the primary focus of research, and capitalising once more on data collected in HEPCO, I examine the associations between three factors- OAT, housing and income, and patterns of injection frequency among PWID. Recognizing that injection patterns are dynamic over time, I examine the extent to which these three factors relate to injection frequencies among PWID with diverse trajectories of injection drug use, followed over a period of 7.5 years. Our findings indicate that socioeconomic stability and OAT are consistently associated with a lower injection frequency among all PWID, irrespective of their underlying injection trajectory and whether or not they are on a path to cessation. These findings suggest that there may be ways to support PWID in making small behavioral changes that could reduce their risks of injection-related harms, irrespective of whether or not they are in a position to stop injecting. In conclusion, at a time when many countries have embarked onto a global effort to eliminate HCV, efforts are needed to ensure that well-evidenced harm-reduction programs are optimised to reduce transmission of HCV, treatment for HCV infection is scaled-up among those who are infected ,and efforts do not overlook the basic needs and concerns of affected communities. This thesis provided data to help inform (i) optimisation of OAT provision for the prevention of HCV transmission, (ii) expanded access to HCV treatment, and (iii) access to stable housing and income to reduce the risk of injection-related harms among PWID. Ultimately, findings could contribute to reducing the HCV burden among PWID, helping move towards HCV elimination and, more broadly, improving the overall health of this marginalised group.

No description available.