Les joueurs de tennis sont confrontés à un problème fondamental : comment améliorer la vitesse de leur service tout en limitant le plus possible les risques de pathologies chroniques ? L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser, d’identifier et de comprendre les facteurs biomécaniques responsables de l’amélioration de la performance et de l’apparition des blessures articulaires chroniques lors de la réalisation du service au tennis. A partir de captures de mouvement en 3D chez des joueurs professionnels, la première étude s’attache à analyser les relations entre les valeurs de moments cinétiques segmentaires et la vitesse de balle au service. Grâce à une approche combinant captures de mouvement en laboratoire et suivi épidémiologique, la seconde étude explore l’influence du niveau d’expertise sur les contraintes articulaires du membre supérieur lors de la réalisation du service et sur l’apparition de blessures articulaires chroniques. La troisième étude identifie des facteurs "pathomécaniques" du service en comparant les mouvements de joueurs "sains" avec ceux de joueurs "blessés". La quatrième étude s’intéresse aux relations pouvant exister entre la vitesse de balle, les contraintes articulaires et le transfert de l’énergie mécanique lors du service. Enfin, la dernière étude porte sur l’influence de la fatigue musculaire sur la biomécanique, les risques de blessures et la performance du service lors d’un match de tennis prolongé. L’ensemble de ce travail démontre qu’il est à la fois possible d’améliorer la performance sportive et de limiter les risques de blessures grâce à la réalisation d’un geste de service "juste" sur le plan biomécanique / Tennis players are confronted with a crucial problem : how being more efficient by increasing serve’s ball velocity and limiting risks of overuse injuries ? The aim of this work is to analyze, identify and understand the biomechanical determinants of the tennis serve responsible for the performance’s enhancement and the arrival of overuse upper limb joint injuries. From motion captures in professional tennis players, the first study aims to analyze the relationships between segmental angular momentum values and serve’s ball velocity. By coupling motion capture with a prospective registration of injuries, the second study investigates the influence of two different levels of expertise on upper limb joint kinetics during thetennis serve and on the occurrence of overuse upper limb joint injuries. The third study aims to identify pathomechanical factors during the tennis serve by comparing injured and non-injured tennis players. The purpose of the fourth study is to investigate the relationships between the mechanical energy flow, the ball velocity and the peaks of upper limb joint kinetics. Finally, the last study evaluates the effects of muscular fatigue on serve biomechanics, upper limb injury risks and serve performance during a prolonged tennis match. These works imply that using proper mechanics during the tennis serve can enhance serve performance and possibly decrease injury risks

