Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009. / [School of Medicine] Department of Neurosciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.D.)--Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin, 1898. / "Inaugural-Dissertation, welche zur Erlangung der Doctorwürde in der Medicin und Chirurgie mit zustimmung der medicinischen Facultät der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin am 15. Juli 1898." Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-93).

Thesis (M.S.), Biology--University of Central Oklahoma, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-57).

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2008. Graduate Programme in Kinesiology and Health Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR45920

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 122 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-83).

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

Liver is one of the most important organs in the body that maintains the homeostasis of metabolism, immunity, detoxification and hematopoiesis. A large number of acute and chronic intoxications and diseases can influence the normal functions of the liver, leading to irreversible liver damage and even cancer. Currently, applying herbs or herbal derivatives in the prevention and therapy of acute and chronic liver injury receive numerous attentions since they hold great potentials as food supplements in the treatment strategy of liver injuries. There were two major hypotheses of this current work namely: a)In CCl4-inducedacute liver injury animal model, whether pre-treatment with garlic derived S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC)or Wolfberry derived Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP)could reduce liver injury, oxidative stress and inflammation partly through a NF-κB-dependent pathway. SAMC or LBP could also promote liver regeneration after acute damage. b)In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-induced chronic liver injury animal model, whether administration of SAMC or LBP along with high-fat diet induction could attenuate liver injury, lipid metabolism dysfunction, fibrosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and transcription factors activities in the liver. In this study, SAMC and LBP were applied in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced mice acute liver injury model and a high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model. In the acute model, an eight-hour CCl4treatment induced severe acute liver injury. Pre-treatment with SAMC or LBP (1) attenuated hepatic histological injury; (2) reduced serum ALT level; (3) ameliorated oxidative stress; (4) reduced expression of inflammatory mediators and chemokines; (5) promoted liver regeneration; and (6) decreased NF-κB activity. Vehicle-treated SAMC or LBP did not exhibit obvious adverse effects on healthy mice. In the chronic NASH model, when compared with control rats, NASH rats showed typical clinical features of human NASH patients, including increased liver injury, lipid content, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In comparison, SAMC or LBP co-treated NASH rats showed (1) reduced fat accumulation, cellular necrosis, collagen formation, as well as reduced serum ALT and free fatty acids levels; (2) restored insulin resistance related kinase phosphorylation status which had been altered during NASH; (3) reduced pro-fibrogenic factors; (4) restored antioxidant enzymes, as well as attenuated end-products of lipid peroxidation and NO production through a cytochrome P450 2E1-dependent pathway; (5) reduced hepatic pro-inflammatory mediators and chemokines production; (6) diminished activities of nuclear transcription factors (NF-κB and AP-1); and (7) ameliorated hepatic cellular apoptosis through a p53-dependentpathwaywhich was under the regulation of LKB1/AMPK axis and PI3K/Akt axis. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that SAMC or LBP consumption protects the liver from acute injury caused by CCl4and chronic damages caused by a high-fat diet. These effects were mainly mediated by the amelioration of hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. In the NASH model, SAMC or LBP also improved hepatic lipid metabolism, fibrosis, and apoptosis. Therefore, the present study proposed that both garlic and Wolfberry, which are novel hepatoprotective herbal products, can be taken as part of the daily dietary supplements in the prevention of acute and chronic liver injury. / published_or_final_version / Anatomy / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Hypothermia is commonly found in injured victims who suffer from central nervous system injury, hypovolemic shock, exposure to environment, administration of anesthetic drugs and cold intravenous fluid. All these factors decrease the abilities of trauma victims to maintain normothermia and conserve body heat. Hypothermia in injured victim is a significant contributor to a well known cycle—triad of death and associated with increased mortality, morbidity and length of hospital stay. Hypothermia is one of the preventable complications in trauma patients. Therefore nurse plays a vital role to evaluate the methods of preventing hypothermia. However, there is no systematic review of effectiveness of different warming methods in local setting. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop an evidence-based guideline to prevent hypothermia in trauma patients by reviewing existing evidence, to assess the feasibility and transferability of implementing the guideline and to develop its implementation and evaluation plan. Five articles meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria are identified after a systematic research of six electronic databases. Among these articles, four of them are randomized controlled trials while the remaining one is quasi-experimental design with prospective randomized assignment. The quality of these identified articles is evaluated with the methodology checklist for randomized controlled trials which is developed by Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN). All studies of medium and high quality would be considered as sufficient evidence to support the proposed innovation in preventing hypothermia for trauma patients in Accident & Emergency Department. After assessing the implementation potential, an evidence-based guideline in preventing hypothermia for adult trauma patients is established. The proposed innovation is necessary and beneficial for adult trauma patients to prevent hypothermia. The grade of recommendation in the guideline is rated based on the SIGN grading system from A to D. Communication plans with stakeholders and 3-month pilot study on 20 patients are conducted before implementing the innovation into clinical setting. Evaluation is made to assess the effectiveness of the proposed guideline after the end of pilot study and the end of implementation of guideline. The effectiveness of the proposed innovation is determined by change of core temperature as + 1.1 °C/hr and at least 90% reduction in shivering and thermal discomfort which are reported in the reviewed articles. The guideline is considered as clinical effective when similar outcome is obtained. / published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing