This paper analyses the effects of tying arrangements involving IP rights on innovation. Tying, with its ability to temporarily exclude others from the potential benefits deriving from innovation, is pro-innovative by providing firms the incentive to allocate resources to realize newer and better products. However, when tying is used with or in place of IP rights to only help protect entry or growth into a market, it could discourage innovation. Market dominance, especially coupled with technological tying can create a barrier towards competition. It is shown that most pro-competitive effects of tying can also be seen as pro-innovatory as intense competition in the marketplace is shown to lead to innovation. In more competitive markets firms are pushed to innovate in order to maintain or improve their positioning for their products. The courts are faced with a difficult balancing judgment regarding product tying involving IP.

This paper analyses the effects of tying arrangements involving IP rights on innovation. Tying, with its ability to temporarily exclude others from the potential benefits deriving from innovation, is pro-innovative by providing firms the incentive to allocate resources to realize newer and better products. However, when tying is used with or in place of IP rights to only help protect entry or growth into a market, it could discourage innovation. Market dominance, especially coupled with technological tying can create a barrier towards competition. It is shown that most pro-competitive effects of tying can also be seen as pro-innovatory as intense competition in the marketplace is shown to lead to innovation. In more competitive markets firms are pushed to innovate in order to maintain or improve their positioning for their products. The courts are faced with a difficult balancing judgment regarding product tying involving IP.

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o modelo brasileiro de inovação, buscando estabelecer a ligação entre a teoria, a prática e as intervenções no processo empreendidas pelo poder público, a partir das políticas adotadas. Da relação dialética entre a teoria de C,T&I e as práticas acadêmicas de pesquisa, pretende-se aprofundar os conhecimentos acerca da coerência ou não entre o modelo pretendido (teoria/abstração subjacente à política) e o modelo apropriado pela comunidade científica (teoria/abstração subjacente às práticas de pesquisa acadêmica). Em termos operacionais, a abordagem teórica (perspectiva analítica) do tema desenha-se sobre os paradigmas da ciência, tecnologia e inovação: linear, sistêmico e complexo. O foco normativo recai sobre o marco legal da Lei de Inovação n. 10.973 e os possíveis impactos de sua adoção no meio acadêmico. Interessa-nos principalmente examinar o eixo de flexibilização das atividades dos pesquisadores, mobilidade e relações de trabalho nas universidades públicas. Do ponto de vista da práxis acadêmica, elegeu-se como objeto de estudo o Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas (PEA) da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Neste sentido, a partir da pesquisa de campo, foram analisados os condicionantes institucionais relativos à USP e a organização do trabalho de pesquisa. No estudo de caso buscou-se estabelecer a visão de mundo dos pesquisadores, modelos mentais e objetivos de pesquisa que deles derivam. A partir daí estabeleceram-se as relações entre prática, teoria, e políticas. Na fronteira teórica mundial relativa à C,T&I há indícios de instauração do paradigma complexo, no qual a sustentabilidade, a inovação sustentável e a inteligência distribuída têm papel preponderante. As políticas públicas brasileiras relativas à C,T&I evidenciam alinhamento ao paradigma sistêmico competitivo, com foco em P&D nas empresas. Do ponto de vista institucional, pode-se afirmar que está em curso na USP um processo de transição conduzido principalmente no meso-nível dos processos administrativos. Com referência à práxis acadêmica de pesquisa observada no PEA, há indícios de transição ao paradigma complexo. Conclui-se que no momento não há evolução harmoniosa dos sistemas de C,T&I devido à falta de alinhamento entre teoria, prática e políticas. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the Brazilian innovation model, to establish the link between theory, practices and the interventions in the process undertaken by the public power, as from the policies adopted. The dialectic relation between the S,T&I theory and the academic research practices intend to deepen the knowledge on the coherence or not between the intended model (theory/underlying abstraction to the policies) and the appropriate model for the scientific community (theory/underlying abstraction to the practices of academic research). In operational terms, the theoretical approach (analytical perspective) of the subject is drawn on the paradigms of science, technology and innovation: linear, systemic and complex. The normative focus is on the Law of Innovation n. 10,973 and possible impacts of its adoption into the academic environment. The focus is on research activities flexibility, mobility and work relations in public universities. The Department of Energy and Electric Automation Engineering (PEA) of the Engineering School of the University of Sao Paulo (USP) was chosen as a study object. The USP institutional conditioners and the organization of the research work were analyzed. In the case study, the purpose was to establish the worldview of the researchers, and mental models of research. From these, the relations among practice, theory, and policies were established. In the world-wide theoretical border of studies in S,T&I, there are indications of establishing the complex paradigm, in which sustainability, sustainable innovation and distributed intelligence have a preponderant role. The Brazilian public policies in S,T&I have evidences on the alignment to the competitive systemic paradigm, focused on the companies\' R&D. From the institutional point of view, it can be said that a transition process is in course at USP, led mainly in the mid-level of the administrative processes. Regarding the academic research praxis observed in PEA, there are indications of transition to the complex paradigm. It is concluded that, at the moment, harmonious evolution of the Science, Technology and Innovation systems is not possible, due to lack of alignment among theory, practices and policies.