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science. 2013 / The Babinski sign is a pathological response elicited by a stimulus to the lateral plantar border of thesole of the foot. The resulting reflex involves dorsiflexion (upward motion) of the toes, most notably the hallux, with accompanying flexion in the ankle, knee and hip. It is an important part of the clinical neurological examination and aids in the diagnosis of central nervous system dysfunction. There is however no wholly standardised method to elicit this reflex or interpret it, resulting in possible variation in its utility. The resulting aim of the studies constituting this dissertation were therefore to: 1) assess what techniques and pressures are used to elicit the reflex in a group of neurologists;2) to investigate the relationship between input variables of the reflex and the resultant output variables as measured with the use of electromyography and kinematics;3) compare objective variables, relating to toe, foot and leg movement, of the pathological reflex to the healthy response; 4) assess the inter-rater reliability of the reflex and 5) determine what aspects of the reflex are most closely related to the ratings of the students and neurologists. A specialized custom-built Babinski hammer was constructed to measure the duration of the stroke and pressures exerted on the foot of a single healthy subject by neurologists (n=12). The relationship between the recorded pressures and the movement of the toes (measured kinematically), muscle activity in the tibialis anterior and the pain felt by the subject (gauged using a visual analogue scale) were evaluated. Following this, the average pressure used by the neurologists was used to elicit the reflex in six patients with known positive Babinski responses and six healthy gender and age matched controls. These reflexes were compared with kinematic (measurement of toe, foot and leg movement) and electromyographic (muscle activity of the involved muscles) methods. These reflexes were recorded and the recorded footage was shown to 12 medical students and 12 neurologists who were asked to interpret if 3 the responses were pathological or non-pathological. Kinematic and electromyographic descriptions of each reflex made it possible to assess what aspects of the reflex are important for classification of a pathological response for both medical students and neurologists. A large amount of intra- and inter-rater variability was shown amongst the neurologists in how they elicited the reflex. The amount of pressure applied was shown to be significantly related to hallux movement (p<0.01) as well as to the degree of pain felt by the subject (p<0.01). Significant differences were found between the patients and controls for change in hallux angle (p<0.0001), movement latency (p<0.05)and the maximum electromyographic amplitude of tibialis anterior(p<0.01). The inter-rater reliability of the medical students and the neurologists showed substantial agreement between raters (kappa = 0.67 and 0.72 respectively). Both neurologists and students made use of the change in hallux angle, time taken to reach maximum ankle angle, movement latency and the maximum amplitude of gastrocnemius when rating the reflex. Neurologists alone observed time taken to reach maximum hallux angle and change in ankle angle as being important while medical students‘ alone looked at maximum amplitude of biceps femoris. In conclusion, I found a large variation between the techniques of neurologists when assessing the Babinski reflex. This variation is related to variation in aspects of the resultant reflex. The pathological response (the Babinski sign) has shorter movement latency and less activity in the tibialis anterior muscle than the flexor response seen in healthy individuals. Ratings of pre-recorded Babinski responses had substantial agreement when both neurologists and medical students assessed pathology. In order to assess them both groups made use of the speed of the reflex, the direction of hallux movement and concurrent withdrawal activity in the leg to differentiate between a pathological and a healthy response.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine (Surgery) Johannesburg 1993. / During the period June 1985-December 1989, 77 patients were accumulated for the autotransfusion trial, 21 of which were control patients. These patients were managed at three institutions namely Hillbrow (64), Coronation (1) and Shongwe (12) Hospitals. Of these 77 patients, 65 were involved in penetrating or blunt injuries, and 12 were ruptured ectopic pregnancies. The ages of all patients ranged from 16 yrs to 65 yrs. The patients were divided into four groups: 1 banked blood only (controls), 21 2 autotransfused blood only, 27 3 combined banked and autotransfusion, 17 4 ruptured ectopic pregnancies, 12. Investigated were the effects of autotransfused or banked blood volumes on the following parameters: 1 White cell counts: admission and post-transfusion day 1 2 Platelet counts: post-transfusion days :1. and 2 3 Haemoglobin: admission and post-transfusiondays 1 and 2 4 prothrombin indeex: post-trancfusidoanys 1, 2, and 3 5 Partial thromboplast times: post-transfusion days 1 and 2 6 Fibrinogen Degradation products: post-transfusion day 1 7 Haptoglobin levels: post-transfusion day 1 8 Haemopexin levels: post-transfusion day 1 9 Fibrinogen levels: post-transfusion days 1 and 2 Four salvage techniques were utilised. Complications were analysed for each transfusion group. Autotransfusion of salvaged blood from haemotihoxaces and haemoperitoneums is safe, efficaoious, and cost effective, provided that certain guidelines are followed.

Background and purpose of research: The number of individuals playing rugby union is increasing every year particularly amongst adolescence at a school level. With the increase in participation an increase in injuries arises. The purpose of this study was to document the lower limb injuries previously sustained in the 2009 rugby season as well as the injuries sustained over a six week period in 2010 and to identify the risk factors associated with these injuries. Method: A prospective cohort design was used. Sixty-five participants from three high schools on the West Rand completed an injury questionnaire and participated in pre-season testing of lower limb muscle length, muscle strength and balance. Lower limb injuries were documented throughout the season. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data and a univariate analysis was done to determine if there were any associations between various risk factors and sustaining an injury. Results: Six lower limb injuries were documented in 2010. Knee and ankle injuries accounted for 25 out of the 35 (71%) injuries sustained over the 2009 and 2010 rugby seasons. The risk factors for lower limb injuries included good flexibility of the hamstring muscle group and logistic regression also showed an association between a right lower limb injury and right sided muscle strength of the ankle dorsiflexors (p=0.04) and knee extensors (p=0.05). Conclusion: The risk factors associated with these lower limb injuries were good flexibility of the hamstring muscle group as well as right sided quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscle strength.

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Occupational Therapy Johannesburg, 2015 / Many factors have been shown to play a role in employment after a spinal cord injury. Globally the rates of employment post-injury have been disappointing with a rate of 36.8% 1. METHODS This mixed methods study was divided into two phases. During phase one qualitative data was gathered. This data was used to design a questionnaire which was emailed to members of the Quadpara Association of South Africa in phase two. Bivariate data analysis was performed and a logistic regression. RESULTS Eleven themes emerged from phase one. There was a high employment rate of 79.55% at the time of the study and 92.13% had worked for remuneration since injury. There was a statistically significant association between employment at the time of the study and six factors. CONCLUSION This study had a surprisingly high employment rate post-injury. Despite few results being statistically significant there were many that are of clinical importance.

A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of science in Medicine. / The management and prevention of ankle sprains had been a topic of controversy in the sport medical literature to date, with various rehabilitative and preventative protocols having been suggested. In part one of this study, a relatively new rehabilitative device, the Cybex II Dynamometer,was used to determine whether the rehabilitation period of ankle sprain injuries could be reduced in recently injured patients. In part two, the Cybex II Dynamometer was used in conjunction with other training techniques in a preventative trial of first league volleyball players, to see whether the incidence of ankle sprains (which is particularly high in this population group) could be reduced. Although the experimental group was discharged almost 35 percent sooner than the control group in part one, the difference was not found to be statistically significant. In part two the preventative measures resulted in a notable difference in the incidence of injuries (32 percent in the control group compared to 11 percent in the experimental, group). Differences were just not statistically significant (p=O.059). / Andrew Chakane 2018

by Yeung Ming San, Josephine. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-172). / ABSTRACT --- p.1 / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- Functional Anatomy of Ankle and Subtalar Joint --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Bony Configuration --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Axis of Motion --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Lateral Ligaments --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Ankle Musculature --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Biomechanics of Ankle Ligaments --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Characteristics of Lateral Ligaments of the Ankle --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Ligaments for Stability --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Ligaments Properties to Loading --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Lateral Ankle Ligaments Injuries --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Etiology --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Definition of Sprain --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Classification of Inversion Ankle Sprain --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Diagnosis of Lateral Ligaments Injury --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Anterior Draw Test --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Talar Tilt Test --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- Anthrogram --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.4.4 --- Controversies in Various Diagnostic Methods for Lateral Ankle Ligaments Injury --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Orthopedic Management of Inversion Ankle Sprain --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Operative Method --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Conservative Method --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4 --- Rehabilitation of Inversion Ankle Injury --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Residual Problems Resulted from Inversion Ankle Injury --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Epidemiology --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Muscle Weakness --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Proprioception --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1.4 --- Peroneal Muscle Reaction Time --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.1.5 --- Muscle Tightness --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Rehabilitation Training --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Muscle Training --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Proprioception Training --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Other Training --- p.32 / Chapter 2.5 --- Strength Training --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Effects of Strength Training --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- On Muscle --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- On Nervous System --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.1.3 --- On Ligaments --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Isokinetic Training --- p.34 / Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Epidemiological Survey --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Design of Questionnaire --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Pilot Study --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Survey --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Isokinetic Evaluation for Normal Non-injured Ankle --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Subjects --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Equipment --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Testing Procedure --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- Evaluation for Ankle with Inversion Sprain --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Initial Evaluation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Criteria for Subjects --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Interview of Subjects --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Testing Procedure --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Training Program --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Subjects --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Various Methods of Training or Exercise --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Isokinetic Exercise Protocol for Ankle --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Design of Training Protocol --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Second Evaluation --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Subject --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- The Retest --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.74 / Chapter IV. --- RESULTS --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1 --- Epidemiological Study --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Athletes' Personal Data --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Athletes' Injury Data --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Residual Problems in Ankle Sprains --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2 --- Isokinetic Evaluation for Normal Non-injured Ankle --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Subjects Data --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Range of Active and Passive Ankle Dorsiflexion --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Muscular Parameters Used for Data Analyzing --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Comparing Muscular Parameters between Dominant and Non-dominant Ankle of Normal Subjects --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Comparing Muscular Parameters between Male and Female Normal Subjects --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Torque Ratio and Work Ratio --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3 --- Evaluation for Ankles with Inversion Sprain --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Initial Evaluation --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Subjects Data --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Anterior Draw Sign --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Range of Motion --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- Ankle Functional Rating Scale --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1.5 --- Isokinetic Evaluation --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Second Evaluation --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Subjects Data --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Comparing the Initial and Second Evaluation Ankle Functional Rating Scale --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Comparing Initial and Second Evaluation for Isokinetic Parameters of the Ankle --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Correlation of Various Isokinetic Parameters of the Ankle with Ankle Functional Rating Score --- p.124 / Chapter V. --- DISCUSSION --- p.127 / Chapter 5.1 --- Epidemiological Study --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2 --- Evaluation for Normal Non-injured Ankle --- p.132 / Chapter 5.3 --- Evaluation for Ankle with Inversion Sprain --- p.141 / Chapter 5.4 --- Isokinetic Rehabilitation --- p.148 / Chapter 5.5 --- Limitations and Future Direction of Research --- p.153 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.156 / Chapter VII. --- REFERENCE --- p.161 / APPENDIX I --- p.i / APPENDIX II --- p.vi / APPENDIX III --- p.viii / APPENDIX IV --- p.xiii

by Ho Kim Kong Enoch. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-102). / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.IV / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.V / LIST OF TABLES --- p.VIII / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.X / Chapter CHAPTER 1 - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1-5 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.2 --- Questions address / Chapter 1.3 --- Definition / Chapter CHAPTER 2 - --- LITERATURAL REVIEW - DEVELOPMENT OF HAND FUNCTION TESTS --- p.6-14 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 2.2 --- Trends of studies of hand injury in Hong Kong / Chapter 2.3 --- Previous studies to compare and relate physical and functional impairment / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion / Chapter CHAPTER 3 - --- FUNCTION ASSESSMENT - CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION --- p.15-28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 3.2 --- Functional Anatomy / Chapter 3.3 --- Grip force study / Chapter 3.4 --- Sensation / Chapter 3.5 --- Functional assessment / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion / Chapter CHAPTER 4 - --- METHODOLOGY --- p.29-43 / Chapter 4.1 --- Subject selection / Chapter 4.2 --- Organization / Chapter 4.3 --- Physical assessment / Chapter 4.4 --- Functional assessment / Chapter 4.5 --- Evaluation of loss of earning capacity / Chapter 4.6 --- Control group / Chapter 4.7 --- Statistical analysis / Chapter CHAPTER 5 - --- RESULT --- p.44-57 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 5.2 --- Subject characteristics / Chapter 5.3 --- Result of individual tests / Chapter 5.4 --- Assessment of loss of earning capacity / Chapter 5.5 --- Hand function assessment after return to work / Chapter 5.6 --- Effect of severity of injury / Chapter CHAPTER 6 - --- DISCUSSION --- p.58-67 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 6.2 --- Impairment of hand function in finger amputation / Chapter 6.3 --- The effect of return to work / Chapter 6.4 --- Official schema for assessment of percentage of loss of earning capacity / Chapter 6.5 --- Severity of injury and the outcome / Chapter 6.6 --- The hand assessment protocol / Chapter CHAPTER 7 - --- CONCLUSION --- p.68-70 / APPENDIX --- p.71-90 / ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.91-97 / REFERENCES --- p.98-102

by Tseung Chu Man Yee, Miriam. / Thesis (M.S.W.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1987. / Bibliography: leaves 169-177.

by Fu Siu Ngor. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-124). / abstract --- p.I / acknowledgments --- p.III / contents --- p.V / list of figures --- p.VII / list of tables --- p.VIII / Chapter chapter 1: --- introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Dance and jump --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research objectives --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research hypothesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Definition of terms --- p.7 / Chapter chapter 2 : --- dance injuries / Chapter 2.1 --- Epidemiology of dance injuries --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Etiology of dance injuries --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Implication to this study --- p.30 / Chapter chapter 3 : --- biomechanical studies on landing from vertical jumps / Chapter 3.1 --- Biomechanics on landing from vertical jumps --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Biomechanical studies on ballet jumps --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3 --- Kinetics and kinematics studies on jumping sports --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Implication to this study --- p.57 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 : --- MATERIAL AND METHOD / Chapter 4.1 --- Study design --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2 --- Subject and sampling method --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3 --- Instrumentation --- p.60 / Chapter 4.4 --- Method --- p.70 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 : --- RESULTS / Chapter 5.1 --- Demographic characteristics --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2 --- "kinetic and kinematics changes on landing with ""pull-up""" --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3 --- "kinetics and kinematics changes on landing with and without ""pull-up""" --- p.92 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 : --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 6.1 --- Kinetic changes --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2 --- Kinematics changes --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3 --- Correlation between kinetics and kinematics --- p.105 / Chapter 6.4 --- "Effects of'pull-up""" --- p.107 / Chapter 6.5 --- Limitation of the study --- p.108 / Chapter 6.6 --- Suggestion for future studies --- p.110 / Chapter 6.7 --- Implication of this study --- p.112 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 : --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.115 / REFERENCES --- p.117-124 / APPENDIX 1 : Demographic characteristics --- p.i / APPENDIX 2 : Kinetic data --- p.v / APPENDIX 3 : Kinematics data --- p.x / APPENDIX 4 : Summary of kinetic and kinematics results --- p.xiv / APPENDIX 5 : Statistical results --- p.xv