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This study aims to identify and quantify injury diagnoses, locations, mechanisms, and trends for a Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union (CIAU) male ice hockey team between the 1984--85 and 2000--2001 seasons. Injury rates were assessed by type, position, period, zone, game type, and time loss. Also described are the interactions between injury location and diagnosis, as well as the relationships between time loss, injury location, and diagnosis. This study was based on injury reports provided by the ice hockey staff, which followed a standard injury reporting protocol over the last 17 years. The injury rate of 18.9 injuries per 1000 player hours, third highest among intercollegiate sports, increased slightly over the period covered. The shoulder, face, thigh, and knee were the most injured areas. The number of lacerations decreased, while contusions, sprains, and strains increased, causing the most time loss. Concussions represented the fourth greatest cause of time loss although it accounted for 6.6% of diagnosed injuries. Checking was by far the greatest cause of injury. The examination of the anatomical location-diagnosis interaction revealed that most lacerations affected the face (chin), instability-related injuries (i.e. sprains, strains, and dislocations) involved mostly the knee, groin, and shoulder, respectively. Fractures were localized mostly to the fingers. It seems, therefore, that certain anatomical locations are more susceptible to specific injury types. The fact that the injury rate increased over time may be an indication of the increasing intensity of the game, players' aggressive attitudes and behaviors in response to equipment innovations, or utilization beyond design limitations. Players already have a gladiator-like appearance, and unless we choose to define hockey as a gladiator sport, some important rule, attitude, and equipment design changes will have to be implemented.

<p><font face="Arial"> <p align="left">Literature has described soccer as the most popular sporting code in the world. South Africa heralds a registry of 1.8 million players. The purpose of the study was to conduct a detailed analysis of soccer injuries sustained in South African professional soccer team over one competitive season. The study utilized a questionnaire to collect quantitative data assessing age of players injures, playing position, site of injury, mechanism of injury, injury management, physiotherapy access and prevention measures which was administered by a physiotherapist at competitive matches. The study defined injury as any injury sustained during competitive matches where a player received medical attention. The study sample consisted of 26 male soccer players ranging from 17-39 years with a mean age of 23.77 years (SD=5.233). Injury prevalence was reported as 58% with a significance (p&lt / 0.05) in the ages of players injured compared to the non-injured. The majority of injuries were sustained by the 20-24 year old players coupled with midfielders being the most predominant position encountering injury (40%). The lower limbs were the most affected (67.1%) with the knee being reported as the most affected joint (21.4%). Defenders and midfielders were significantly more likely to sustain a lower limb injury compared to goalkeepers and forwards who were seen to incur more trunk injuries. The majority of injuries were the result of being tackled (27.2%). A significance was reported with mechanism of injury and playing position (Fisher&rsquo / s Exact=41.118, p&lt / 0.05). Injurymanagement was predominantly self treatment followed by physiotherapy treatment (30%). The main contributor to the decrease in physiotherapy treatment received by players the absence of the service at the club (65.7%) and financial reasons (54.3%). The results of the study confirm that many SouthAfrican professional soccer players are prey to sustaining injury during one competitive soccer season. The study highlighted the need to start prevention efforts at club level in order to curtail the high injury prevalence at professional <font face="Arial">levels.</font></p> </font></p>

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for a Masters Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / Introduction: Equestrian sport as a competitive sport first began in 1868 at the Royal Dublin Horse Show 1. Injuries, especially minor injuries, are seldom reported, and there are no regulatory requirements anywhere that compel formal injury notification of this sport 2. Objectives: The objectives were to describe a profile of horse riding injuries, to determine the association between the type of equestrian activity and location and mechanism of injury, the association between use and type of equipment and location of injury and to determine anthropometric and history variables associated with location of horse riding injuries. As well as determining if non riding related injuries were associated with riding related injuries in the same sites. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, the following information was gathered in order to build up an injury profile: Anthropometric values (age, height, weight, gender, ethnicity, dominant hand and medical aid) of competitive horse riders in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, The participants horse riding history, Their record of any past or current injuries, Factors associated with previous and current injuries were also investigated, Equipment and facilities used Methods: This study was a quantitative descriptive design, which was questionnaire based and was administered by the researcher at various competitions in KwaZulu Natal or sent via email to those not present at the competitions. The study was limited to adult members of the KwaZulu Natal Horse Society that competed in on the Olympic disciplines of dressage, show jumping and eventing. iv Results: There were 176 respondents to the study. The average age was 36.3 years. The vast majority of participants were White (99.4%) females (81%). The overall prevalence of injury was 90.3%. Muscle strains were the most common type of injury. The head was the most commonly injured site (46.4%), the lower back was the site most likely to be injured many times. Forceful falls were ranked as the most severe type of injury mechanism. Most injuries occurred whilst jumping (63.8%). Use of protective equipment was associated with injury prevention and protection. Muscle strains due to riding were significantly less common in those who presently did regular exercise. Having no medical problems was associated with not having any riding injuries. There was no significant association between riding and non riding related injuries.

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The goal of this Master's project was to characterize the postural control patterns of individuals with chronic whiplash-associated disorders and to compare these patterns with those of healthy individuals. The postural reactions in response to low-intensity translations of the sitting position were assessed by way of kinematic and electromyographic analyses. We found that whiplash individuals display an earlier onset of their head displacement and a pattern of trunk displacement characterized by greater flexion at the upper levels of the spine, compared to the lower levels. Moreover, whiplash individuals present a tendency for a late recruitment of their neck flexors and for a greater use of a pattern of neck extensor muscle inhibition. These results suggest that individuals with whiplash-associated disorders may compensate their altered neck functional ability by modifying their relative movements along the spine and by adopting altered motor strategies to compensate for their painful muscles.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-41). / viii, 41 leaves, bound cil. ill. 29 cm

Global decreases in physical activity levels among youth have been observed over the last decade and physical inactivity is one of the major risk factors associated with leading causes of death and disability. Injury has been found to be the most common reason for attrition from lifelong physical activity among young people. This thesis deals with the promotion of physical activity by addressing the prevention of knee injuries among adolescent basketball players. Basketball is currently thought to be one of the fastest growing sports in South Africa, a sport associated with a high knee injury prevalence and consequence of developing early osteoarthritic changes. There are no published reports on knee injury prevalence among African youth, nor is there a national policy on injury prevention as a mechanism for promoting healthy activity. This thesis reports on several interlinked studies which established injury prevalence and mechanisms, investigating the biomechanics of a major injury mechanism, designed and laboratory tested preventative strategy, and then applied this strategy in a pilot field study. / The first stage of this study involved a retrospective survey of young South African basketball players (n=458). A questionnaire captured information on injuries sustained during the previous season. The probability of sustaining a knee injury was significantly greater than sustaining an injury to another body part or no injury combined (OR: 1.3:95% CL 1.1-1.5). The most common injury mechanism among both boys and girls was landing badly from a jump and approximately one third of the knee injuries (37.5%) were sustained as a result of landing badly. / The second stage of the study, a biomechanical analysis of landing strategies of matched knee injured and uninjured adolescent basketball players (n=22) was conducted using a three-dimensional, six-camera Vicon motion analysis system and force plate. The injured and uninjured players were matched for gender, age, anthropometrics, basketball experience and had to play for the same club. A strong positive correlation (0.49: p<0.01) was found between the maximum ground reaction force and the average injury score of the case subjects. The control players had significantly deeper knee flexion angles than the cases on landing (p=0.01). Injured players also demonstrated significantly less eccentric activity on landing compared to the uninjured players (p<0.01). / The third stage of the study was to develop a neuromuscular exercise program to prevent injuries from landing, based on the biomechanical analysis of the landing data. Currently these types of exercise programs have the most promising evidence in the prevention of knee injuries. The rationale of these programs are based on improving feed-forward mechanisms of motor control, thereby decreasing the motor response time, enabling dynamic joint stability to prevent injuries during high speed dynamic tasks such as landing. Biomechanical validation of the resultant exercise program suggested that it would be effective in improving landing technique of uninjured male adolescent basketball players with respect to reducing peak ground reaction forces (p<0.01), improved knee flexion angles (p<0.01) and improved negative work (p<0.01). / The final stage of the project was to employ health promotion principles in an on-field validation of the exercise program and highlighted the complexities of introducing such a program into real-life training situations. The preliminary results from this aspect of the study demonstrated a decrease in knee injury prevalence. The importance of qualitative information in implementing preventative strategies in ensuring the success of the program implementation and compliance from players, coaches and players was also highlighted. / This study proposes recommendations for preventing knee injuries in adolescent South African basketball players and provides ideas for future research into injury prevention in young sports players. / Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2004.