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o modelo brasileiro de inovação, buscando estabelecer a ligação entre a teoria, a prática e as intervenções no processo empreendidas pelo poder público, a partir das políticas adotadas. Da relação dialética entre a teoria de C,T&I e as práticas acadêmicas de pesquisa, pretende-se aprofundar os conhecimentos acerca da coerência ou não entre o modelo pretendido (teoria/abstração subjacente à política) e o modelo apropriado pela comunidade científica (teoria/abstração subjacente às práticas de pesquisa acadêmica). Em termos operacionais, a abordagem teórica (perspectiva analítica) do tema desenha-se sobre os paradigmas da ciência, tecnologia e inovação: linear, sistêmico e complexo. O foco normativo recai sobre o marco legal da Lei de Inovação n. 10.973 e os possíveis impactos de sua adoção no meio acadêmico. Interessa-nos principalmente examinar o eixo de flexibilização das atividades dos pesquisadores, mobilidade e relações de trabalho nas universidades públicas. Do ponto de vista da práxis acadêmica, elegeu-se como objeto de estudo o Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas (PEA) da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Neste sentido, a partir da pesquisa de campo, foram analisados os condicionantes institucionais relativos à USP e a organização do trabalho de pesquisa. No estudo de caso buscou-se estabelecer a visão de mundo dos pesquisadores, modelos mentais e objetivos de pesquisa que deles derivam. A partir daí estabeleceram-se as relações entre prática, teoria, e políticas. Na fronteira teórica mundial relativa à C,T&I há indícios de instauração do paradigma complexo, no qual a sustentabilidade, a inovação sustentável e a inteligência distribuída têm papel preponderante. As políticas públicas brasileiras relativas à C,T&I evidenciam alinhamento ao paradigma sistêmico competitivo, com foco em P&D nas empresas. Do ponto de vista institucional, pode-se afirmar que está em curso na USP um processo de transição conduzido principalmente no meso-nível dos processos administrativos. Com referência à práxis acadêmica de pesquisa observada no PEA, há indícios de transição ao paradigma complexo. Conclui-se que no momento não há evolução harmoniosa dos sistemas de C,T&I devido à falta de alinhamento entre teoria, prática e políticas. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the Brazilian innovation model, to establish the link between theory, practices and the interventions in the process undertaken by the public power, as from the policies adopted. The dialectic relation between the S,T&I theory and the academic research practices intend to deepen the knowledge on the coherence or not between the intended model (theory/underlying abstraction to the policies) and the appropriate model for the scientific community (theory/underlying abstraction to the practices of academic research). In operational terms, the theoretical approach (analytical perspective) of the subject is drawn on the paradigms of science, technology and innovation: linear, systemic and complex. The normative focus is on the Law of Innovation n. 10,973 and possible impacts of its adoption into the academic environment. The focus is on research activities flexibility, mobility and work relations in public universities. The Department of Energy and Electric Automation Engineering (PEA) of the Engineering School of the University of Sao Paulo (USP) was chosen as a study object. The USP institutional conditioners and the organization of the research work were analyzed. In the case study, the purpose was to establish the worldview of the researchers, and mental models of research. From these, the relations among practice, theory, and policies were established. In the world-wide theoretical border of studies in S,T&I, there are indications of establishing the complex paradigm, in which sustainability, sustainable innovation and distributed intelligence have a preponderant role. The Brazilian public policies in S,T&I have evidences on the alignment to the competitive systemic paradigm, focused on the companies\' R&D. From the institutional point of view, it can be said that a transition process is in course at USP, led mainly in the mid-level of the administrative processes. Regarding the academic research praxis observed in PEA, there are indications of transition to the complex paradigm. It is concluded that, at the moment, harmonious evolution of the Science, Technology and Innovation systems is not possible, due to lack of alignment among theory, practices and policies.